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Safety of air transportation strongly depends on the performance of on-board positioning sensors. Positioning by data from navigational aids is considered by international aviation community as one of the main stand-by positioning approaches onboard of civil airplanes. However, only positioning by pair of distance measuring equipment (DME) meets requirements of Performance-Based Navigation. A DME service volume model based on path loss between a pair of transmitting and receiving antennas has been proposed in the paper. The model takes into account the influence of relief on radio waves propagation and diffraction from high-altitude elements of relief. The proposed model has been used in the analysis of DME global network performance. In particular, performance of a global network is analyzed based on availability area of DME service, area of positioning by pairs of DME/DME support, availability of particular positioning accuracy, and areas of meeting various RNAV requirements. Obtained results indicate that only in 27.76% of global airspace a DME service can be provided. However, only within 15.9% of airspace, a DME/DME positioning can be used. Results of the analysis indicate about the necessity of actions for further development of global navigational aids network in order to guarantee safe airlines connections around the globe.

To solve a problem of bi-criteria optimization of an aircraft flight trajectory using the data of satellite navigation systems, the authors suggest an approach based on the game theory methods. The target was set to organize trajectory control with two partial criteria of optimality (desired track deviation and position-fixing error) minimized simultaneously. It is shown that the minima of individual partial criteria are generally achieved with different control inputs and hence with different flight path parameters so there is a need to form an additional strategy for decision making in a bi-criteria optimization problem taking into account existing restrictions. Based on the multi-criteria optimization methods, an algorithm for aircraft trajectory control was synthesized. The comparative analysis of the research results shows that the synthesized algorithms of optimal control based on the suggested approach make it possible to find a compromise solution for a multi-criteria trajectory optimization problem in the area of global navigational satellite system augmentation. Proposals were drawn up to construct spatial programmed trajectories aiming to high-accuracy navigational sightings.

With the development of global economy and the rapid growth of people's material demand, the sustainable development of air industry needs more and more airspace capacity, so the importance of optimizing available airspace is prominent. Under the background of world aviation industry, after more than 60 years development, the safety level has steadily improved, the total amount of transportation has increased rapidly, the air routes have been enriched and the air traffic capacity has gradually improved. PBN, the performance-based navigation technology is one of the most essential topics in China’s aviation development. Compared to conventional navigation, it has witnessed significant benefit in PBN operation, such as less fuel cost, shorter route range and lighter workload of the controllers. This paper introduces the basic concept of PBN, and then selects three typical routes through simulation software, compares the characteristics of PBN and traditional navigation in practice, and illustrates the advantages of PBN procedures by means of data and charts.

Air traffic flow becomes denser and more complex within terminal manoeuvering areas (TMAs) due to rapid growth rates in demand. Effective TMA arrival management plays a key role in the improvement of airspace capacity, flight efficiency and air traffic controller performance. This study proposes a mixed integer linear programming model for aircraft landing problems with area navigation (RNAV) route structure using three conflict resolution and sequencing techniques together: flexible route allocation, airspeed reduction and vector manoeuver. A two-step mixed integer linear programming model was developed that minimises total conflict resolution time and then total airborne delay using lexicographic goal programming. Experimental results demonstrate that the model can obtain conflict-free and time optimal aircraft trajectories for RNAV route structures.

Nowadays, 3D navigation systems and intelligent services are costly to use, and the accuracy of intelligent navigation does not meet the needs of tourists, and the practicality is not strong. Based on the current situation of the construction of the smart scenic navigation system and the actual needs of tourists, this study determines the main principles and methods of the tour guide system and intelligent services. Taking a certain scenic spot as the specific research object, the A* algorithm is used to solve the path. By optimizing the online gracing service of the arc gis server network, the appropriate data interpolation method is used to improve the accuracy of the elevation data of the scenic spot, and the characteristics of the three-dimensional symbol system are combined. The 3D symbol design system is optimized, and a high-precision 3D navigation map model is established. Finally, the corresponding 3D tour guide system and scenic area intelligent service are designed based on this, and the principle and application flow of the intelligent scenic area navigation system construction are summarized. The three-dimensional map model and its navigation system designed by this research institute reduce the risk of tourists during the tour, improve the quality and efficiency of the tour, and provide a practical service optimization solution for the smart scenic three-dimensional navigation system. The construction and use cost of the high-precision three-dimensional navigation system in the scenic spot is reduced.

The growing demand for air transportation has led to an increase in worldwide air traffic inefficiency due to capacity constraints. The impacts associated with this situation can be reduced through operational changes. To better handle the problem, the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) and the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) program suggest Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) as a solution. The Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) approaches belong to the group of PBN procedures. These procedures allow for a more efficient use of airspace by reducing route distances, fuel consumption and perceived aircraft noise. This article quantifies the benefits of PBN systems for two indicator parameters—fuel burn and flight time—and compares PBN systems to conventional instrument navigation procedures. The case studies use five airports in Brazil. The results of this analysis show that the benefits of the PBN approach vary with aircraft type and individual route characteristics.

The significant growth in air traffic over the past few decades has led to increased congestion at major airports. Departure metering strategies to mitigate congestion require good models of operat...

The article deals with the fuel planning problems for flights planned via standard arrival routes (STAR), with delay legs. Implementation of new standard arrival routes based on area navigation principles leads to increasing airspace capacity and reducing workload for both flight crews and air traffic controllers. More and more air navigation service providers implement modern STARs which include delay legs as their components. Delay legs are being used as modern alternative to delay actions performed with short time holding patterns or radar vectoring procedures. But, new STAR types’ implementation without changing fuel planning procedures has led to fuel consumption increase. The nature of problem is shown in the article with reference to recently designed, published and implemented Pulkovo airport new standard arrival routes with delay legs. The calculations made with the use of automated flight planning systems and shown extra fuel consumption are given. Contributing negative factors are described. Suggested methods of solving the problems allow avoiding extra fuel consumption and reducing pollution. The procedure for using the new approach to planning and performing flight via STARs with delay legs is described. Implementation of the new approach in arrival trajectory design, flight planning and flight performance via standard arrival routes with delay legs is actual for the existing arrival routes and the routes being projected.

The paper considers a problem of aircraft positioning, especially stand-by or alternative to global navigation satellite system methods of aircraft coordinates determination in airspace. Interference with electronic equipment and jamming produced by personal devices have been discussed as main causes that may lead to complete lock of GNSS positioning function. Paper is devoted to important issue that is connected with reducing of positioning accuracy that is the main peril for future development of future air navigation infrastructure and decreases safety of aviation. Paper represents an analysis of prospective methods that use pairs of navigational aids of area navigation that includes usage of Distance Measurement Equipment, VHF Omni Range, and Non Directional Beacon data. Several possible ways of accuracy improving of distance measurement equipment were analyzed that can increase accuracy of positioning by area navigational aids. For instance, usage of modern digital equipment and changing the parameters of navigation signal can be used to achieve the required navigation characteristics. Wide area of multilateration, passive positioning approach, pseudo-satellite, MOSAIC/DME and diverse ranging methods are considered as possible future alternatives to GNSS in aviation. Their advantages and disadvantages are considered in the article. General classification of aircraft positioning methods, including area navigation algorithms is developed. Study outcomes of future positioning approaches indicate that current air navigation infrastructure of navigational aids does not meet requirements of precise future area navigation. Proposed solution for this problem is to introduce completely modern systems grounded on pseudo-satellite principle or wide area multilateration, but it requires absolutely new navigation equipment. As a result, in the future, a revision of the minimum equipment list will be required due to necessity to use new avionics systems in order to ensure accuracy requirements that can create inconvenience for air carriers.

An arrival route model based on the point merge system is proposed for Ankara Esenboga International Airport. Real traffic handled by vectoring and a simulation analysis of the proposed point merge system model are compared in terms of the number of instructions and frequency occupancy time. The total average number of instructions is around 49% fewer and the frequency occupancy is about 37.4% less for the point merge system as opposed to vectoring. Moreover, feedback received from air traffic controllers is consistent with the obtained results in favor of the point merge system.

Ukrainian navigational aids network has a long history of deployment and development. Currently, navigational aids network includes ground equipment of Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), Very high-frequency Omni-directional Ranging (VOR), and Non-Directional Beacons (NDB). In our research, we would like to provide an overall study of navigational aids network configuration to specify the impact of particular ground station on the service provided. Common models of navigational aids are considered to estimate navigational aids availability and efficient pair forming in case of positioning by DME/DME and VOR/VOR. An area of correspondence to RNAV requirements is used as a criterion to estimate the impact of each navigational aid on overall network performance. Also, the navigational aids network is represented in the form of a weighted graph to estimate characteristics of centrality and betweenness for ranging network nodes. Configuration of Ukrainian navigational aids network is studied as an example. Obtained results are useful for a better understanding of navigational aids network configuration.

In the pseudolite-based area navigation system, the code division multiple access (CDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) signals are usually jointly applied to solve the near-far effect. However, the effective integration time during acquisition is shortened due to the characteristic of TDMA signal, and the accuracy of Doppler frequency estimation is then reduced, which does not meet the requirement of carrier tracking loop. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a high-precision Doppler frequency estimation algorithm. In this algorithm, the low-precision estimation of Doppler frequency is obtained during acquisition. Thereafter, the medium-precision estimation is realized by non-coherent integration and quadratic interpolation. Finally, Prolonging the effective coherent integration time via data code searching, high-precision Doppler frequency estimation is obtained. Experiments are carried out with the measured data, and the results show that the accuracy of Doppler frequency estimation is greatly improved, and meets the requirement of carrier tracking loop.

Work dealing with the professional topic of PBN issues and its use within the University of Žilina in Žilina. The division of the work is 4 content units, each of which describes a different area of the issue. In the first chapter, the author analyzes certified navigation devices and their functionality within the PBN concept. The chapter describes the basic radio navigation equipment, which we include in the concept of PBN, namely VOR, DME, but also satellite navigation systems GNSS, ABAS, GBAS, SBAS. And in summary, use of these systems in the PBN concept. The next chapter describes the theoretical knowledge that a student should have in flight according to PBN. It describes the theoretical background that a pilot needs to perform such a flight. Every pilot who starts practical flying should have studied the facts given in this chapter. In the third chapter, the reader will learn about the differences between flying a real aircraft and between simulator flying during PBN training. It describes the execution of the flight according to PBN, which is helpful before starting the simulator training. The simulator is an important part of the training and should therefore be given the same level of attention. The last part of this work summarizes the facts from the previous chapters and uses this knowledge in their implementation in flight procedures. When reading this chapter, it is necessary to use your knowledge of practical training. The aim of this work is to create a framework for the future methodological manual for PBN training. The main goal of this work is to bring the issue closer to the reader, to acquaint him with the issue of PBN flying.

Regional navigation (RNAV) is an important backup and enhancement means of satellite navigation. When satellite navigation is restricted by terrain and electromagnetic interference for a specific area, it has the ability to provide high-precision navigation service. Because the base stations are close to the user, the layout of the base stations have significant impact on the performance of the regional navigation system. When RNAV provides services for the designated area, in order to obtain high positioning accuracy, the reference source must have good geometric distribution. Therefore, this paper proposes a deployable location algorithm based on iterative division of deployable-area to calculate the deployable location of the reference source. Firstly, the deployable-area and Served-area are defined in mathematical language, and then the Deployable-area is divided iteratively, according to the principle of the number of stations and GDOP minimization, the optimal deployable location is calculated. The simulation results show that the proposed method can quickly get the deployable position of the reference source with good geometric distribution, and provide important support for the RNAV system to have high precision positioning service capability.

Algorithms of positioning by navigational aids are widely used as an alternative to Global Navigation Satellite System on-board of large airplanes. Distance measuring equipment is a commonly used navigational aid for alternative positioning by a pair of measured ranges. Errors of range measuring are directly connected with airplane localization in airspace and have primary influence in airplane trajectory maintaining as well as ensuring the required level of air traffic safety. The impact of errors of on-board positioning system into aviation safety is represented in the paper. A mid-air collision category of aviation safety is assessed based on risk of airplane unintentional deviation from planned location due to influence of on-board positioning system errors. Represented approach is grounded on location of a bivariate probability density function at each airspace user location and estimation of a probability of getting two airspace users within the same safety region. Airplanes separation minimums are used as size of the safety region. Numerical demonstration is provided by live air traffic data shared by Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast message and received by Software Defined Radio within a part of Ukrainian airspace volume. Risks of mid-air collisions for each pair of airspace users are estimated.

PBN Vertical Navigation (VNAV) flight procedure refers to 3D RNP approach with vertical guidance, while Lateral Navigation (LNAV) refers to 2D RNP approach without vertical guidance. According to the relevant requirements of RNAV (GPS) approach procedures in ICAO PANS-OPS and USA FAA TERPS criteria for PBN instrumentation procedure design (8260.58A chg1 and 2), the impact of the two specifications on the key design parameters and vertical path angle of VNAV procedures, especially the horizontal protection area and vertical obstacle clearance margin in OAS surface(ICAO) and OCS surface(FAA) is discussed in this paper. Taking runway 06 of an airport as a case analysis, this paper designs VNAV procedures of two specifications when RNP values are 1 and 0.3(only the final segment), evaluates and determines key obstacles, and gives suggestions for PBN in Barometric Vertical Navigation specification.

Instrument flight procedures (IFPs) are a cornerstone of the National Airspace System (NAS) and provide paths and instructions for aircraft to safely operate in restricted visibility and in congested airspace. Design of IFPs that adhere to the criteria developed by the FAA to ensure safe flight can be a tedious, iterative task. This is particularly true in areas with complex obstacle/terrain environments. Previous work was conducted by MITRE to develop criteria modules (CM) capable of analyzing a procedure design’s compliance with FAA criteria. In this paper, these engines are leveraged to evaluate batches of candidate procedures. To ensure convergence to an acceptable solution in a reasonable period, a modified depth-first search algorithm was designed to mimic the general design flow used by human procedure designers. By combining this algorithm with the capability of the CMs and a batch cluster for analyzing multiple procedures in parallel, it is shown that procedures can be built in tightly constrained situations by adapting common algorithms to the specific requirements of IFP design.

A current baseline of ARAIM from the WG-C Advanced RAIM Technical Subgroup (ATSG), described in the recently updated (v3.1) Reference Airborne Algorithm Description Document [1] makes use of the Airborne Accuracy Designator Model B (AAD-B) [2] in order to characterise the multipath contribution and receiver noise term for GPS L1/L5 and a lookup table of multipath and noise error for Galileo E1b and E5a signals, dependent on satellite elevation. The AAD-B model is derived from GPS L1 measurements only and does not characterise the effects of noise or multipath on the modernised signals, those being Galileo E1b, E5a and GPS L5. Therefore the use of the AAD-B model requires updating to ensure it is representative of the nominal errors experienced on these other measurements. Initial dual-frequency, dual-constellation (DFDC) multipath models have been presented in [4] and [5] using measurements from simulations and GNSS receivers including DFDC avionics hardware. Work is currently being conducted within the European Commission funded Dual Frequency Multipath Model for Aviation (DUFMAN) project to produce new multipath models that characterise the performance of each of the aforementioned signals, based on the collection and processing of data from aviation environments using aviation GNSS receivers. The purpose of these new models is to provide GNSS aided aviation navigation algorithms such as ARAIM and DFDC Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS), with a complete DFDC multipath model to safely overbound integrity risks emanating from multipath for GPS L1c/a, L5, Galileo E1b and E5a signals. This paper shall present the findings of an investigation of the impact of these preliminary DFDC multipath models from the DUFMAN project on the performance of ARAIM by simulating global availability against the most stringent RNAV approach requirements; Localiser Performance with Vertical guidance (LPV)-200. In addition, we will present a series of comparisons to a reference control simulation when using not only the new multipath models but also alternative methods of modelling user antenna bias terms (a component of the analysis performed within the frame of DUFMAN) and finally arriving at a consideration of user antenna bias as deterministic and predictable to a degree of certainty.

We studied how pilots handle operational variations during arrival and approach instrument flight procedures (IFPs), focusing on factors that may be related to performance-based navigation (PBN). PBN is a key enabler of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). We developed a factor rubric based on an iterative review of events in the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) public database and prior research. We coded 164 ASRS reports selected for relevance to PBN. We identified where each event occurred relative to the route of flight, tallied the coded factors and event outcomes, and gathered data on crew actions that indicated resilience to operational variations such as unexpected behavior of aircraft automated systems. We conclude that PBN appears to magnify the effects of operational complexity for these events. Pilots would benefit from training that provides opportunities to experiment with new situations they could encounter in PBN scenarios.

Данная статья посвящена анализу особенностей и возможностей применения навигации с дополненной реальностью (AR) в гражданской авиации и разработке модели и алгоритма машинного зрения, используемого в такой системе. В статье рассмотрены принципы построения систем традиционной навигации и ограничения присущие им. В контраст классическим методам навигации, проанализированы особенности, математический аппарат и перспективы использования зональной навигации в решении задач развивающейся гражданской авиации. Приведены результаты подробного анализа особенностей дополненной реальности в контексте ее применения в воздушной навигации и разработанная структурная модель системы с дополнительной реальностью для пилотирования ВС, рассмотрены математические методы, составляющие базис для функционирования дополненной реальности, фактически унаследованные от визуальной одометрии. В работе выполнена разработка алгоритма машинного зрения, обеспечивающего на первом этапе обнаружение в кадрах с камеры точек, координатных маркеров и оптических потоков, наиболее характерных для искомого объекта, а на втором этапе восстановление реального мира системы координат из данных, полученных на первом этапе. Как результат проделанной работы определены стадии, необходимые для внедрения дополненной реальности в навигационных системах ВС., This article analyzes the features and possibilities of navigation using Augmented Reality (AR) in civil aviation and the development of a model and machine vision algorithm used in such a system. The first part of the article discusses the principles of traditional navigation systems and their limitations. In contrast to the classical methods of navigation, the features, the mathematical apparatus and the prospects of using area navigation in solving the problems of developing civil aviation are analyzed. The second part of the article provides a detailed analysis of the features of augmented reality in the context of its application in aircraft navigation. The structure of the system developed by the authors with augmented reality for piloting the aircraft is presented. Mathematical methods that form the basis for the functioning of augmented reality, actually inherited from visual odometry, are considered. At the first stage, the detection of the points of interest, coordinate markers, and optical streams that are most characteristic for the desired object in the frames from the camera is provided; at the second, the real world coordinate system is restored from the data obtained at the first stage. As a result of the work done, the authors present the stages necessary for the implementation of augmented reality in aircraft navigation systems., Авиакосмическое приборостроение, Выпуск 6 2020

For a long time the streamlining of arriving aircraft at many airports in the world was carried out by well-rooted and not very safe methods. Vectoring was used everywhere and little attention was paid to any optimization. With the improvement of the operational environment caused by the widespread introduction of the PBN (Performance-based Navigation) concept, including in the Republic of Belarus, everything gradually began to change. The PBN concept has the following hardware requirements: accuracy, integrity, availability, continuity, and functionality. At the moment, priority options for modernizing the processes of priority formation are certain schemes, which, depending on their structure, allow the merging or stretching of the trajectory, thereby streamlining air traffic.

Traditional approaches to risk and safety management have focused on collection and analysis of data describing unwanted outcomes, such as accidents and incidents. These approaches are ill-equipped to enable learning from events in which procedural non-adherences do not result in reported undesired outcomes, nor to explore whether these non-adherences may, in fact, reflect desired behaviors. This study investigated how operators responded to expected and unexpected disturbances during RNAV arrivals into Charlotte Douglas International Airport. Pilots from mainline and regional airlines and terminal radar approach control air traffic controllers were interviewed with regard to how they anticipate, monitor for, respond to, and learn from these routine disturbances. In addition, event reports submitted to NASA’s Aviation Safety Reporting System were also examined. Results of these analyses were used to identify behaviors and strategies that support the everyday resilient performance.

As a new energy source, LNG occupies an important position in the energy structure, and it is of great significance to carry out research on the navigation risks of LNG ships as carriers. Through the establishment of an LNG ship port area risk evaluation index system, the an exponential scale method in the analytic hierarchy process is used to calculate the weight value of each index, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to calculate the navigation risk level of LNG ships. An LNG ship in Lusi port area of Nantong Port is selected for risk assessment, and based on the results of the risk evaluation, a targeted risk control plan is proposed.

In this paper, we propose a dialogue-based navigation system for narrow areas (e.g., buildings, etc.). In particular, we develop Campus Navigation Partner System (CNPS), intended for the use by freshmen (first-year students) who are likely to get lost in the new environment on the university campus (with the campus of Kitami Institute of Technology set as the experimental environment). The CNPS operates on a smartphone and has the functions of facility navigation and indoor information presentation. Indoor environment navigation is typically a problematic task because GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) signals cannot be received with sufficient accuracy within concrete walls. Therefore, we utilized natural language dialogue as a navigation method that guides the users within the facility using navigation messages and images. To investigate the effectiveness of the constructed system, we conducted practical experiments with freshmen and senior students of the university and evaluated the performance of the navigation functionality. Moreover, we investigated the general impressions of the system which we evaluated separately with both freshmen and senior students to clarify the differences in evaluation viewpoints between freshmen and users experienced in the campus environment (graduate students, etc.).

The general development principles of the civil aviation air navigation systems for the next years according to the concept of International Civil Aviation Organization (IСAO) CNS/ATM are stated in the article. It was reflected in the Global air navigation plan of IСAO accepted in 2013. The author considered the structure of block modernization of aviation system directed to optimization according to four main characteristics, such as: operations at the airports; systems and data interoperable on a global scale; optimum capacity and flexible flight routes, and also effective trajectories of flight. At the same time the main attention in the plan is paid to questions of the performance based navigation (PBN), the basic theses of which lean on four main units that make the concept of PBN. The possible ways of the specified blocks implementation taking into account features of the Russian Federation airspace use are considered in this paper. On the basis of the carried-out analysis conclusions are drawn on gradual transition from the RNAV navigation specifications to the RNP specifications, on increase in accuracy of navigation by modernization of ground radio navigational aids, both on a flight route and airspace of airfield area, on need of continuing the development of inexact calling schemes, using GNSS, with the subsequent transition to schemes of exact landing approaches by means of functional additions to GLONASS – GBAS and SBAS, also on the need of opportunities research in the domestic system SBAS (SDKM) for the increase in accuracy of navigation at various stages of flight. At the same time, standard instrument routes of arrival and departure (SID/STAR) have to be carried out in the mode of constant climb or continuous descent.

In order to realize the work of goods conveyance etc. by robot, localization of robot position is fundamental technology component. Map matching methods is one of the localization technique. In map matching method, usually, to create the map data for localization, we have to operate the robot and measure the environment (teaching run). This operation requires a lot of time and work. In recent years, due to improved Internet services, aerial image data is easily obtained from Google Maps etc. Therefore, we utilize the aerial images as a map data to for mobile robots localization and navigation without teaching run. In this paper, we proposed the robot localization and navigation technique using aerial images. We verified the proposed technique by the localization and autonomous running experiment.

The integration of time-of-arrival positioning techniques with terrain-referenced navigation is described within the framework of Bayesian estimation theory. In this approach, two banks of nonlinea...

The maritime high speed craft navigators` ultimate aim has for decades been to safely and efficient navigate the vessel to its destination. The last decade an increased use of technology has arrived at the maritime ship bridge. The use of Electronic Charts and Integrated Navigation Systems has revolutionized much of the work of the navigator, with the aim of enhancing the safety of navigation. The amount of information has drastically increased, and the need for a proper information management and an efficient visual scan pattern has been identified. Looking to other industries this has been introduced with success, and in this paper the authors present a proposed scan pattern for the maritime navigator. The analysis is based on an eye tracking data set collected from simulator- and field studies on board the world?s fastest littoral combat ship. © The Author(s). The Transnav - International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For licence details please see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/