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Esta investigación tiene como objetivo aplicar la estrategia de intervención terapéutica basada en el proceso de formación de los valores comunicación, respeto, asertividad y empatía, desde las tendencias históricas en el proceso de formación de valores y su dinámica; la investigación es experimental, diseño cuasi experimental y esta validado por expertos; también se evalúa el nivel de relaciones interpersonales en el personal de salud; por ello es que se aplica la correlación entre la estrategia de intervención terapéutica basada en el proceso de formación de los valores y el mejoramiento de las relaciones interpersonales. El análisis de los resultados nos informa que la falta de valores en el personal de salud ha generado estrategias de evaluación e intervención dirigidas a ayudar a los trabajadores que presentan dificultades en el área de las relaciones interpersonales, por lo que el aprendizaje de los valores, se produce siempre en contextos interpersonales, gracias a la interacción con los demás. Por ello se concluye en una aportación en la práctica de los valores y mostrar visiblemente un cambio en el manejo de las relaciones de las relaciones interpersonales entre todo el personal de salud, los cambios lo asumieron con mucha madurez intelectual y emocional en la práctica de su jornada diaria. Además es muy importante la comunicación, conductas asertivas y el respeto. Tesis

Background: Natural compounds are a good source for the development of antiretroviral drugs with low cytotoxicity. The laccase enzyme, produced by fungi of the genera Ganoderma sp. and Lentinus sp., inhibits the reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), in cell-free models in vitro. Objetives: In this study we evaluated the anti-HIV-1 activity of the enzymatic extracts (EE) enriched with laccase, produced by two native species of fungi of the same genera in an in vitro cell culture model. Methods: The inhibition of viral replication was performed using the U373-MAGI cell line infected with recombinant viruses in the presence/absence of the EE and 48 hpi, the percentage of infected cells was evaluated by flow cytometry for green fluorescent protein -GFP- and ELISA for p24. The inhibition of the RT was determined by quantification of early and late products of reverse transcription using quantitative PCR. Results: The EEs from Ganoderma sp. and Lentinus sp. inhibited the replication of HIV-1 between 80 and 90% and decreased the production of early and late transcripts between 55,5%-91,3% and 82,1%-93,6% respectively. The EE from Lentinus sp. had the best selectivity index (SI: 8.3). Conclusions: These results suggest the potential anti-HIV-1 activity of the EE for the exploration of an alternative therapy against HIV-1 infection. RESUMEN Antecedentes: Los compuestos naturales son una buena fuente para el desarrollo de fármacos antirretrovirales con baja citotoxicidad. La enzima lacasa, producida por hongos del género Ganoderma sp. y Lentinus sp., inhibe la transcriptasa reversa (TR) del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 (VIH-1), en modelos in vitro, libres de células. Objetivos: En este estudio se evaluó la actividad anti-VIH-1 del extracto enzimático (EE) enriquecido con lacasa, producida por dos especies nativas de hongos de los mismos géneros en un modelo in vitro de cultivo celular. Métodos: La inhibición de la replicación viral se realizó usando la línea celular U373-MAGI infectada con virus recombinantes en la presencia/ausencia del EE y 48 hpi, el porcentaje de células infectadas se evaluó mediante citometría de flujo para GFP y ELISA para p24. La inhibición de la TR se determinó mediante la cuantificación de los productos tempranos y tardíos de la transcripción reversa utilizando una PCR cuantitativa. Resultados: El EE de Ganoderma sp. y Lentinus sp. inhibió la replicación del VIH-1 entre el 80 y 90% y disminuyó la producción de transcriptos tempranos y tardíos entre el 55,5% -91,3% y 82,1% -93,6%, respectivamente. El EE de Lentinus sp. mostró el mejor índice de selectividad (IS: 8.3). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren el potencial anti-VIH-1 del EE para la exploración de una terapia alternativa contra la infección por el VIH-1.

El siguiente proyecto de grado trabajó el nivel de posicionamiento de la marca Cosechas de Paz de la Corporación para el desarrollo y paz del suroccidente colombiano, VallenPaz. Análisis desarrollado en el segmento de consumidores de productos campesinos orgánicos, mediante una investigación cuantitativa por medio de encuestas a consumidores y entrevistas a personal de la corporación. Donde se obtuvo el perfil del mercado objetivo, compuesto por mujeres de treinta años en adelante, de estratos socioeconómicos tres y cuatro, con familias en promedio de tres a cuatro miembros. Igualmente identificamos las diferentes asociaciones a la marca, entre las cuales se encuentran la buena calidad, buen sabor, libre de químicos y sobresale la contribución que estos productos hacen a la consecución de la paz. Además se estableció que el nivel de recordación de la marca es bajo en el segmento de la categoría, a pesar de que esta cuenta con una imagen favorable entre sus consumidores. Todo esto se ejecutó con el fin de evaluar la efectividad de las decisiones estratégicas de mercadeo, las cuales a través del indicador de posicionamiento se pueden calificar como poco efectivas para el segmento objetivo. In this Project we worked in the level of positioning of the brand Cosechas de Paz of the corporation for development and peace of southwestern of Colombia, VallenPaz. The analysis was development in the segment of consumers of organic farmer’s products, through to quantitative investigation with consumer surveys and interviews with staff of the corporation. Where the profile was obtained Target Market, composed for women of thirty years or more with families of 3 or 4 members. Also we could identify the different associations to the Brand, good quality, and good taste, free of chemicals and excels the contribution to the products to the peace. Also we established that the level of brand recall is low in the segment of the category and the brand has a good image in the consumers. All this was carried for the interest out to evaluate the Effectiveness of strategic marketing decisions through the positioning indicator in the category of these products.

Una interfaz cerebro-computador (ICC) es un sistema de comunicación que permite generar una señal de control a partir de señales cerebrales como los ritmos sensorimotores y los potenciales evocados y, por consiguiente, constituye una alternativa novedosa de comunicación para personas con discapacidad motora seria (como aquellas que padecen esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, ELA). Este proyecto propone el desarrollo de un prototipo de ICC basado en el registro de potenciales evocados cognitivos P-300 mediante electroencefalografía. El prototipo usa un electroencefalógrafo de seis canales para la adquisición de las señales, y por medio de una matriz de estimulación visual que contiene las letras del abecedario e íconos asociados a ellas permite que el usuario escriba palabras o elabore mensajes con los íconos. Para procesar las señales (filtración, diezmado, entre otros) se utilizaron los programas BCI2000 y MATLAB 7.0. Este último se empleó para programar tres algoritmos lineales de traslación (análisis lineal del discriminante, solución por mínimos cuadrados y análisis lineal del discriminante paso a paso) que permitieran traducir los potenciales evocados en señales de comunicación.Abstract: A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a communication system that translates a brain signal (e.g. sensorimotor rhythms, evoked potentials) into a control signal and, therefore, constitutes an innovative communication alternative for people with severe motor disability (such as patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). This project proposes the development of a BCI prototype based on the recording of P300 cognitive potentials using electroencephalography. The prototype uses a six-channel electroencephalograph to acquire the signals, and through a visual stimulation matrix containing the letters of the alphabet and icons associated to each one gives the user the possibility of writing words or elaborating messages with the icons. To process the signals (filtering and decimation, among other methods), the software BCI2000 and MATLAB 7.0 were used. The latter was used to program three different linear translation algorithms (linear discriminant analysis, least squares analysis and stepwise linear discriminant analysis), in order to translate the recorded evoked potentials into communication signals. Una interfaz cerebro-computador (ICC) es un sistema de comunicación que permite generar una señal de control a partir de señales cerebrales como los ritmos sensorimotores y los potenciales evocados y, por consiguiente, constituye una alternativa novedosa de comunicación para personas con discapacidad motora seria (como aquellas que padecen esclerosis lateral amiotrófica, ELA). Este proyecto propone el desarrollo de un prototipo de ICC basado en el registro de potenciales evocados cognitivos P-300 mediante electroencefalografía. El prototipo usa un electroencefalógrafo de seis canales para la adquisición de las señales, y por medio de una matriz de estimulación visual que contiene las letras del abecedario e íconos asociados a ellas permite que el usuario escriba palabras o elabore mensajes con los íconos. Para procesar las señales (filtración, diezmado, entre otros) se utilizaron los programas BCI2000 y MATLAB 7.0. Este último se empleó para programar tres algoritmos lineales de traslación (análisis lineal del discriminante, solución por mínimos cuadrados y análisis lineal del discriminante paso a paso) que permitieran traducir los potenciales evocados en señales de comunicación.Abstract: A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a communication system that translates a brain signal (e.g. sensorimotor rhythms, evoked potentials) into a control signal and, therefore, constitutes an innovative communication alternative for people with severe motor disability (such as patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). This project proposes the development of a BCI prototype based on the recording of P300 cognitive potentials using electroencephalography. The prototype uses a six-channel electroencephalograph to acquire the signals, and through a visual stimulation matrix containing the letters of the alphabet and icons associated to each one gives the user the possibility of writing words or elaborating messages with the icons. To process the signals (filtering and decimation, among other methods), the software BCI2000 and MATLAB 7.0 were used. The latter was used to program three different linear translation algorithms (linear discriminant analysis, least squares analysis and stepwise linear discriminant analysis), in order to translate the recorded evoked potentials into communication signals.

Grating interferometry mammography (GIM) is an experimental breast imaging method at the edge of being clinically implemented. Besides attenuation, GIM can measure the refraction and scattering of x-rays resulting in differential phase contrast (DPC) and dark-field (DF) images. In this exploratory study, we assessed the feasibility of using microbubbles as a contrast agent in GIM. Two millilitres of microbubbles and iodine were respectively injected into ex vivo breast phantoms, consisting of fresh chicken breasts. Native and postcontrast images were acquired with a clinically compatible GIM setup, operated at 38 kVp, 14-s acquisition time, and with a dose of 1.3 mGy. The visibility of the contrast agents was analysed in a side-by-side comparison by three radiologists. The contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) was calculated for each contrast agent. We found that both contrast agents were judged to be visible by the readers. The mean CNR was 3.1 ± 1.9 for microbubbles in DF and 24.2 ± 6.5 for iodine in attenuation. In conclusion, this is a first proof-of-mechanism study that microbubbles could be used as a contrast agent in clinically compatible GIM, due to their scattering properties, which implies the potential use of a contrast agent with a high safety profile in x-ray-based breast imaging., European Radiology Experimental, 3 (1), ISSN:2509-9280

Objectives Grating-interferometry-based mammography (GIM) might facilitate breast cancer detection, as several research works have demonstrated in a pre-clinical setting, since it is able to provide attenuation, differential phase contrast, and scattering images simultaneously. In order to translate this technique to the clinics, it has to be adapted to cover a large field-of-view within a clinically acceptable exposure time and radiation dose. Methods We set up a grating interferometer that fits into a standard mammography system and fulfilled the aforementioned conditions. Here, we present the first mastectomy images acquired with this experimental device. Results and conclusion Our system performs at a mean glandular dose of 1.6 mGy for a 5-cm-thick, 18%-dense breast, and a field-of-view of 26 × 21 cm2. It seems to be well-suited as basis for a clinical-environment device. Further, dark-field signals seem to support an improved lesion visualization. Evidently, the effective impact of such indications must be evaluated and quantified within the context of a proper reader study. Key Points • Grating-interferometry-based mammography (GIM) might facilitate breast cancer detection, since it is sensitive to refraction and scattering and thus provides additional tissue information. • The most straightforward way to do grating-interferometry in the clinics is to modify a standard mammography device. • In a first approximation, the doses given with this technique seem to be similar to those of conventional mammography., European Radiology, 30, ISSN:0938-7994, ISSN:1432-1084

Objectives Grating-interferometry-based mammography (GIM) might facilitate breast cancer detection, as several research works have demonstrated in a pre-clinical setting, since it is able to provide attenuation, differential phase contrast, and scattering images simultaneously. In order to translate this technique to the clinics, it has to be adapted to cover a large field-of-view within a clinically acceptable exposure time and radiation dose. Methods We set up a grating interferometer that fits into a standard mammography system and fulfilled the aforementioned conditions. Here, we present the first mastectomy images acquired with this experimental device. Results and conclusion Our system performs at a mean glandular dose of 1.6 mGy for a 5-cm-thick, 18%-dense breast, and a field-of-view of 26 × 21 cm2. It seems to be well-suited as basis for a clinical-environment device. Further, dark-field signals seem to support an improved lesion visualization. Evidently, the effective impact of such indications must be evaluated and quantified within the context of a proper reader study. Key Points • Grating-interferometry-based mammography (GIM) might facilitate breast cancer detection, since it is sensitive to refraction and scattering and thus provides additional tissue information. • The most straightforward way to do grating-interferometry in the clinics is to modify a standard mammography device. • In a first approximation, the doses given with this technique seem to be similar to those of conventional mammography.

An X-ray grating interferometer (GI) suitable for clinical mammography must comply with quite strict dose, scanning time and geometry limitations, while being able to detect tumors, microcalcifications and other abnormalities. Such a design task is not straightforward, since obtaining optimal phase-contrast and dark-field signals with clinically compatible doses and geometrical constraints is remarkably challenging. In this work, we present a wave propagation based optimization that uses the phase and dark-field sensitivities as figures of merit. This method was used to calculate the optimal interferometer designs for a commercial mammography setup. Its accuracy was validated by measuring the visibility of polycarbonate samples of different thicknesses on a Talbot-Lau interferometer installed on this device and considering some of the most common grating imperfections to be able to reproduce the experimental values. The optimization method outcomes indicate that small grating pitches are required to boost sensitivity in such a constrained setup and that there is a different optimal scenario for each signal type.