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Bandung District is one of crop provider for West Java Province. About 31.158,22 ha is used for crop. However, some of them are not maintained well due to lack of vegetation map information. Local authority has tried to map the vegetation in their area by using free license satellite images, and aerial images from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Despite both images being able to provide large plantation area images, both are unable to classify the vegetation type in those images. Telkom University with Bandung Agriculture Regional Office (Dinas Pertanian Kabupaten Bandung) has conducted joint research to develop algorithm based on 50-layer residual neural network (ResNet50) to classify the vegetation type. The input is of this algorithm is primarily aerial images are captured from different type, height, and position of crops. Seven different ResNet50 configurations have been set and simulated to classify the crop images. The result is the configuration with resized images, employing triangular policy of cyclic learning rate with rate 1.10−7 – 1.10−4 comes out as the best setup with more than 95% accuracy and relatively low loss.

The problem of chunk-based resource allocation for the uplink of Long Term Evolution is investigated. In this paper, a combined order using the promethee method and analytic hierarchy decision for chunk allocation algorithm is proposed. The utility of each order is sorted based on promethee method approach so that the utility of each order could be approximated as the average of all criteria on each order. To decide the best allocation, analytic hierarchy process score is assigned to its order based on their decision criteria weighting factor to find the best allocation. Using a particular weighting factor, the proposed algorithms outperform the previous mean greedy algorithms which use user-order allocation in term of spectral efficiency and data rate fairness without increase the time complexity. It also outperform iterative swapping chunk algorithm in term of data rate fairness.

Audio Watermarking is a method to insert a copyright marker on audio. This method inserts a watermark in the information form and in a way that does not damage the audio. This technique is one of the ways to solve the problem of copyright infringement. The embedded watermark has to meet the condition of not damaging the audio and must have robustness, imperceptibility, and good capacity. The data hiding technique use the combined method of Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), QR Decomposition and Reconstruction, and Cartesian-Polar Transformation (CPT) based on Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) with the secured and compressed watermark using Compressive Sampling (CS) technique. The proposed scheme is blind Audio Watermarking as it no needs for original audio in the detection process. The combination of methods overcomes multiple attacks with guaranteed quality watermarking and high capacity. Compared to the existing technique, the data hiding technique can withstand LPF attacks, Resampling, Linear speed change (LSC), and MP3 compression. This proposed technique is also secured due to the coded watermark by a particular random key using CS. Combining CS and Audio Watermarking techniques can perform well in capacity, imperceptibility, security, and attack resistance.

In LTE Advanced technology there are two methods used in the duplexing process, there are frequency division duplex (FDD) wherein this duplexing concept communication is divided based on the frequency and the other is time division duplex (TDD) where communication is divided based on the time. Duplexing using the TDD method has advantages of handling data-based services that the majority have Non-Guarantee Bit Rate (N-GBR) characteristics because most of these services do not require a minimum bit rate to be able to work and this is an advantages because nowadays people like to use data-based services. So in this LTE Advanced network planning using the TDD method, frequency 2300 MHz for TD-LTE advanced, and parameters that to be the main focus are throughputs, reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal strength indicator (RSSI), carrier to interference noise ratio (CINR), and block error rate (BLER). And the result of the simulations from TD-LTE Advanced planning are the mean of throughput value is 3,5 Mbps, mean of RSRP value is -110,8 dBm, mean of RSSI value is -72,36 dBm, mean of CINR value is 4,81 dB, and mean of BLER value is 0,07%.

In this paper, we proposed random resource allocation using water filling for Light Fidelity (LiFi) system, namely Water-Filling Random Resource Allocation (W-FRRA). This paper assumes that the room has several things that can be reflected or absorbed the light from LED bulb and produce blocking probability. We consider that users always move and change, randomly in a room. We use 4x4x3 m for room dimension and power bias 1 W to transmit power for the first time. Power control is used to organise signal to noise ratio (SNR) for equality data rates in any user locations. Our simulation shows that after employee W-FRRA, all of users has similarity data rates around 90Mbps for any propagations distance. After equality data rates are achieved using power allocation, we concentrate for limited time-slot resource, unpredictable packet edge and consider to using Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for increasing the throughput of LiFi. To prove that our proposed method has improve, we compare random packets transmission such as Slotted ALOHA (SA) and Contention resolution diversity slotted ALOHA (CRDSA). We validate the results using packet loss rate and throughput performances based on computer simulation. We found that W-FRRA has highest performance among SA and CRDSA with most number of user can be served. In addition, the throughput performance of W-FRRA has higher around 10% and 30% than CRDSA and SA, respectively. We also prove that our proposed has fairness system and already employee NOMA to serve users without collision for every location on LiFi system.

The fifth generation (5G) network introduce D2D communications on cellular network. On D2D system, the device can communicate each other directly without using the eNB, with limited range. This D2D network can be superimposed on LTE cellular network and will use same resources with the existing cellular users. The interference will happen between D2D users and the existing cellular users. To maintain the system performances, the resources allocation process become the important aspect, because of the interference among users. This work proposed joint-greedy algorithm, a greedy based allocation algorithm to assign the resources to D2D users for communications process. Join-greedy algorithm consists of two phase of sorting to find the best resource for each D2D users. The first sorting process is to find the best resource for each D2D user, and the second sorting process is to find the best solution from first process result. From the simulation process, the proposed algorithm can improve the spectral efficiency up to 0.309 bps/Hz, and improve the energy efficiency by 12.67 kbps/Watt. The proposed algorithm also can maintain the fairness among D2D pair. Join greedy algorithm has the average fairness index 79.05%. This prove that the proposed algorithm has better system performances compared with the other algorithm.

OFDM memiliki kelemahan, salah satunya adalah Peak to Power Average (PAPR) yang tinggi. Nilai daya maksimum sinyal OFDM jauh lebih besar dibandingkan daya rata-ratanya, sehingga efisiensi amplifier menjadi berkurang. Salah satu metode efektif yang telah banyak digunakan untuk mereduksi nilai PAPR adalah Conventional Selected Mapping (CSLM). Metode CSLM memanfaatkan sensitivitas PAPR terhadap rotasi fase dengan mengalikan sinyal yang akan masuk ke IFFT terhadap rotasi fase yang berbeda lalu memilih sinyal dengan nilai PAPR yang terendah. Namun, untuk mendeteksi sinyal yang akan dipilih, metode CSLM membutuhkan transmisi Side Information (SI). Metode yang dinamakan Symmetric Selected Mapping (SSLM) telah diperkenalkan untuk mereduksi nilai PAPR di sistem DCO-OFDM tanpa mengorbankan efisiensi lebar bidang ( bandwith ) yang disebabkan oleh transmisi SI. Teknik pada SSLM mengalikan sinyal yang akan dikirim dengan magnitude tambahan dan rotasi fase yang berbeda. Makalah ini mendesain pengirim OFDM dengan menggunakan matriks simetris Hermitian, lalu menganalisis hasil reduksi nilai PAPR dengan metode SSLM dan CSLM. Dari hasil simulasi didapatkan nilai PAPR menggunakan CSLM dan SSLM dapat mereduksi PAPR sebesar 3,08 dan 3,04 dB.

In this paper, in order to improve the performance of the OFDM/OFDMA system, novel closed-loop rotate modulation is proposed by utilizing feedback channel state information in the complex values. The basic idea of the proposed rotate modulation is the channel equalizer process, which is applied at the transmitter side; therefore, it does not need to insert guard time to anticipate the problem of channel delay spread. With the purpose of distortionless-transmission, in this paper, the rotate modulation equation has been derivated. Based on the simulation results on this proposed system, when the feedback delay has been zero, the resulting system performance has been similar to the one on the Additive White Gaussian Noise channel. In this ideal condition, the received signal has been similar to the transmitted signal although in real condition the process of transmitting the feedback signal will always result in a delay. Simulation results at low-level modulation such as Binary Phase Shift Keying and Quarternary Phase Shift Keying; the system bit error ratio performance has not shown degradation with the feedback delay. However, for higher level modulation such as 16-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and 64-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, the feedback delay has caused degradation on the BER curve.

To improve performance in the 64-QAM multicarrier communication system, we propose a new method, closed-loop rotate modulation. The closed-loop process requires feedback channel information in the form of complex quantities that contain information on the gain and delay of the channel. Based on the purpose of distortionless transmission, we can get the equation in the closed-loop rotate modulation method on the multi-carrier system at the transmitter side. From the simulation results, with the application of closed-loop rotate modulation, the output signal of the multicarrier demodulator is exactly the same as the transmission signal. On the probability of error curve generated, the application of closed-loop rotate modulation can coincide with the system performance if only disturbed by the AWGN channel. Terms so that the algorithm can work optimally, the speed of updating feedback must be faster than changes in channel fluctuations and channel feedback works perfectly. The simulation results also show that although channel information feedback is not perfect, but still can produce a good performance, the more accurate channel feedback will result in a better probability of error. Another advantage of the scheme that we propose is that the transmission process of a multi-carrier system does not use guard intervals, so the efficiency of the data is maximized.

The energy consumption level become a new consideration in resources management scheme. This works proposed power transmit allocation using waterfilling method combined with proportional fair allocation algorithm on Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) 2×2 OFDMA system. Waterfilling power allocation is a scheme that try to optimize the energy consumption level by giving more transmit power to user that has bad channel condition, and less power to user that good channel condition. The purpose of this waterfilling scheme is to decrease the energy consumption level of the system. This waterfilling power allocation performed on the system after proportional fair allocation algorithm. The proposed system (waterfilling-proportional fair algorithm) is compared with basic proportional fair algorithm with equal power allocation (EPA). Both are tested on varied user and cell radius. Simulation shows that, proposed waterfilling scheme give improvement in fairness by 4.12% and decrease transmitted power by 11.84% or 4.74 watt.

The D2D communication is expected to improve devices’ energy-efficiency, which has become a major requirement of the future wireless network. Before the D2D communication can be performed, the device discovery between devices must be done. The previous works usually only assumed one mode of device discovery, i.e. either use network-assisted (with network supervision) or independent (without network supervision) device. Therefore, we propose a selective device discovery for device-to-device (D2D) communication that can utilize both device discovery modes and maintain devices’ energyefficiency. Different from previous works, our proposed method selects the best device discovery mode to get the best energy-efficiency. Moreover, to further improve the energy-efficiency, our proposed method also deployed in D2D cluster with multiple cluster heads. The proposed method selects the most suitable mode using thresholds (cluster energy consumption and new device acceptance) and cluster energy expectation. Our experiment result indicates that the proposed method provides lowest energy consumption per new accepted device while compared with schemes with full network-assisted and independent device discovery in low numbers of new device arrival (for the number of new devices arrival = 1 ~ 3).

Device-to-device (D2D) communication not only expected to leverage the energy efficiency in the devices side but also on the network side. The previous works usually only address the energy efficiency of device discovery, which is an important process in D2D, in device side. In this work, we addressed the energy-efficiency of a network element during D2D device discovery. First, we adapted energy calculation for base station energy efficiency in independent device discovery. Second, we also adapted energy calculation for base station energy efficiency in network-assisted device discovery. Third, we conducted simulation to examine base station energy efficiency in both cases. Our simulation result shows that base station energy efficiency can be maximized by utilizing independent device discovery with multiple CHs in a cluster.

Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno (SUGBK) adalah sebuah stadion serbaguna yang berstandar internasional dan sering dijadikan sebagai tempat untuk pertandingan olahraga nasional maupun internasional, acara peringatan hari besar, kampanye partai politik, dan konser musik. Dihitung dari jumlah banyaknya kursi, SUGBK dapat menampung sebanyak 78.000 orang. Banyaknya event yang dapat dilakukan di SUGBK dengan kapasitas penonton yang banyak dan struktur bangunan yang menghalangi propagasi sinyal dari site outdoor sehingga perlu adanya perencanaan jaringan di dalam bangunan tersebut agar pelanggan tetap mendapatkan layanan yang baik dari kemampuan teknologi yang ada saat ini. Pada hasil perencanaan didapatkan nilai RSRP untuk keseluruhan area pada skenario 1 yaitu sebesar -74,10 dBm dan skenario 2 yaitu sebesar -74,08 dBm. Pada hasil perencanaan didapatkan nilai SIR untuk keseluruhan area pada skenario 1 yaitu sebesar 19,04 dB dan skenario 2 yaitu sebesar 21,49 dB. Dengan menggunakan KPI operator acuan yaitu untuk parameter RSRP harus > -90 dBm (90% area) dan parameter SIR harus > 0 dB (90% area) maka hasil prediksi disimulasi nilai RSRP & SIR skenario 1 dan 2 mencapai target KPI.

The energy consumption level of the telecommunication process has become a new consideration in resource management scheme. It is becoming a new parameter in the resource management scheme besides throughput, spectral efficiency, and fairness. This work proposes a power control scheme and user grouping method to keep the rational energy consumption level of the resource management scheme. Inverse water-filling power allocation is a power allocation scheme that optimizes the energy efficiency by giving the power to the user which have good channel conditions. The user grouping method becomes the solution for carrier aggregation (CA) scheme that prevents edge cell user get the resources from the high-frequency carrier. This can prevent energy wastage in the transmission process. This power control scheme and user grouping method can optimize the spectral and energy efficiency without increasing the time complexity of the system.

Salah satu penerapan komunikasi dari jaringan 5G di masa depan adalah dengan menerapkan Device to Device (D2D) kedalam jaringan komunikasi multi-tier heterogen yang terdiri dari komunikasi sel kecil antara eNB, seluler, dan D2D. Penerapan D2D sangat berguna untuk ke depannya walaupun memiliki beberapa masalah dengan salah satu di antaranya adalah interferensi terhadap frekuensi perangkat lain didalam sel yang sama. Hal tersebut dapat mempengaruhi Quality of Service (QoS) dalam komunikasi D2D sehingga dibutuhkan penerapan distribusi alokasi resource yang dapat meningkatkan data rate dan mengurangi terjadinya interferensi. Salah satu algoritma yang digunakan untuk distribusi alokasi resource dalam sistem jaringan komunikasi adalah algoritma alokasi Auction. Algoritma alokasi auction yang diperkenalkan dalam jurnal ini memberikan solusi membagi resource secara adil untuk semua pasangan D2D. Data rate meningkat dengan menaikan jumlah resource block dan mengecilkan radius sel.

Power loading and phase shifting are generally applied separately to improve the performance of OFDM / OFDMA digital communication systems. In this paper, we propose a new method by combining the two to save transmit power. The channel information feedback used on prior power loading is just a channel gain, so in our method, channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) feedback is a complex quantity. The magnitude of the channel is used to adjust the power allocation of each subcarrier, while the information on the channel phase is used to adjust the phase shifting. Our proposed method uses the principle of channel equalization but we apply in the transmitter. The first step in our research, we derive mathematical equations in the system model to obtain the ideal quality of communication. Next, to get curves that state the quality of the system, we do simulations with the help of computing software. From the simulation results, when the CSIT works perfectly, the resulting performance in terms of the probability of error is equal to the system passing through the AWGN channel, which means the maximum power savings. Although CSIT is not perfect but can still get power savings on the transmitter side. The more accurate CSIT, the greater the power saving is obtained. For low level modulation, 70% accuracy can get maximum pawer savings. The simulation results also show that the application of the propose method has a much better performance compared to the application of channel equalization on the receiver.

The LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology is expected to offer a number of distinct advantages over other wireless technologies. Scarcity of spectrum had encouraged regulator and provider to refarmed the spectrum. Spectrum refarming for LTE in 900MHz, 1800 MHz or 2100 MHz frequencies band is considered to trigger the potential degradation of existing services such as GSM and UMTS. The simulation's results decribe that in those frequencies band options, LTE can well coexist with other technologies in the ecosystem such as GSM and UMTS. Overall simulation results show that at 1800 MHz while LTE is interfered by LTE and others such as GSM and UMTS, the performance is lower than other frequencies, so the best option is at 900 MHz or 2100 MHz of the frequencies.

In this paper, the authors propose a novel Cluster Head Rotation method to spare the cluster head burden in energy consumption. The clustering method, which is a state-of-the-art approach in D2D communication, is expected to reduce the devices’ energy consumption. However, this method may induce significant energy burden for cluster head, which can bring significant disproportion in cluster head and cluster member energy consumption ratio. The authors performed several simulations to prove the eminence of Cluster Head Rotation. According to our simulation, Cluster Head Rotation achieve a better balance in energy consumption (1.25:1 for CH:CM) compared to standard clustering method (3:1 for CH:CM). Furthermore, the overall energy consumption of Cluster Head Rotation is also 75% lower than standard clustering method.

Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) is a promising technology to achieve peak data rate of up to 1 Gbit/s in the downlink and 500 Mbit/s in the uplink. Because adjacent cells employs the same frequency in universal frequency reuse scheme, interference between adjacent cells may degrade the bit rate, particularly at the cell edges. Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) based on carrier aggregation as well as Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception techniques have been considered as promising techniques to overcome the interference problem and to improve the bit rate at the cell edges. ICI problem can be mitigated by using different arrangements of frequency-bands allocations and possibly with different transmission power, distinguishing between the cell centre and the cell edge users. In this paper, mitigation of inter-cell interference using carrier aggregation (CA) and coordinated multipoint (CoMP) techniques are evaluated through computer simulaton. The simulation employs different frequency allocation schemes, fractional frequency reuse, different transmission powers, and different radio resource scheduling algorithms to evaluate and to enhance cell edge performance, bandwidth efficiency and throughput. The performance is evaluated in terms of SINR as a function of the number of femtocell users, and the separation distance from interfering cells. The performance is then compared between conventional technique, CA technique and the combined CA and CoMP techniques.

In this paper, utilizing user-order chunk allocation algorithm for OFDMA systems using carrier aggregation environment is proposed and evaluated. Chunk allocation algorithm is performed based on mean greedy algorithm which has low complexity. In order to adopt this algorithm to those system, all users are divided into a certain group in accordance with the number of available aggregated carriers. The simulation results are shown that the performance and time complexity of the proposed scheme is same with the system without user grouping. Therefore, the proposed scheme could be considered to realize in LTE-Advanced platform.

Clustering and cooperative clustering method in D2D communication, a promising technology for 4G and 5G communication, will decrease energy consumption in mobile communication. The novelty of this work is we analyzed the impact of variation in number of mobile terminals in one cell, data transfer rate, and number of cluster members in one cluster for energy consumption. Clustering and cooperative clustering method, which are two sophisticated methods for D2D communication, are expected to make D2D communication more efficient in energy consumption. Energy efficiency of devices was examined through several simulations. The first simulation, we studied the impact of different number of mobile terminals per cell for energy efficiency. The result shows that cells with a greater number of mobile terminals has higher mobile consumption. Furthermore, compared with other cells, a cell with cooperative clustering method has less energy consumption. Secondly, we also examined the impact of different data transfer rate for devices energy consumption. The result shows that energy consumption rate is decreasing exponentially along with the increment of data transfer rate. Finally, we investigated the impact of different number of cluster members per cluster. The result informs that in the scenario with clustering method, the variation in the number of MT per cluster relatively did not affect energy consumption. However, in the scenario with cooperative clustering method, each one increment of number of mobile terminals per cluster increase energy consumption approximately by 25%.

LTE-Advanced and Femtocell are deployed by cellular operators to improve the coverage and capacity to respond the demand for higher data rates in wireless networks. Integration of femtocell into cellular network faced interference between femtocell and macrocell. Several scenarios based on Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) methods have been proposed to mitigate this interference, including integer fractional fraction reuse (FFR), soft frequency reuse (SFR), frequency frequency reuse orde-3 (FFR-3) and optimal static fractional frequency reuse (OSFFR). The study proposes Distributed Fractional Frequency Reuse scenario to mitigate interference and improve performance simultaneously. Distributed fractional Frequency reuse (DFFR) is an improvement of OSFFR by allocating sub-bands proportional and it is reused for each sector.

Massive MIMO with multiple BS antennas can give simultaneous service for multiple user equipments (UEs) that are widely considered in massive connectivity to meet high data rate requirements. User selection is critical to optimize the overall performance of MIMO systems in various scenarios and has been extensively studied in cellular networks to guarantee service for users. In the previous study, location-dependent user selection (LUS) had extremely low computational complexity which is capable to enhance sum rate performance, but there are many environmental condition assumptions that make this algorithm does not reflect real conditions. In this research, we proposed modified LUS with approximations of sum rate in large system regimes by adding the sum ergodic of the distance from one user to another which enhance sum rate performance. In addition, we vary the user environment that was ignored in previous research by varying the path loss exponent values. In this research, we focus modify on sub-urban areas with each UEs having different environmental conditions. The selection scheme is equipped with spatial correlation fading on the transmitter side MIMO antenna. The simulation shows an increase in sum rate between 0.0012 to 0.3935 in perfect CSI. For the imperfect CSI with antenna correlation coefficient for power at 30 dBm is 0.5 when 32x64 antennas is 14 optimal active UEs with sum rate is 23.4207 bps/Hz. For cases where the user is located in different positions with different environmental circumstances, with 32x64 antennas showing the highest sum rate is 24.8436 bps/Hz with 17 optimal UEs.

Innovations in the field of wireless communication are growing very rapidly in line with the behavior of modern societies that have high mobility, need of the flexible services, easy access, and high speed data transfer to facilitate any activities of its users. The needs of every user of any variety are more than just voice, video, data transfer, up to a demanding streaming multimedia capabilities and reliability of the communication system used. One of the factors that affect the quality and speed of data transfer in wireless communications is modulation. The development of technological modulation allows data transfer rate to become faster, more resistant to noise, and have high security (encryption) in order to secure data sent over the lead. The implementation of digital modulator PSK (Phase Shift Keying Modulation) and QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) on FPGA is designed to simplify the design of a hardware by representing the input which is prepared by using the VHDL programming language. The input will be programmed by logic gates contained in the FPGA into a circuit that functions as a digital modulator. This device can map the input bits into a modulator output that has been mapped in accordance with the coordinates of the constellation. The expected results of the implementation are three types of digital modulator, namely: BPSK, QPSK and 16-QAM to be implemented on FPGA Xilinx Spartan-6 XC6SLX45 CSG324C; modulation type to be used can be selected by entering input on the programs implemented in the FPGA. In the design used input from laptop devices with UART interface and data types for input is ASCII 8 bit for later analysis simulation results modulation of the input to each modulator using Modelsim for simulation design and Chipscope for simulation system design implemented in the FPGA.

A Chunk by chunk-based allocation is an emerging subcarrier allocation in Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) due to its low complexity. In this paper, a combined user-order and chunk-order allocation for solving chunk allocation problem which minimizes the average BER of all users while improving the throughput in SC-FDMA uplink is proposed. The subcarrier grouping into a chunk of all users on both-order allocations are performed by averaging the BER of a contiguous subcarriers within a chunk. The sequence of allocation is according to the average of users’ BER on user-order allocation and the average of chunks’ BER on chunk-order allocation. The best allocation is determined by choosing one of both-order allocations which provides the smaller BER systems. The simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm can outperform the previous algorithms in term of average BER and throughput without increase the time complexity.

In this paper, two algorithms in resource allocation with fractional power control scheme are proposed and evaluated. In these algorithms, we joint chunk allocation and unequal power allocation in one chunk by considering fractional power control scheme as power constraint on each user to improve the sum of spectral efficiency of users and fairness among users. In order to evaluate our proposed algorithms, we compare the performances of our proposed algorithms with those of the previous algorithms with fractional power control scheme as power constraint in each user. From the simulation results are shown that our proposed algorithms can improve the sum of spectral efficiency and fairness among users in macrocell urban and suburban condition.