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The Roman Empire covered a large area, including parts of present-day Hungary. There are many still visible remains in the landscape or in museums. In addition to written sources, there are monuments ranging from objects to architecture, pictures and sculptures. This makes it possible to question and compare the significance of the individual sources. In addition, there is the interdisciplinarity, for many insights are only gained by applying scientific but also linguistic and other reference disciplines. Many things from Roman antiquity seem familiar to us at first glance, especially when it comes to concepts such as the state and the republic, but also to things of everyday life. But on closer inspection, the familiarity disappears when it comes to social rules, behaviour and norms. Therefore, there are lots of opportunities to interest and motivate pupils of different ages to learn about history. Selected examples will show how attractive the Roman period in Hungary can be for pupils.

The general purpose of this research is to examine the objects in the Güzelyurt Archeology and Nature Museum in the context of museum education. Answers to the following questions were sought: which archeological objects are in this museum in line with this general purpose? Can these objects be used in museum education activities in line with the learning outcomes of the lessons taught in the primary school level of the basic education program? In order to collect the data of the research, document analysis method was used. First the learning outcomes of 8 courses in the basic education program were examined. Then, the archaeological objects in the Güzelyurt Archeology and Nature Museum were classified and evaluated according to their characteristics and ages. It is envisaged that 82 archaeological objects belonging to the Neolithic, Ceramic Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Early Bronze, Middle Bronze, Late Bronze, Geometric, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic and Roman Ages can be used within the scope of museum education.

The study aimed to reveal the effectiveness of virtual tours to the archaeological sites in Al-Ahsa in developing historical concepts among kindergarten children and to identify the differences between males and females in acquiring historical concepts. To achieve these objectives, a quasi-experimental approach based on one group design was used. The sample of the study consisted of (30) boys and girls between the ages of (5-6) years in the third level in the kindergarten attached to the third elementary school for early childhood in Hofuf in Al-Ahsa Governorate. The pictured historical concepts test was applied after calculating the coefficients of validity and reliability, and virtual tours to the archaeological sites in Al-Ahsa were applied. They included Al-Qarah Mountain, Suq Al-Qaysariyya, Ibrahim Palace, Jawatha Mosque, Al-Amiriya School, Al-Bay'ah House, Al-Uqair Port, and Al-Asfaar Lake in the experimental group. The results showed statistically significant differences at (0.05) between the means of the scores of the experimental group in the pre-and post-applications in the pictured test of historical concepts in favor of the post-application. Also, there was an effect size of virtual tours to archaeological sites on the development of historical concepts among kindergarten children. In addition, the results showed no statistically significant differences at (0.05) between the means of the scores of males and females in the historical concepts test pictured in the post application. The study recommended the inclusion of virtual tours and historical concepts in the self-learning curriculum for kindergarten.

Disrupting the canon of Eurocentric literature often used as a whole-class novel study in the secondary English Language Arts (ELA) curriculum is needed in order to push back against white hegemony in and out of ELA spaces. This disruption needs to occur at the teacher preparation level through discussion, examination, and curriculum development, including contested and nostalgia-laden texts such as Harper Lee's (1960) "To Kill a Mockingbird" (TKAM). In this paper, we draw on Sealey-Ruiz's (2019) concept of the archaeology of the self, Vygotskian perspectives on literacy instruction (Lee & Smagorinsky, 2000), and the gradual release of responsibility in teaching and learning to interrogate the metaphor of the "grasp" that the canon has on the ELA community. We examine the epistemological shifts and evolutions between a preservice ELA teacher and an ELA teacher educator in a two-year study that focused on developing Culturally Sustaining Literacy Pedagogy (Paris, 2012; Paris & Alim, 2017) aiming to disrupt the teaching of TKAM. We found that releasing ourselves from the canonical grasp of TKAM, placing it not as a centered novel, but as a literary artifact, was imperative in disrupting our own whiteness and developing culturally relevant, responsive, and sustaining critical literacy instruction surrounding themes of present-day racism and (in)justice.

This article responds to Olof Franck's vision of a less didactic and more creative approach to Education for Sustainable Development. We consider how a multidisciplinary applied theatre project, bringing together Earth Sciences, Ancient Rock Art, storytelling, digital technology, and drama education knowledges and techniques can foster a more creative approach. The article is rooted in our analysis of the "African Rock Art: protecting the past, facilitating the future" project. We reflect on the challenges and possibilities of engaging with issues of climate crisis, responsibility, agency, and action in the Korogocho informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.

This analysis examines an archaeology of statal narratives as they relate to the multilingual linguistic milieu of the Philippines since independence at mid-20th century. Critical transformations to statal narratives linked to language over the last century have been shaped by interacting, sometimes competing discourses, deriving from a paradoxical mix of influences: on one hand, contemporary narratives of language have been shaped by modernist discourses focused on the unification of the nation through language, but more recently, these discourses have shifted to focus also on the possibilities of figuring certain local and regional languages in pragmatic terms that index an increasing orientation to preoccupations inherent in discourses of late modernity. In late modern contexts, discourses of multilingualism and multiculturalism in the Philippines have been intertwined with ideological orientations that promote regional peace, cooperation, and economic growth in part informed by the country's involvement in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), where the recognition and maintenance of the multilingual and multicultural character of participating nations are framed as key mandates. By examining the emergence and transformation of discourses from modern to late modern ones at the level of the statal narrative, this analysis sheds light on emergent forms of nationalist narratives focused on both the instrumental value of global languages such as English, but also the valuation and figuration of certain local and regional languages in new ways and the contentious processes in history though which these discourses have taken hold.

Technology in learning has a very important role. The history learning process will take place effectively with the use of technology. The limitation of learning resources in prehistoric learning is a problem that must be solved. This is the reason for developing a learning model based on roaming historical sites virtually, without having to go directly to the location. This is considered effective considering the remote location of the site, the lack of historical teaching aids, and the lack of analytical knowledge of students and teachers. The area that stores the location of historic sites in prehistoric times is in the province of South Kalimantan, where this province stores dozens of prehistoric sites that require conservation efforts, and the form of preservation is through education by digitizing sites with learning technology. This research uses development research with stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation (ADDIE). In this study developing a learning model that combines discovery learning with Jaraskala which is assisted by Petersphere media. The findings of this study include two things, first regarding prehistoric data in South Kalimantan, the second is the design of a history learning model using technology-based sites.

The article describes and summarizes the experience of conducting local history educational and productive practice for students of the first (bachelor's) level of education, majoring in "History and Archeology" at the School of History, V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University (Ukraine). The authors show that the set of principles and research methods, being the basis of this investigation, ensures reliability of the analysis and representativeness of the results. A review of the latest publications on the topic confirms its relevance and lack of development in the specialized literature. The article substantiates the important role and significance of the local history educational and productive practice for further professional activity of the future graduates. The authors explain the main approaches to the organization of this form of educational activity in traditional conditions (among such approaches--the implementation of creative projects in small groups, excursions and expeditions). The article reveals the changes that took place in the process of organizing and conducting local history educational and productive practice after the outbreak of the coronary crisis. The approaches and methods, developed for the distance passing of local history educational and productive practice, may be useful after returning to the traditional system of education. The authors, using a correlation-regression analysis of the ratio of the number of students who underwent local history educational and productive practice and the number of students--speakers at the International Local History Conference of Young Scientists, found a moderate correlation between these indicators. The article concludes that the local history educational and productive practice encourages students to further research activity in the field of local history.

The central argument of this article is that abduction as a "mode of inference" is a key element in the nature of scientists' science and should consequently be introduced in school science. Abduction generally understood as generation and selection of hypotheses permits to articulate the classical scientific contexts of discovery and justification and provides educational insights into scientific methodology, this being a particularly important issue in science teaching. However, abductive reasoning has been marginally treated in the philosophy of science until relatively recently; accordingly, we deem it important to perform an "archaeology" of the concept that considers C. S. Peirce's seminal contributions. We also choose to review contemporary treatments in order to recognise useful classifications to support more meaningful ways of teaching science and the nature of science. An elucidation of the participation of abductive inferences in knowledge construction seems necessary for us to derive conceptual input for the understanding and design of explanations in school science. Some prospective examples of "school scientific abduction" are discussed in the article through the lens of the results of our theoretical analysis.

The cyber archaeometry concerns a new virtual ontology in the environment of cultural heritage and archaeology. The present study concerns a first pivot endeavor of a virtual polarized light microscopy (VPLM) for archaeometric learning, made from digital tools, tackling the theory of mineral identification in archaeological materials, an important aspect in characterization, provenance, and ancient technology. This endeavor introduces the range of IT computational methods and instrumentation techniques available to the study of cultural heritage and archaeology of apprentices, educators, and specialists. Use is made of virtual and immersive reality, 3D, virtual environment, massively multiplayer online processes, and gamification. The VPLM simulation is made with the use of Avatar in the time-space frame of the laboratory with navigation, exploration, control the learning outcomes in connection to the archaeometric multisystem work. The students evidently learned to operate the VPLM following operations made via visual and home-made scripting, gaining experience in synergy, teamwork, and understanding. The resulting meaningful effects of the cyber-archaeometry with virtual operations and virtual hands, texts, and video equip students especially for e-learning with the required basic knowledge of mineralogical examination, which help to understand and evaluate mineral identification from material culture and provides readiness and capacity, which may be refined in a real polarized light microscopy (PLM) environment.

This paper explores the potential for using practice-based assessments in higher education in preparing humanities and social sciences specialists. The authors tested a set of innovative methodologies for practice-based summative assessment of the progress made in learning certain disciplines by students majoring in Law, International Law, and History and Archaeology at Sumy State University (Ukraine). To assess the effectiveness of practice-based assessments, the authors employed anonymous surveying, tested students' level of mastery of key theoretical concepts, and carried out a comparative analysis of the performance of students who took part in practice-based assessments and those who took exams in a traditional way. The conducted pedagogical experiment indicates the advisability of employing practice-based assessments as part of teaching humanities and social sciences disciplines. It revealed a significant increase in the level of preparation of students on subjects summative assessment around which was based on practical assignments. Having students train their practical skills can help them assimilate theoretical knowledge better and for a longer time and become more confident in their preparedness for their future profession. Practice-based assessments can also serve as a yardstick for gauging the effectiveness of instructors' teaching methods and stimulate the quest for new ways of teaching and learning that can help meet the needs of the labor market and the interests of students pursuing a higher education as much as possible.

This paper firstly presents Statement Archaeology, an innovative and rigorous method devised to systematically operationalise the approach to historical exploration used by Michel Foucault in pursuit of the question "how do certain practices become possible at particular moments in history?" Drawing on an analysis of the theoretical basis of Foucault's broad -- and arguably equivocal -- approach, a series of methodological procedures by which it can be systematically operationalised are set out. These focus on the interrogation of "statements", through a series of questions, against three criteria: Formation, Transformation, and Correlation. Secondly, through the use of a specific policy development in English Religious Education as an exemplar, the paper establishes the potential of the approach. Deploying Statement Archaeology in relation to this example reveals that the change under investigation became possible at a nexus of changes in the rules of what is thinkable and unthinkable within different domains of discourse, and complex and messy processes of changing legitimacies and normalisations, with previously unacknowledged policy-influencers playing an important role. Many existing accounts of this change have overlooked these matters. The paper concludes by arguing that Statement Archaeology has potential significance in any domain of enquiry that seeks answers to the question "how did this particular practice become possible at that particular moment?"

For the past five years, the Alutiiq Museum and Archaeological Repository has been documenting intricacies of the Alutiiq language with the help of Elder speakers and a grant from the National Science Foundation (#1360839). The project's primary focus has been recording vocabulary, grammar, and ways of speaking for this threatened Native Alaskan language. However, historical texts also offer insight into Alutiiq speech. In the late 1700s, foreigners began writing words and phrases in Alutiiq, creating rare records of the language as spoken in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. Staff members have been searching archival texts for archaic Alutiiq vocabulary to bring awareness of it to community members. Archives in Berkeley, California; Washington, DC; and St. Petersburg, Russia, have provided valuable linguistic information for addition to the corpus of Alutiiq language documentation. The project is breathing new life into ancestral vocabulary by sharing it with the last generation of first-language Alutiiq speakers for pronunciation and interpretation. It is also allowing students of Alutiiq to learn aspects of the language that have not been used in living memory.

The framework of cyber-archaeology was developed by Jones (1997, 2003) and later modified by Zimbra et al. (2010) to examine online networks and virtual communities. Since the modification, the method has fallen out of favor and is no longer utilized by qualitative researchers. To rebuild the method for qualitative research, we engaged in four steps of cyberarchaeology for other scholars to replicate. The steps included: (1) research planning (seeking out primary, secondary, and auxiliary documents); (2) slow crawling through virtual settlements, which involved closely reading sites and coding for general characteristics (e.g., interactive vs. intertextual); (3) refining coding for specific categories that address the research question (e.g., types of interactivity and accessibility); and (4) searching for patterns in the data and collecting descriptive data through qualitative content analysis.

The authors introduce the readers to a project that highlights digital heritage in early childhood. The highlighted teachers partnered with an anthropologically-trained archaeologist who utilizes advanced digital technologies to enhance public understanding of cultural heritage. This collaboration emphasized social studies and reinforced archaeology as the scientific study of prehistory and history through excavation and artifact analysis.

In this study, it was aimed to determine social studies candidates how to practice about make of use museums as a learning environment. It was tried to discuss a case, for this purpose it was used case study. The study group consisted of 19 students (12 females, 7 males) studying social studies at a public university. Participants were given museum training lasting 7 weeks and the process started with the visit of the Antalya Archeology Museum. In this study, Museum Evaluation Forms were used as data collection tools. These forms were used at two-stage. The first stage was the Pre-Museum Evaluation Form and the second stage was the Activity Evaluation Forms. Content analysis technique was used in data analysis, and the forms were examined separately and themes and categories were created. In the categories, the statements of some of the participants were given with direct quotations. As a result of the research, the expectations of the students before the museum training are divided into the categories of Learning about the use of the Museum, Historical awareness and Embodiment in the theme of Cognitive Field. In the affective main theme, it was determined that it was divided into the categories of Group Work, Contribution to Professional Knowledge and Being an Effective Citizen. In the Cognitive Field theme, the students' experiences after museum training are divided into the categories of Field Knowledge, Museum Use Learning and Creativity. In the affective Thinking, Contribution to Professional Knowledge, Permanent Learning, and Role-Playing are the categories of the affective categories. Participants stated that to make use of museum to effect on the cognitive area more effective than affective area.

This study reports on the implementation and evaluation of the "Enlighten Roman Tombs with Periscope" activity, one of the STEM + activities in the project named "STEM-ANTIQUE." The project included a science camp with STEM-based scientific studies, field trips, and observations lasting 10 days and 80 hours. The activity that was examined in the current research lasted 4 hours in total, of which 1 hour was theoretical, 1 hour was practice, and 2 hours were the fieldwork activities. The participants of the project were 22 students studying in the 9th grade of the public schools in Karaman, Turkey. As part of the "Enlighten Roman Tombs with Periscope" activity, the participating students explored an artificial tomb that was unearthed through the excavations. In focus group interviews with the students at the end of the study, the participants expressed their opinion that their innovation abilities and problem-solving skills improved.

The discipline of archaeology is uniquely positioned to allow for inclusion of culturally appropriate curricula to be incorporated into student learning objectives as mentioned in the 94 Calls to Action by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015). In this paper the authors discuss the creation, implementation, and qualitative feedback of a community-directed and curriculum-based education program developed by graduate students that uses archaeology to mediate student learning and meet curriculum goals in both classroom and land-based environments. This experiential learning initiative involves graduate and undergraduate students, and students from a local Indigenous community and the surrounding area. Feedback from educators and student participants, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous found that the experience fostered a deeper understanding of longstanding histories of the land and increased cultural appreciation. The paper outlines program development, curriculum connections, community engagement, as well as educator and student feedback. This programming can be used as a framework, and the creation of local and place-based education initiatives is encouraged within other disciplines to facilitate pedagogy for reconciliation. [Articles in this journal were presented at the University of Calgary Conference on Postsecondary Learning and Teaching.]

Building on previous research concerning the archaeological narratives of Greek history textbooks, this study investigates the impact of these studies on schoolchildren's historical ideas. In the context of these narratives, the article addresses two significant landmarks of Greek antiquity, namely the Mycenaean civilization and the Acropolis of Athens. It is a small scale sample survey that draws its data from a set of 120 twelve-year-old individuals who were asked to complete the survey at the beginning and end of the first year of secondary school. The results relativize the implicit or explicit assumption that history textbooks have a decisive influence on or even shape students' historical ideas and interpretations. Rather, history textbooks primarily facilitate the acquisition of specific information.

Based on the knowledge generation model for visual analytics including uncertainty propagation and human trust building (Sacha et al. 2016), the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (Mayer, 2014), the multimedia principle (Butcher, 2014), and previous studies on the effects of different uncertainty visualization styles, an integrated theoretical approach is proposed to examine the influence of different degrees of information uncertainty and different uncertainty visualization styles on processing pictures of two archeological reconstructions with accompanying audio explanations presented in a multimedia learning environment. A 4 × 3 design with condition (without uncertainty visualization vs. stop light colors vs. geometric contrast vs. both uncertainty visualizations) as the between-subjects factor and uncertainty value (uncertain vs. medium vs. certain) as the within-subject factor was used. The results showed that appearance of certain content, its uncertainty values, and their verbal scientific justifications were remembered better than uncertain ones. Furthermore, stop light colors enhanced the memory of uncertainty values compared to no uncertainty visualization and were better understood, discriminated, and transferred than geometric contrast. Geometric contrast decreased the memory of the appearance of uncertain architectural elements compared to no uncertainty visualization and was better than stop light colors regarding the memory of the appearance of certain architectural elements. The study integrates and extends existing theories by showing that certain contents are processed with higher priority than uncertain contents and that the multimedia effect is also valid for metainformation such as the uncertainties of contents. Finally, recommendations for designing learning material including uncertainty visualizations are given.

This article examines the development, impact and integration of interdisciplinary approaches in British Higher Education Institutions. It evaluates how the concept of interdisciplinarity has become popularised over time and embraced by disciplines such as archaeology. It then explores the extent to which interdisciplinary approaches have impacted research agendas, first, by evaluating the interdisciplinary research calls from 2019 for seven UK-based research councils and then, at a discipline level, using archaeology as an exemplar. Overall, interdisciplinary research calls only accounted for, at best, 11.9% of a council's budget. Interrogation of the funding requirements of four of the largest archaeological-research funders demonstrated that successful archaeology-themed grant applications are reliant on interdisciplinarity. The influence of interdisciplinarity on British University's research and education agendas was examined through analysing the strategic plans of eight universities, followed by an analysis of the availability and potential benefits of interdisciplinary undergraduate and research programmes. This indicated that interdisciplinary approaches are interwoven into university's research aspirations but displayed variation in relation to their educational goals, with only 20% of institutions offering specific interdisciplinary degree programmes. Despite this, the skillset and research outputs produced as a result of interdisciplinary collaboration were found to be highly valued, thereby suggesting that interdisciplinarity will increasingly feature in the research and education strategies of British universities.

Introduction: This study investigates the implications of the interplay of multiple information infrastructures to learning and conducting work and to its related information work practices, and how the materialities of work and its infrastructures play into their intermingling. Method: The present study is based on an ethnography of a week-long archaeological teaching excavation conducted by the author. The excavation took place on a stone-age site in a Nordic country in Spring 2016. Analysis: The analysis of the ethnographic data was based on constant comparative method and close reading. Results: Four major information infrastructures were identified in the empirical setting. They and their diverging materialities were intimately linked to how information work was conducted at the excavation. The presence of two infrastructures designed for the same purposes of documenting the site and excavation process caused problems with scheduling and managing the work, but did at the same time make their associated premises and infrastructural obligations visible for the participants of the excavation. The older of these two infrastructures played a potentially important role as an "infrastructural stalwart," an infrastructure that stabilised another infrastructure. Conclusion: The presence of parallel, overlapping information infrastructures makes them visible and potentially less effective but also unveils their underpinnings for learning and insights in their role in information work.

This paper problematizes the meaning of subjectivity constructed by Colombian English Teachers in response to a National Bilingual Program and its system of reason to produce English teachers' identity and promote bilingual education. The double-side character of subjection/subjectification (Foucault, 1982) is used to analyze English teachers' work of the self and contestarian/resistance practices to affirm themselves as researchers and critical thinkers but also to claim recognition as educators who produce relevant and situated knowledge. Historical Discourse Analysis, through archeological procedures (Foucault, 1972) to trace back English teachers' discursive and non-discursive practices, were key to unveiling how teachers think of themselves as English teachers, oppose policies and respond to dominant discourses in relation to English teaching. More than 100 English teachers' academic publications were revised and confronted with normalized discourses circulating in political programs, print media and experts' documents. Findings contribute to EFL teachers' understanding of their own struggles and the role of their resistance practices to affirm their subjectivities.

Purpose: The study investigated how various school subjects can be integrated into archaeology teaching and how this could lead students towards empathy and a more sustainable worldview. Design/methodology/approach: To meet the purpose of this multiple-case study, optional archaeology course development (2011-2019) and students' questionnaires and feedback group A (2018) and group B (2019) and various empirical material, was analysed in cross-case methods. Findings: Archaeology interdisciplinarity and analysing long-term human behaviour supports an understanding of human nature, emphasizes empathy and tolerance, and encourages social cohesion. Research limitations/implications: The study was carried out in Estonia as a multiple-case study and further research, especially in the empathy part, is needed for further conclusions. Practical implications: Archaeology is interdisciplinary and therefore as a school subject it links together various and sometimes abstract subjects. It gives an understanding of long-term human behaviour, which allows developing students' empathy and tolerance.

The idea behind the MUBEM & SAC: STEM based science and nature camp was a transformation of scientific knowledge into artifacts using the engineering design process and scientific inquiry. The goals of the camp were developing an integrative science perspective in accordance with the nature of STEM education, supporting career choices of participants for STEM fields, experiencing outdoor learning environments and researches with real scientists, internalizing engineering design process by creating artifacts, and comprehending interaction with nature and science. The participants were sixth and seventh grades gifted students (Male: 14 and Female: 15). STEM attitude scale, researcher notes, artifact, camp, and activity evaluation forms were used as data collection tools. The several disciplines such as astronomy, archeology, music, and mathematics involved the camp. The participants found the opportunity to use telescopes, experience an extensive archaeological excavation, observe the near-nano size object with electron microscopes, construct a bridge like an engineer, and design artifacts like rockets and holograms during the camp. According to results, the science and nature camp supported participants' STEM attitudes and participants' views on the science and nature camp were positive. In addition, participants' artifacts were also qualified as STEM artifacts.

Urban historical environments are one of the most prominent and effective ones of some components to whom citizens can consubstantiate themselves to cities, and give identity to them and time perspective to living spaces of the cities. These areas are not only the histories of a society but also its memory, culture and even future. Therefore, the conservation of urban protected areas is not just a responsibility for local people living in these areas also a responsibility for all society. Conserving and ensuring sustainability of these areas is just possible with a process on which area participants involve. In order for the area shareholders to play an effective role in this process, they should be aware of the benefit of the area for them. It is continuously emphasized in the studies that education is important in providing this awareness. In the scope of this study, it is tried to be identified how the education levels of people who live in and around Kastamonu Protected area, who visit and administrate Kastamonu affects the perspective of the protection of this area. It is identified that the view that the protection of the area negatively affects the life of the shareholders is inversely related to the education level by evaluating 376 questionnaire studies with regression analysis. It is considered that the perception that the increase in education level positively affect the life conditions of protected areas, and protecting these kinds of areas gain favor to all shareholders and become easier and more sustainable. [This study was presented as oral presentation in The International Conference of Modern Education Studies. Note: The page range (1-11) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range for this article is p97-107.]

In place of a traditional Advanced Placement Chemistry class at the high school where I teach, I have recently developed and implemented a year-long, interdisciplinary curriculum that presents typical inorganic chemistry topics in the context of their relevant applications in archeology, art history, studio art, and the investigation, authentication, restoration, and conservation of cultural heritage materials. One of the units in the new course explores the chemistry of pottery and includes curricular materials presented in three lessons and described here: (1) an introductory slideshow and a problem set that has students complete general stoichiometric and gas law calculations and examine SiO[subscript 2] specific gravity data, refractive index data, and phase diagrams related to chemical reactions that dehydrate kaolinite clay and temperature changes that produce SiO[subscript 2] phase transformations during firing, (2) a laboratory exercise that has students create their own pinch pots and coil pots and measure mass changes resulting from water lost during drying and bisque firing, and (3) a slideshow, web-based video resources, and case study that allow students to explore in detail the technically sophisticated, 3-stage (oxidizing--reducing--oxidizing, hereafter "ORO") firing process that was used to create aesthetically elegant, Athenian black- and red-figure vases starting in the sixth century BCE, and to conduct thermodynamic calculations to verify the plausibility of several dehydration and redox reactions that are thought to have produced characteristically colored minerals that have been observed both in ancient pots and in modern reproductions. These curricular materials represent a novel way to stimulate and engage students in the application of their chemistry skills and content knowledge in an interdisciplinary context and are suitable for use by teachers of general chemistry or interdisciplinary science and art classes in high schools, colleges, and universities.

We designed and implemented a hybrid elementary social studies education elective focused on antiracist teacher education, place-based teacher education, and archaeology with partners at an historic site, James Madison's Montpelier. Our action research study indicates that, in the midst of injustices highlighted in 2020, participants engaged in meaningful race reflection in ways that demonstrated shifts toward becoming more antiracist individuals and teachers. Purposeful course work and interactions with course texts and participants, as well as the power of the place itself, supported students' race reflections toward increased racial awareness and understandings of how to facilitate their future elementary students' racial literacy. Implications include that critical place-based experiences have the potential to serve as powerful learning experiences to prepare preservice social studies teachers to teach children about race and racism.

Computed-generated imagery (CGI) generates diverse views and perceptions of the past. These new experiences impact, directly or indirectly, the teaching and learning of history. This article presents didactic iconographic works on the Spanish Civil War created by the DIDPATRI (Didactics of Heritage and New Technologies) research group at the University of Barcelona. The didactic approach to this conflict reveals various problems that make it an interesting testing ground for new iconographies that contribute to an understanding of it. The proposal looks at the generation of "virtual" iconography to facilitate the teaching of content in formal and non-formal spaces. It is argued that CGI opens up possibilities to researchers, teachers, students, and technicians for the generation of comprehensive communication elements of history. The attractiveness of this new "virtual" iconography of the past lies in the possibility to create integrated ensembles where the facts, concepts, situations, and representations of materiality that the creators want to represent can appear. The resulting iconographic product can be applied for use in various environments, such as teaching, heritage, tourism, and cultural industries, and via different media, such as panels, apps, web, audio-visuals, museography, games, books, and notebooks.

Claims of crisis in education are not new though their orientation has changed over time. This paper is concerned with the contemporary discourse surrounding an apparent global learning crisis, examining the dominant logics through which education and its concomitant crises are imagined and operationalized. In this conceptual essay, we take "crisis" as representing both challenges faced by society and as an opportunity to interrupt the current order. We suggest that a key crisis facing education currently is not a learning crisis, but the dominant evidence-based approach and "what works" logic. In response, we argue for utilizing Levitas' utopia as method as a way for educational researchers and practitioners to engage in imagining alternative futures. The method involves excavation of conditions that have resulted in the current moment, critical questioning of being for both humans and the institutions we construct, and imagining alternative ways of being and doing education. We illustrate briefly how the method can be used in applying it to an analysis of the OECD's Global Competency Framework. This method is not presented as a solution, but as a crisis response that is imaginative and attempts to create possibilities and spaces of hope.

The COVID-19 pandemic drastically changed the way many schools and museums operate. Using a case study of a collection of digital resources for kids and families, the authors share their recipe for successful collaborations both in and outside of their museum. With a practitioner focus, the authors highlight the importance of not forgetting the lessons of pandemic successes in organizations during the return to in-person work.

Repatriation of archival materials holds great potential for decolonizing archaeological archives. This paper argues that while repatriation of human remains and cultural objects is required by law under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), traditional manuscript archives can and should be subject to the same standards for repatriation. The entirety of the archaeological archive can therefore be repatriated to descendant communities. In fact, many museums and other institutions have adopted the practice of digital repatriation of both documents and artifacts. By repatriating a facsimile of an important cultural item, institutions may actually perpetuate the colonial perspective that the original item's proper place is with the institution instead of with its community of origin. This paper addresses situations in which it is both appropriate and inappropriate to repatriate a digital copy instead of the original object.

"Govan Young" (2017) is a 30-minute documentary in which schoolchildren from Glasgow learn of the area's important but largely unknown medieval history. This dossier brings together four essays that reflect on the film from various academic perspectives -- film studies, archaeology and education -- to explore how schoolchildren might learn about the past, and develop a historical consciousness, by participating in film-making projects. The dossier also reflects on how educators can learn from those whom they are supposedly teaching, thereby highlighting that experimental pedagogical projects often bring unexpected learning outcomes into being. Consequently, educators must resist the pressures to predict the outcomes of projects, and must strive to keep the future open-ended.[Essays within this dossier written by David Archibald, Stephen T. Driscoll, Catherine Doherty, and Mia Perry.]

The present study aims to improve the quality and the effectiveness of Science Education in early grades along with the goals of UNESCO's emerging agenda for sustainable development and the 4th goal about quality in education. It examines the interaction between formal and non-formal education in designing and organizing complete educational programs directly connected with science education curriculum and utilizing innovative tools targeting to an attractive and rich context for science education. According to the second Science Centre World Summit (SCWS, 2017), museums promote scientific knowledge which is considered a pure cultural component and as such it is studied under the prism of cultural historical activity theory. Activity Theory is used in this research as a theoretical framework for the design and analysis of educational activities, with an emphasis on active and interactive learning processes. It is a predominantly socio-cultural theory offering a broad scope of design and implementation for linking science with culture and society. The educational program developed, "Thunderbolt hunt", is different from the usual educational programs offered because, although it cultivates scientific method skills, it is implemented in the Archaeological museum of Ioannina which constitutes a non-formal learning environment of general interest. The process of designing such programs is based on a number of principles and on numerous fields: the socio-cultural theory of activity, the science education and the museum education. The museum thus becomes a facilitator of scientific knowledge while at the same time functions as a dynamic meeting place for students with their social, cultural and historical environment. The preliminary results of the study are presented in this paper.

This paper aims to explore teachers' resistance practices in Colombia for affirmation purposes. It reveals how resistance practices have contributed to arguing against some imposed labels and stereotypes during different periods of time. Archaeology was the toolbox used to trace statements in teachers' voices from several documentary sources that built the archive. As a result, three important images were identified: the first was linked to the idea of teaching as vocation and the consideration of teachers as priests; the second referred to teaching as a profession and their own struggles to be recognised as subjects of knowledge, and the third one referred to their rejection of teaching defined as a function where teachers are considered technicians that meet functions.

The notion of scholartistry, hybrid scholarship-arts practice, is introduced by situating it in the academic literature on research methodology. The article offers dynamic, dialogical exemplification and demonstration; it takes the form of a conversation among the visitors to an imaginary exhibition of scholartistic artifacts. Several examples of arts-based research methods are discussed in terms of knowledge production and creative competencies. Connections are drawn with post-disciplinary agendas in the academy and beyond. The argument is made that a distinctive field of scholartistry offers an expansion of project- and problem-based learning in manifold cultural and organizational fields that are looking for open-ended creative modes of design and production.

This research aims to identify the effects of a science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics implementation in the ancient age architecture field on the achievements of the undergraduate students and their science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) perceptions. The research was based on the explanatory design, while the experimental design with pre-test and post-test control groups was carried out in the quantitative component of the study and the case study was carried out in the qualitative component. In the first stage, the study context, selections of the groups, development and implementation of the pre-test and formation of the project groups were realised. The second stage was accomplished by carrying out the study in accordance with the determined plan, implementations of the practices, realising the post-test and conducting the interviews. Finally, a significant difference was observed between the achievement test mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in favour of the experimental group

The extension of technology in current society has encouraged teachers to introduce products based on VR and IVR in their classrooms, especially video games. In this paper the specific role of video games in cultural heritage and history teaching is analyzed. Moreover, the results of recent research on the application of video games in Secondary Education is discussed. The results advocate taking into account principles such as Civic Education, Historical Relevance, Engagement, Applicability and Multimodality (what has been called the CREAM Model) in the design of a video game. These principles are especially important if the video game aims to introduce archaeological and/or historical contents into the classroom. This model has been implemented in the design of the IVR video game "Carthago Nova," which is discussed as an exemplar of how the proposed principles can be engaged. The educational sequence, in which the video game is contextualized, reinforces its educational aims.

The age of literacy, also known as modern age, was based on vision, regulation and control, whereas the post-literacy age, characterised by the advent of digital technologies, is based on an immersive, multisensorial and participatory approach. The ICT provide new opportunities to rethink and redesign the ways in which cultural heritage has been imagined and enjoyed. Participation and connection, on the one hand, and personalisation, recontextualisation and immersive interaction, on the other hand, are the key elements of the change that is involving cultural heritage and related institutions, including education. After analysing the central role of media literacy in digital humanities, the article focuses on a best practice from the MArTA Museum in Taranto and on innovative strategies to discover and launch new educational opportunities through heritage. The general aim is to design online and offline educational opportunities in order to revive local cultural traditions and generate cultural, social and economic opportunities.

The authors note that ancient Athens, in important ways, connected children, toys, and play. But they also find the scholarship of toys sparse and scattered. They discuss obstacles that can skew our modern view of the Greek mind, and they caution that modern eyes should not see play where the Greeks saw ritual and religious devotion. With these challenges in mind, the authors draw from archaeological, linguistic, and literary evidence found in ancient toys, art, and texts to offer an ecology of play that fits both modern and antique societies and guides future investigations of the subject.

This article highlights the multianalytical study of exuded liquid from an ancient Egyptian sealed alabaster vase by Master's students in an applied chemistry for cultural heritage course. Master students are introduced to the field of Archaeometry that see the collaboration of experts in different areas of research such as conservators, curators of museums, physicists, chemists, etc. The sample is a residue exuded on the linen strip sealing an ancient Egyptian alabaster vase (inventory number S.8448) from the collection of the Museo Egizio in Turin (Italy). The students start to plan the noninvasive investigation by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for the inorganic compounds characterization, followed by the extraction of the organic components (such as oils, fats, and waxes) to be analyzed by high-resolution [superscript 1]H and [superscript 13]C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and 2D NMR correlation spectroscopy (COSY), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), and long-range heteronuclear correlation (HMBC) techniques and by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Reference standards, spectral databases, and published data on similar artifacts served as the basis for the interpretation of the instrumental results. The approach was introduced in the course of Applied Chemistry for Cultural Heritage for Master students in Archaeology (University of Palermo, Italy), where the need is to know how to approach the scientific investigation together with the conservation scientists and how to manage with a very low amount of sample. Pedagogically, the approach introduces students to the main techniques currently used in the field of Archaeometry while reinforcing fundamental concepts in sample collecting and multicomponent microsample analysis. This interdisciplinary approach provides a unique experience that demonstrates chemistry's broad applicability outside of the traditional laboratory. Students are guided to identify the inorganic and organic components of the exudate liquid: the first one is ascribable to clay minerals iron oxides, which could impart the brown color to the sample; the second one is ascribed to triglycerides of various kinds, which probably comes from vegetable oil.

Socializing and interaction are important aspects for families who visit museums. Mixed reality (MR) uses a set of technology that museums employ to encourage this behavior, but they face challenges in maintaining family cohesion with experiences across different exhibitions and kiosks. In this paper, we explore these challenges broadly to provide strategies for MR exhibitions that support better family cohesion, and thus interaction. As part of our exploration, we partnered with the Indianapolis Children's Museum and used its "Take Me To Greece" exhibition and observed intergenerational family interactions at eight different kiosks with a range of MR technologies using "research in the wild" approach. We present our findings in terms of concerted immersion patterns of families with the kiosks encompassing both real and virtual spaces, while disrupted interactions when family members split from the group to interact with virtual kiosks. We then present design considerations to provide a broad understanding of the aspects of reality and virtuality in a MR children's museum exhibition, and the influence of these MR dimensions on intergenerational family interactions.

There is growing interest in the incorporation of digital games as part of the suite of offerings in museum education in heritage environments. Digital games are seen as ways of recreating historic worlds, affording empathetic and affective engagement, and increasing interest in and understanding of historical periods or processes, working in complementarity with material exhibitions and artefacts on display. Stakeholders engaged in the development of digital games, however, may have different views of what constitutes significant knowledge and priorities. This paper reports on findings from a pilot study that investigated key concerns for three groups involved in designing a game -- museum educators, maritime archaeologists and games designers -- that foregrounded the construction of history, history as constructed and processes of historical research. The paper explores the differing values and priorities underlying the perspectives of each group, and the implications of these for museum education, and the design of the game.

Since the granting of Native American materials -- excavated in archaeological projects sponsored by federal and state governments across the United States in the 20th century -- to public repositories, museum professionals have sought to manage such collections with care. At the University of Missouri, students responding to the local mandate of NAGPRA advocated a public investigation into the issue of Native American collections repatriation in the early 1990s. Their activism in part transformed campus praxis in three ways, effecting ethical shared decision-making, appropriate public access, and policy-level leadership. This paper examines the primary sources generated by students, faculty, and local and national journalists to broadly comprehend how community members continue to address Native collections management and access in a public land-grant university setting.

Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) are referred to differently in different contexts and circumstances. Related conceptions include 'Traditional Knowledge Systems' (TKS), 'Endogenous Knowledge Systems' (EKS) and 'Classical Knowledge Systems' (CKS). A focus on IKS implies an archaeology and re-appropriation of those knowledges that were not allowed to 'be', to enhance our human understanding, and develop, protect, and promote them. Most exigent in a decolonised context is the transformative challenge of developing appropriate protocols, codes of conduct, and terms for any dialogue and integration. This paper argues that at a systems level, IKS demands: establishing an ethically sound and ecologically constituted way of thinking; affirming the multiplicity of worlds and forms of life; creating a shared paradigm shift; self-reflexive praxis; becoming critical explorers of human and societal possibilities; establishing new evaluation and appraisal criteria; and a transformation to new futures. Such a transformation recognises cognitive justice as a plurality of ways of knowing.