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A burn is an injury which is caused by application of heat or chemical substances to the external or internal surfaces of the body, which causes destruction of tissues. Thermal deaths are those which result from the effects of systemic and/ or localized exposure to excessive heat and cold The present study has been carried out on 150(39 males and 111 females) cases of death due to burn, brought to the mortuary of Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj for medico legal autopsy during the study period of one year extending from 01 July 2019 to 30 June 2020. Female outnumbered males i.e. 111(74.00%) females and 39(26.00%) males. Maximum number of burn deaths i.e., 56(37.33%) cases occurred in the young age group 21–30. Accidental burn injuries can be reduced by bringing about regulations to develop safer cooking appliances, promoting less inflammable fabrics to be worn at home and educating the community especially women.

Background: Hanging is caused by suspension of the body by a ligature encircling the neck. The person may use any article readily available for this purpose, like a rope, saree, belt, bed sheet etc. Most times, Ligature mark and material may be the only evidence available in deaths due to either hanging or strangulation. Their thorough examination and analysis is extremely helpful in differentiation and provide vital medicolegal information. Material and Method: Present study was conducted among the dead bodies brought to the mortuary of Swaroop Rani Nehru hospital MLN Medical College Allahabad. Out of 2654 cases autopsied during the study period from 01/05/2016 to 30/4/2017; 184 cases (6.93%) were caused by violent asphyxial death. Out of that 120 (65.2%) cases including hanging (94) and strangulation (26) were taken for study. Results and Conclusion: The young adults of the age group of 21-40 years contributed for majority of cases with 66(55%) of cases of hanging and 16(13.3%) of cases of strangulation. The position of knot was seen on the right side in 42(35%) cases. Duppatta was most commonly used ligature material 41(34.16%). The most common external finding was cyanosis seen in 84 (70%) and 26 (21.66%) cases of hanging and strangulation, respectively. Present study provides vital information for the Doctors, Police and concerned authorities in investigating cases of Hanging and strangulation.

Pattern of unnatural deaths is a reflection of the prevailing social set up and mental health status of the population. Periodic evaluation of trends of unnatural deaths may provide valuable data to adopt effective preventive measures in this respect. The aim of this study is to find out prevalent pattern of unnatural deaths in the local society throughout the year and how it is affected by age, sex, habitat, marital status and season. This study was conducted during March 2014 to March 2015 in Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad. Out of 2958 post-mortem cases, 2690 (90.94%) were unnatural deaths. 1748 (64.98%) victims were male and remaining 942 (35.02%) were female. Married 2372 (88.18%) cases outnumber unmarried 318 (11.82%). Accidental deaths accounted for 1648 (61.26%) cases, suicidal deaths for 457 (16.98%) and alleged homicidal deaths for 275 (10.22%) cases. Maximum deaths 641(23.83%) were observed in age group 25–35 years in both sexes. Highest incidence was observed in rainy season and least (603) in autumn.

The age of menarche at which first menstrual bleeding occurs in female is considered as an important indicator of women health and social wellness. The aim of this study was to find out the mean age at menarche among girls and its association with residential and socio-economic status, and dietary habits. This study was conducted on 265 medical and paramedical students at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh between October and December 2014. The study was retrospectively conducted with the help of structured questionnaires. Data were analysed for association-of-age of menarche with residential and socio-economic status and dietary habits of girls. Mean and standard deviations (S.D.) were determined for each class observation. Z score was used to test for significance. The mean age at menarche was found to be 11.82 ± 1.42 years. Maximum girls (n = 79, 29.81%) achieved their menarche during 12–13 years of age and the least in age group 15–16 years (n = 5, 1.88%). Study revealed decreasing age at menarche as we moved from lower to higher socioeconomic groups. Vegetarians attained age of menarche later than the non-vegetarian girls.

Traumatic brain injury is defined as an alteration in the brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology, caused by an external force. Injuries to brain can be classified as those occurring due to primary damage and secondary damage. Primary damage is that occurs at the time of actual impact. There are multiple types of primary damages that may occur. These include: skull fracture-breaking of skull bone, contusion/bruise, hematoma/blood clot, laceration, and nerve damage (diffuse axonal injury). While secondary damage is the damage that occurs over time after the actual brain injury; may include infection, hypoxia (oxygen deprivation), edema (brain swelling), elevated intracranial pressure, infraction (death of brain tissue which results in loss of blood supply to that region of the brain) and hematoma (focal area of bleeding in the skull due to tearing of blood vessels). When one considers the various types of intracranial lesion produced by trauma to the head, there is one type of injury which excites much speculation as to the application in solving medico legal cases, namely, contre-coup injury a type included in closed head injury. Coup contre-coup injury describes contusions that are both at the site of the impact and on the complete opposite side of the organ. This occurs when the force impacting is not only great enough to cause a contusion at the site of impact, but also is able to move the organ and cause it to slam into the opposite side of the hard protective wall of the organ, which causes the additional contusion. It can be seen in brain, heart[1], spleen and lungs[2,3]. Commonly, it is seen in brain. In most head injuries - notably traffic accidents and falls-there is marked deceleration of the moving head on contact with a fixed surface, though there might still be a ‘coup’ lesion at the site of impact, there is often cortical damage on the opposite side of the brain-the ‘contre-coup’ lesion[4]. Practical points to be considered are - there may be no coup damage at all, only contre-coup. There need be no fracture of skull, even in the presence of severe coup and contrecoup lesions. The most common site for contre-coup injury is in the frontal and temporal lobes. It is often at the tips and on the undersurface of these lobes, and may be symmetrical, if a fall on the occiput has occurred. In temporal or parietal impacts, the contre-coup lesions are on contralateral regions but exact geometrical correspondence is not necessary[5]. Few authors opine that in absence of other injuries to head and brain contre-coup injury is most dangerous. The authors describe here a case where the understanding of coup and contre-coup injury helped in solving the case and administration of justice.

Effect of alcoholic extract of salai guggal (AESG) was studied on cellular and humoral immune responses in mice and leucocyte migration in rats. Oral administration of AESG strongly inhibited the antibody production and cellular responses to sheep red blood cells in mice. It inhibited the infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and reduced the volume of pleural exudate in carrageenan induced pleurisy in rats. It showed no cytotoxic effect.