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Abstract: Background/Aim: Factors involved in hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence versus acute cellular rejection are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether patients with recurrence after liver transplantation (OLT) showed similar CD4+/CD25+ cell frequency and function as those who became chronically infected. Patients and Methods: After written informed consent, we enrolled 20 patients (group A) who underwent OLT with HCV recurrence within 6 months. HCV-RNA and hypertransaminasemia were used to assess the reactivation of viral hepatitis. CD4+/CD25+ T cells were enumerated using a flow cytometry assay, gated on CD3 cells, stained for FoxP3. After immunomagnetic sorting (Dynal, Oslo, NW), Treg suppressor activity was measured, as the ability to inhibit proliferation of autologous CD4+/CD25− T cells (anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation—1:2, 1:20 ratio). Eight patients with acute hepatitis C who evolved to a chronic infection after 6 months (group B) were used as positive controls, while 10 healthy individuals were negative controls (group C). Results: We did not observe any difference in CD4+/CD25+ frequency or function among group A compared with group B (CD4+/CD25+ = 14% ± 2% versus CD4+/CD25+ = 16% ± 3%), although both groups were significantly increased with respect to group A (CD4+/CD25+ = 6% ± 3%; Mann-Whitney U test, P < .01). Conclusion: Patients developing HCV recurrence after OLT have the same immunoregulatory network as patients with acute hepatitis C evolving to persistent infection, likely suggesting that CD4+/CD25+ numbers may be a marker to predict recurrence of HCV after OLT. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: Locoregional therapies are commonly used as bridging strategies to decrease the drop-out of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) awaiting liver transplantation (LT). The present paper aims to assess the outcomes of bridging therapies in patients with HCC considered for LT according to an intention-to-treat (ITT) survival analysis., Material and Methods: Medline and Web of Science databases were searched for reports published before May 2021. Papers assessing adult patients with HCC considered for LT and reporting ITT survival outcomes were included. Two reviewers independently identified, extracted the data, and evaluated the papers according to Newcastle-Ottawa criteria. Outcomes analyzed were: drop-out rate; time on the waiting list; 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival after LT and based on an ITT analysis., Results: The search identified 3106 records; six papers (1043 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Patients with HCC, listed for LT and submitted to bridging therapies presented a longer waiting time before LT (MD 3.77, 95% CI 2.07-5.48) in comparison with the non-interventional group. However, they presented a raised post LT after 1-year (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.18-3.41), 3-years (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.01-2.15), and 5-years (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.06-2.13) survival., Conclusion: Patients submitted to bridging procedures, despite having a longer interval on the waiting list, presented better post-LT survival outcomes. Bridging therapies for selected patients at low risk of post-procedural complications and long expected intervals on the waiting list should be encouraged. However, further clinical trials should confirm the survival benefit of bridging therapies in patients with HCC listed for LT., (© 2022 Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery.)

Background: Locoregional therapies (LRTs) are commonly used to increase the number of potential candidates for liver transplantation (LT). The aim of this paper is to assess the outcomes of LRTs prior to LT in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) beyond the listing criteria. Methods: In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, we searched the Medline and Web of Science databases for reports published before May 2021. We included papers assessing adult patients with HCC considered for LT and reporting intention-to-treat (ITT) survival outcomes. Two reviewers independently identified and extracted the data and evaluated the papers. Outcomes analysed were drop-out rate; time on the waiting list; and 1, 3 and 5 year survival after LT and based on an ITT analysis. Results: The literature search yielded 3,106 records, of which 11 papers (1874 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Patients with HCC beyond the listing criteria and successfully downstaged presented a higher drop-out rate (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.45−2.88, p < 0.001) and a longer time from the initial assessment to LT than those with HCC within the listing criteria (MD 1.93, 95% CI 0.91−2.94, p < 0.001). The 1, 3 and 5 year survival post-LT and based on an ITT analysis did not show significant differences between the two groups. Patients with HCC beyond the listing criteria, successfully downstaged and then transplanted, presented longer 3 year (OR 3.77, 95% CI 1.26−11.32, p = 0.02) and 5 year overall survival (OS) (OR 3.08, 95% CI 1.15−8.23, p = 0.02) in comparison with those that were not submitted to LT. Conclusions: Patients with HCC beyond the listing criteria undergoing downstaging presented a higher drop-out rate in comparison with those with HCC within the listing criteria. However, the two groups did not present significant differences in 1, 3 and 5 year survival rates based on an ITT analysis. Patients with HCC beyond the listing, when successfully downstaged and transplanted, presented longer 3 and 5-year OS in comparison with those who were not transplanted.

Background: Preliminary experience in laparoscopic liver surgery is usually suggested prior to implementation of a robotic liver resection program., Methods: This was a retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing robotic (RLR) versus laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) for hepatocellular carcinoma at a center with concomitant initiation of robotic and laparoscopic programs RESULTS: A total of 92 consecutive patients operated on between May 2014 and February 2019 were included: 40 RLR versus 52 LLR. Median age (69 vs. 67; p = 0.74), male sex (62.5% vs. 59.6%; p = 0.96), incidence of chronic liver disease (97.5% vs.98.1%; p = 0.85), median model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (8 vs. 9; p = 0.92), and median largest nodule size (22 vs. 24 mm) were similar between RLR and LLR. In the LLR group, there was a numerically higher incidence of nodules located in segment 4 (20.0% vs. 16.6%; p = 0.79); a numerically higher use of Pringle's maneuver (32.7% vs. 20%; p = 0.23), and a shorter duration of surgery (median of 165.5 vs. 217.5 min; p = 0.04). Incidence of complications (25% vs.32.7%; p = 0.49), blood transfusions (2.5% vs.9.6%; p = 0.21), and median length of stay (6 vs. 5; p = 0.54) were similar between RLR and LLR. The overall (OS) and recurrence-free (RFS) survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 100 and 79 and 95 and 26% for RLR versus 96.2 and 76.9 and 84.6 and 26.9% for LLR (log-rank p = 0.65 for OS and 0.72 for RFS)., Conclusions: Based on our results, concurrent implementation of a robotic and laparoscopic liver resection program appears feasible and safe, and is associated with similar oncologic long-term outcomes., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

The use of octogenarian donors to increase the donor pool in liver transplantation (LT) is controversial because advanced donor age is associated with a higher risk of ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBL). The aim of this study was to investigate retrospectively the role of a number of different pre-LT risk factors for ITBL in a selected population of recipients of octogenarian donor grafts. Between January 2003 and December 2013, 123 patients underwent transplantation at our institution with deceased donor grafts from donors of age ≥80 years. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the presence of ITBL in the posttransplant course. Exclusion criteria were retransplantations, presence of vascular complications, and no availability of procurement liver biopsy. A total of 88 primary LTs were included, 73 (83.0%) with no posttransplant ITBLs and 15 (17.0%) with ITBLs. The median follow-up after LT was 2.1 years (range, 0.7-5.4 years). At multivariate analysis, donor hemodynamic instability (hazard ratio [HR], 7.6; P = 0.005), donor diabetes mellitus (HR, 9.5; P = 0.009), and donor age-Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (HR, 1.0; P = 0.04) were risk factors for ITBL. Transplantation of liver grafts from donors of age ≥80 years is associated with a higher risk for ITBL. However, favorable results can be achieved with accurate donor selection. Donor hemodynamic instability, a donor history of diabetes mellitus, and allocation to higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score recipient all increase the risk of ITBL and are associated with worse graft survival when octogenarian donors are used. Liver Transplantation 22 588-598 2016 AASLD., (© 2016 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background: The appropriate treatment of major bile duct injuries is mandatory in order to avoid serious complications, such as bile peritonitis or secondary biliary liver cirrhosis. In the last fourty years, surgical, endoscopic or radiologic techniques of cure have been proposed, but in our opinions, the preferred option is given by Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy or hepaticojejunostomy. Creating an anastomosis on narrow bile duct could be difficult; in these really rare cases, the jejunal loop could be secured by a second suture to the hilar plate with satisfactory long-term results., Patients and Methods: In the last four years, in our Institution, six patients underwent surgery for major bile duct injuries. A Roux-en-Y hepaticochojejunostomy was performed for all of them. Two patients had the jejunal loop secured to the hilar plate., Results: Operative morality was nil, and long-term results at a mean follow-up of 20 months are encouraging., Conclusions: The prevention of major bile duct injuries remains the main target during cholecystectomy or surgery in the area of the hepatoduodenal ligament. In our experience, in general agreement with data from literature, bile reconstruction is best achieved by Roux-en-Y hepaticojejanostomy. In patients unsuitable for surgery, endoscopic balloon dilatation and stent positioning represent a satisfactory alternative.

To evaluate the best prosthetic material in direct contact with intestinal loops in the repair of large abdominal wall defects, four cases were reevaluated and an extensive review of the literature was undertake to point out the pathophysiology of prosthetic materials in abdominal wall surgery. For its intrinsic features, Gore-Tex represents the best prosthetic material to locate intraperitoneally, but the slow foreign body reaction is responsible for postoperative complications (e.g. hematoma, seroma, dehiscence). Marlex should not be used in direct contact with intestine because of the risk of multiple fistulas, very difficult to treat, while, the intense foreign body reaction rapidly integrate the mesh into the abdominal wall. To treat large abdominal wall defects are now been proposed mixed prostheses (Gore-Tex in intraperitoneal location, Marlex at the exterior) and dual mesh Gore-Tex (two textures at different microporosity on each side of the mesh). Preliminary studies have shown the safety and utility of these prostheses.