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Differential diagnosis of uveitis, the role of immunosuppressives and biologics in the management.

Introduction: Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI-As) are important tools for the treatment of schizophrenia, yet they appear to be underutilized. This study will assess practitioner perceptions of LAI-As to elucidate reasons for underuse and uncover new avenues to increase appropriate use. Methods: An anonymous electronic survey was developed and actively distributed to behavioral health care practitioners (MD, DO, PA, NP, PharmD, RN, LCSW). Independent t testing and linear regression analysis was used to assess for interactions between survey responses and individual factors. Results: A total of 146 survey responses were collected from September 3, 2020 to March 17, 2021. On average, participants thought that LAI-As were slightly underutilized in practice. The mean estimated patient acceptance rate for LAI-A therapy was 38.6% ± 29.5% (range = 0%-100%). Participants who were

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) supports international partners in introducing vaccines, including those against SARS-CoV-2 virus. CDC contributes to the development of global technical tools, guidance, and policy for COVID-19 vaccination and has established its COVID-19 International Vaccine Implementation and Evaluation (CIVIE) program. CIVIE supports ministries of health and their partner organizations in developing or strengthening their national capacities for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination programs. CIVIE’s 7 priority areas for country-specific technical assistance are vaccine policy development, program planning, vaccine confidence and demand, data management and use, workforce development, vaccine safety, and evaluation. We discuss CDC’s work on global COVID-19 vaccine implementation, including priorities, challenges, opportunities, and applicable lessons learned from prior experiences with Ebola, influenza, and meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine introductions.

BackgroundCOVID-19 pandemic forced educational institutions to adopt online methods which were inevitable to keep continuity of education across all academia after suspension of traditional educational systems. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of faculty and students of online and face-to-face learning, and their preference of the mode of learning after the pandemic.MethodsThis is a mixed-method study. Quantitative data was collected through a survey from 194 medical students and 33 faculty members, while qualitative data was collected through two focus group discussions with 9 students and another two with 13 faculty members. Quantitative variables were presented as means and standard deviations. Paired samples t-test and Chi-square test were used. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was used to code, interpret, and make sense of data.ResultsMean scores of responses of faculty members and students were higher for face-to-face and blended learning compared to online learning in all survey statements with statistically significant differences. More than half of the students (53.1%) preferred the face-to-face mode of learning, while most of the faculty members (60.6%) preferred the blended mode of learning. Qualitative analysis identified five themes, namely: “Transforming the way theoretical teaching sessions are given,” “Face-to-face teaching at campus cannot be replaced for some types of education,” “Interaction in online sessions is limited,” “Problems and challenges of online examinations,” and “Technical issues and challenges of online education.” It revealed suggestions that at least 30% of the curriculum could be taught online post-COVID-19. Some aspects of clinically oriented teaching including history taking and case discussions can also be delivered online in the future. Faculty members and students reported that dealing with online education was not difficult, although the transition was not smooth.ConclusionMedical students and faculty members were in favor of face-to-face and blended modes of learning. However, they perceived online mode of learning as an acceptable adaptation in theoretical teaching and in some clinically oriented teaching including history taking and clinical case discussions. Although face-to-face education in medicine is irreplaceable, the blended mode of learning remains an acceptable and practical solution for the post-COVID era.

BackgroundWorkers critical to emergency response and continuity of essential services during the COVID-19 pandemic are at a disproportionally high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prospective cohort studies are needed for enhancing the understanding of the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, identifying risk factors, assessing clinical outcomes, and determining the effectiveness of vaccination. ObjectiveThe Research on the Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Essential Response Personnel (RECOVER) prospective cohort study was designed to estimate the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, examine the risk factors for infection and clinical spectrum of illness, and assess the effectiveness of vaccination among essential workers. MethodsThe RECOVER multisite network was initiated in August 2020 and aims to enroll 3000 health care personnel (HCP), first responders, and other essential and frontline workers (EFWs) at 6 US locations. Data on participant demographics, medical history, and vaccination history are collected at baseline and throughout the study. Active surveillance for the symptoms of COVID-19–like illness (CLI), access of medical care, and symptom duration is performed by text messages, emails, and direct participant or medical record reports. Participants self-collect a mid-turbinate nasal swab weekly, regardless of symptoms, and 2 additional respiratory specimens at the onset of CLI. Blood is collected upon enrollment, every 3 months, approximately 28 days after a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)–confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 14 to 28 days after a dose of any COVID-19 vaccine. From February 2021, household members of RT-PCR–confirmed participants are self-collecting mid-turbinate nasal swabs daily for 10 days. ResultsThe study observation period began in August 2020 and is expected to continue through spring 2022. There are 2623 actively enrolled RECOVER participants, including 280 participants who have been found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Enrollment is ongoing at 3 of the 6 study sites. ConclusionsData collected through the cohort are expected to provide important public health information for essential workers at high risk for occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and allow early evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/31574

BackgroundCOVID-19 has spread worldwide since late 2019, with an unprecedented case count and death toll globally. Health care personnel (HCP), first responders, and other essential and frontline workers (OEWs) are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection because of frequent close contact with others. ObjectiveThe Arizona Healthcare, Emergency Response, and Other Essential Workers Study (AZ HEROES) aims to examine the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 illness among adults with high occupational exposure risk. Study objectives include estimating the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in essential workers by symptom presentation and demographic factors, determining independent effects of occupational and community exposures on incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, establishing molecular and immunologic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in essential workers, describing the duration and patterns of real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) positivity, and examining postvaccine immunologic response. MethodsEligible participants include Arizona residents aged 18 to 85 years who work at least 20 hours per week in an occupation involving regular direct contact (ie, within 3 feet) with others. Recruitment goals are stratified by demographic characteristics (50% aged 40 years or older, 50% women, and 50% Hispanic or American Indian), by occupation (40% HCP, 30% first responders, and 30% OEWs), and by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (with up to 50% seropositive at baseline). Information on sociodemographics, health and medical history, vaccination status, exposures to individuals with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, use of personal protective equipment, and perceived risks are collected at enrollment and updated through quarterly surveys. Every week, participants complete active surveillance for COVID-like illness (CLI) and self-collect nasal swabs. Additional self-collected nasal swab and saliva specimens are collected in the event of CLI onset. Respiratory specimens are sent to Marshfield Laboratories and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by rRT-PCR assay. CLI symptoms and impact on work and productivity are followed through illness resolution. Serum specimens are collected every 3 months and additional sera are collected following incident rRT-PCR positivity and after each COVID-19 vaccine dose. Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections will be calculated by person-weeks at risk and compared by occupation and demographic characteristics as well as by seropositivity status and infection and vaccination history. ResultsThe AZ HEROES study was funded by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Enrollment began on July 27, 2020; as of May 1, 2021, a total of 3165 participants have been enrolled in the study. Enrollment is expected to continue through December 1, 2021, with data collection continuing through at least April 2022, contingent upon funding. ConclusionsAZ HEROES is unique in aiming to recruit a diverse sample of essential workers and to prospectively follow strata of SARS-CoV-2 seronegative and seropositive adults. Survey results combined with active surveillance data on exposure, CLI, weekly molecular diagnostic testing, and periodic serology will be used to estimate the incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, assess the intensity and durability of immune responses to natural infection and COVID-19 vaccination, and contribute to the evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/28925

Purpose: To evaluate autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and autogenous connective tissue graft (CTG) in gingival recession defects in conjunction with coronally advanced flap (CAF) using a microsurgical technique. Materials and Methods: Forty-five Class I and II recession defects were randomly equally (n = 15) divided into three groups: Group I sites treated with CAF with PRF, Group II sites treated with CAF with CTG, and Group III sites treated with CAF alone using microsurgical approach. Parameters recorded were vertical gingival recession (VGR) and horizontal gingival recession (HGR), % complete root coverage (CRC), patient comfort score (PCS), patient esthetic score (PES), and hypersensitivity score (HS) at 10 days, 3 months, and 6 months. Results: CAF surgery alone and in combination with PRF or CTG are effective procedures to cover denuded roots with mean VGR values of 1.26 ± 0.70 mm (74.4%), 1.26 ± 0.59 mm (58%), and 1.06 ± 0.79 mm (53.3%) for Groups I, II, and III, respectively. In terms of CRC achieved at 6 months, results showed that 100% CRC was obtained in 60% sites of Group I, 20% sites of Group II, and 27% sites of Group III. Patient response and acceptance for surgical treatment modality in terms of PCS and PES were highest for Group I (PRF and CAF) followed by Group III and Group II, and there was decrease in HS for Group I (PRF and CAF) while no significant changes in HS were observed for Group II and Group III. At the end of 6 months follow-up, there was a significant increase in gingival thickness measurements using transgingival probing in Group II, whereas nonsignificant changes were observed in Group I and Group III. Conclusions: A long-term multicenter randomized controlled clinical study may be necessary to evaluate the clinical outcome for autologous PRF in comparison to CTG and CAF alone.

Background: Conventional cytology (CC) is a well-established and effective methodology for the evaluation of pediatric tumors. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is a better technique of smear preparation and is at present the standard protocol in cervical cytology samples. Aims: In the present study, we analyzed both smear preparatory techniques in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples from solid pediatric neoplasms in terms of adequacy and efficacy with objectives to study the changes in background and morphology of tumor cells in LBC smears. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital, which included 52 pediatric patients with clinical diagnosis of malignancy and an assessable lump. Both conventional aspiration cytology and LBC smears were prepared as per standard protocols (SurePath BDTM) from FNA samples of cases and examined. Results and Conclusion: On comparing the diagnostic efficacy of cytology smears prepared by both techniques, LBC alone was diagnostic in 80.8% of the cases and conventional smear (CS) alone was diagnostic in 71.2% of the cases (agreement was 83.7%, P = 0.3). Cellular morphology was better preserved in LBC and interpretation was easier. There was a lower inadequacy rate in LBC and none of the samples was inadequate due to poor morphology in LBC smears (P = 0.0003). LBC showed an overall 40% improvement in inadequate cases by CS. LBC has been recommended as a complement to CC in nongynecological samples. Improved morphology and lower inadequacy rate make LBC a finer technique compared to CS in pediatric tumors as well.

Griscelli syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disorder in which the affected children present with characteristic silvery-white hairs. The hair microscopy of these children is characteristic and is helpful in differentiating GS from Chediak-Higashi syndrome which also presents with immunodeficiency and silver hairs. We report a 17-month-old boy with GS type 2 who presented with severe anemia. Bone marrow examination of the child suggested parvovirus B19 as the cause of severe anemia, which was later confirmed by DNA polymerase chain reaction.

Context: This study was done to assess the Serial peripheral blood and bone marrow changes in patients of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia on chemotherapy. Aims: To assess the therapy related serial bone marrow changes in patients of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Settings and Design: Prospective study, carried out in Lymphoma- Leukemia Lab, Department of Pathology, K.G.M.U from March 2011 to March 2012. A total of 60 cases were studied Materials and Methods: History, complete hemogram, bone marrow examination at pretherapy (Day-0), intratherapy (Day-14), and end of induction chemotherapy (Day-28) were done. Peripheral blood smears were evaluated at regular interval to assess clearance of blast cells. Statistical analysis used: The statistical analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 15.0 statistical Analysis Software. The values were represented in Number (%) and Mean ± SD. The following Statistical formulas were used: Mean, standard deviation, Chi square test, Paired "t" test, Student ′t′ test, Level of significance P Results: Incidence of ALL-L1 (46.7%) and ALL-L2 (53.3%) was equal. ALL-L2 patients had poor survival.Day 0 (D-0) bone marrow was hypercellular with flooding of marrow by leukemic cells. High levels of tumor load at D′0′ were associated with poor survival. 14 th day of Induction phase showed significant decrease in hemoglobin and TLC as compared to D ′0′ parameters. D28 showed marrow regeneration. Cellularity, Blast%, and Leukemic Index showed significant drop from day ′0′ to day 14 due to myelosupression, whereas regeneration reflected by increased cellularity as per day 28 marrow. Lymphocytosis (>20%) at end of induction chemotherapy had better survival and longer remission.Risk of mortality was directly proportional to blast clearance and was a major independent prognostic factor for achievement of complete remission. Conclusions: A bone marrow examination at the end of induction chemotherapy provides information whether patient has achieved remission with regeneration of cells or still has residual leukemia. If the patient is in remission, maintenance treatment is started and if not more intensive chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation may be embarked upon.

The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are common, complex disorders in which genetic and environmental factors are believed to interact leading to chronic inflammatory responses against the gut microbiota. Earlier genetic studies performed in mostly adult population of European descent identified 163 loci affecting IBD risk, but most have relatively modest effect sizes, and altogether explain only ~20% of the genetic susceptibility. Pediatric onset represents about 25% of overall incident cases in IBD, characterized by distinct disease physiology, course and risks. The goal of this study is to compare the allelic architecture of early onset IBD with adult onset in population of European descent.We performed a fine mapping association study of early onset IBD using high-density Immunochip genotyping on 1008 pediatric-onset IBD cases (801 Crohn's disease; 121 ulcerative colitis and 86 IBD undetermined) and 1633 healthy controls. Of the 158 SNP genotypes obtained (out of the 163 identified in adult onset), this study replicated 4% (5 SNPs out of 136) of the SNPs identified in the Crohn's disease (CD) cases and 0.8% (1 SNP out of 128) in the ulcerative colitis (UC) cases. Replicated SNPs implicated the well known NOD2 and IL23R. The point estimate for the odds ratio (ORs) for NOD2 was above and outside the confidence intervals reported in adult onset. A polygenic liability score weakly predicted the age of onset for a larger collection of CD cases (p< 0.03, R2= 0.007), but not for the smaller number of UC cases.The allelic architecture of common susceptibility variants for early onset IBD is similar to that of adult onset. This immunochip genotyping study failed to identify additional common variants that may explain the distinct phenotype that characterize early onset IBD. A comprehensive dissection of genetic loci is necessary to further characterize the genetic architecture of early onset IBD.

Background: Patients of hematological malignancies are reported to be deficient in folate and vitamin B12. The aim of this study was to estimate serum folate and vitamin B12 levels in children with hematological malignancies to find out the frequency of deficiencies in different type of hematological malignancies. Material & Methods: In this case control study, 102 children (24 females and 78 males, aged 1.5-16 years) presenting with different hematological malignancies were enrolled. Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels were estimated and matched with controls (30) children with non-hematological malignancies. Folic acid and vitamin B12 levels were estimated by electrochemiluminescence technique. Result: Children with hematological malignancies were categorized into acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, 61), acute myeloid leukemia (AML, 18), Hodgkin’s disease (HD, 12) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL, 11). The vitamin B12 levels in these cases and controls were 482.06±480.29 pg/mL, 582.33±500.43 pg/mL, 438.2±355.09 pg/mL, 324.91±198.14 pg/mL and 864.54±733.49 pg/mL respectively. The serum folate was 9.23±8.53 ng/mL, 6.32±3.85 ng/mL, 9.66±10.16 ng/mL, 10.56±10.30 ng/mL and 12.73±15.96 ng/mL respectively. Serum vitamin B12 levels varied differently among different hematological malignancies, it was significantly lower in ALL (p=0.003) followed by NHL (p=0.02). Serum folate was lowest in AML as compared to controls but not statistically significant. Conclusion: The frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency was higher in children with HD while folate deficiency in AML. Serum vitamin B12 levels varied differently among different hematological malignancies, it was significantly lower in ALL followed by NHL. While folate levels were lowest in AML as compared to controls but not statistically significant.

Abstract We have blended MgO QDs with poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) thin films using solution-casting method. MgO QDs were doped at 5 wt %, 10 wt %, and 15 wt % in PMMA film and annealed for 02, 04, 06, 08, 10, 12, 14, 20, 24, and 28 h at 130 degree Celsius. We have comprehensively investigated the molecular-scale restructuring and morphological evolution of the composite films and have accounted for the reasons based on the observations made on chemical bonding, crystallinity, bandgap, Urbach energy, and fluorescence and Raman spectra. We observe that the film loses its overall crystallinity in the initial stages of annealing, which improves slightly owing to the temperature-induced limited diffusion of MgO QDs (sizes in the range of 7.0603–9.5647 nm). MgO QDs undergo coarsening at temperatures as low as 130 0C. The limited diffusion of MgO QDs allows for the formation of larger clusters, which in turn affects the local crystallinity of the composite films. We report local-scale re-crystallization driven by dispersion forces acting globally. As far as the quantum nature of forces is concerned, this work clearly demonstrates some unique energy dissipation mechanism of charge carriers in QDs via overlapping with long-range dispersion forces. The morphological evolution of the films is the outcome of the reconciliation of forces. We discuss the role of competing forces. The evolution of nano-micro scale structures inside films is governed by the reconciliation between inter- and intra-molecular forces. The temperature of the film plays an important role in facilitating the entire process. To obtain molecular-scale insights, we have estimated the crystallinity, bandgap, and Urbach energy of the pure and hybrid films. MgO QDs diffuse locally and coalesced to form larger spherical clusters. The anchoring of MgO QDs on the PMMA surface and vice-versa appears to provide thermal stability and mechanical strength to the nanocomposite films, as the MgO QDS-doped PMMA film form nanometer-sized particulates of PMMA. In contrast, the overall crystallinity of the hybrid film drastically decreases as the formation of boundaries, interfaces, and voids overwhelmed the entire process. The formation of larger nanoaggregates at later stages of annealing slightly improves the crystallinity of the films. The estimation of the bandgap and Urbach energy calculations confirm the same. The micro-level phenomenological understanding of the diffusion process of nanodots in a nearly solid film is technically important for ensuring the sustainability of such nanocomposites that undergo a heating process.

Objective: To estimate the incidence of dry eye in post-operative patient undergoing cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: Schirmer’s test, tear break-up time (TBUT) test, and lissamine green staining of the cornea and conjunctiva for the evaluation of dry eye preoperatively and again at first and second follow-up examinations at 1 week and 1 month after cataract surgery were performed on 100 patients with senile cataract. Results: The patients were 61.25 years old on average, and 71 (71%) of them were men. According to the requirements of our study, none of the patients experienced dry eyes at the time of participation. Schirmer’s test results during the first and second follow-ups, respectively, varied from 12-35 mm and 8-24 mm postoperatively. At the first and second follow-ups, the mean TBUT was 13.12 ± 2.44 and 9.61 ± 2.22 seconds, respectively, whereas the lissamine green staining score was 3 in 66 (66%) and 1 in 62 (62%) patients, respectively. At the initial follow-up, grade 2 dry eye was discovered in 89% of the 56 patients who received phacoemulsification (p 0.001) and in 92% of the 66 patients who underwent small-incision cataract surgery (SICS) (p 0.001). At the second follow-up, 83% of patients who had SICS and 93% of those who had phacoemulsification had grade 0 dry eyes, respectively (p 0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of dry eye following cataract surgery was significant and largely unrelated to demographic and anthropometric characteristics, surgical technique, length of microscope exposure, and energy input. This dryness was only temporary in character and exhibited a downward trend, with a tendency to return to normal by the end of 1 month.

Background: Ovulation induction (OI) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remains challenging, and several biomarkers have been evaluated for their ability to predict ovulation. The predictive ability of candidate biomarkers, particularly with letrozole-based therapy in infertile PCOS women, remains inconclusive as it is yet to be evaluated in a prospective study. Aim: To assess the role of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH)/FSH ratio, testosterone and free androgen index (FAI) as predictors of ovarian response to letrozole-based OI therapy during OI cycles in infertile women with PCOS from North India. Settings and Design: A prospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in north India. Materials and Methods: The study enrolled 80 infertile women with PCOS, diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria. OI was conducted using letrozole with or without human menopausal gonadotropin. Baseline endocrine and metabolic parameters, including serum AMH, FSH, LH, testosterone and FAI levels, were measured using ELISA or chemiluminescence methods on day 2 of the menstrual cycle. Follicular response to OI was monitored by transvaginal ultrasonography. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted, including Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, Independent t-test, analysis of variance, Fisher’s exact test and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Data were processed using Microsoft Excel and analysed with SPSS software, version 25.0. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of 80 women enrolled, 74 responded to letrozole-based OI, while six were non-responders. Body mass index (BMI), serum testosterone and pre-treatment AMH levels significantly correlated with follicular response, with higher values linked to reduced responsiveness. The likelihood ratio+ (95% confidence interval) was 3.32 (2.45–5.06) for AMH, 1.97 (1.03–3.78) for BMI and 1.93 (1.22–3.08) for testosterone. The odds ratio for AMH was 2.88 (1.01–8.21) and 1.25 (1.02–1.53) for BMI. An AMH cut-off of ≤16.43 ng/mL predicted ovarian response with an AUC of 0.88. Conclusions: Pre-treatment AMH levels, along with BMI and serum testosterone, are significant predictors of ovarian response to letrozole-based OI in infertile women with PCOS.

Abstract The use of enzymes in the production of food products is an ancient practice. Microbes provide several enzymes that are involved in improving the taste, texture, as well as aroma of food items, offering several benefits to the food industry. Subsequently, the ease of availability of these microbial enzymes has increased their utilization in the food industry. This cost-effectiveness and ease of commercial-scale production make enzymes ideal tools for various industrial uses. Microbial enzymes are utilized in processing food products such as those associated with the brewery, dairy and bakery industries. In addition, the nutritional value, color, aroma and texture of food products can be improved by using microbial enzymes. With the progress in technology, several novel enzymes in various applications of the food and beverages industry have been developed and demand is constantly increasing. The present review provides a comparative narrative of the applications of some of the predominating enzymes, such as phytases, lipases, lactases, pectinases, and laccases, commonly used as processing aids in the food industry. Graphical Abstract

Background: Granulomatous inflammation is a persistent inflammatory reaction marked by the presence of aggregations of active histiocytes, epithelioid cells, and multinucleate giant cells. This phenomenon is reported in several viral and non-infectious diseases and is classified as a type IV delayed hypersensitivity response. Research Materials and Procedures: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in the histopathology section of the Department of Pathology, MMIMSR, Mullana, from October 2022 to October 2023. A total of 100 cases presenting with granulomatous lesions were analyzed. Detailed clinical data, including age, sex, site of the lesion, and duration of disease, were recorded. Histopathological examination was performed using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain, with additional special stains like Ziehl-Neelsen and Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) applied where necessary. Materials and Methods: This investigation was conducted at the histology division of the Department of Pathology, MMIMSR, Mullana, between October 2022 and October 2023. The analysis included a total of 100 patients that had granulomatous lesions. Precise clinical information, such as age, gender, location of the lesion, and length of illness, was documented. The histological analysis was conducted using hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain, along with supplementary specific stains, such as Ziehl-Neelsen and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) when needed. Results: Lesions of granulomatous nature were more common in individuals in their third and fourth decades of life, with a little higher occurrence in females (male: female ratio = 1:1.43). The primary location of infection was the gastrointestinal system, accounting for 16% of cases, followed by the urogenital tract at 15% and soft tissues at 13%. Granulomatous pathology-not otherwise specified (GP-NOS) was the most prevalent histological category, representing 52% of cases. It was followed by granulomatous pathology-tubercular (GP-TB) at 15%, granulomatous pathology-leprosy (GP-L) at 3%, and one case of granulomatous pathology-fungal (GP-F). The etiology of 25% of cases was attributed to tuberculosis, whereas in 3% of instances, it was diagnosed as leprosy. The main kind of neoplasms seen were epithelioid cell granulomas, with caseous necrosis being the most prevalent form of necrosis. About 10% of patients had fibrosis, and Langhans giant cells were often documented. Conclusion: Histopathology, with the use of certain stains, continues to be the most reliable method for identifying and classifying granulomatous lesions. Despite the broad use of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, infections, including tuberculosis (TB), remain the primary cause of granulomatous lesions in our community.