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Islamic literature in Indonesia is rapidly transitioning from print to digital, and an Islamic digital library may be crucial to meeting society's more complex needs in the information age. The purpose of this article is to describe the movement in Islamic literature from printed to digital in Indonesia, as well as the importance of digital Islamic libraries for the millennial Muslim. Researchers utilise literature studies to acquire data from published books, journals, and scientific publications. The data analysis followed the Miles concept of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing / verification. While triangulation is used to validate the data. The results show a strategic relationship between information technology, the information society,d digital libraries. The development of digital Islamic libraries in the information age is driven by the increasing need for Islamic literature among millennial Muslims and their tendency to access Islamic literature through the internet. Islamic libraries are essential for digitizing and disseminating digital Islamic literature relevant to millennial Muslims. Additionally, access must be granted as a means of monitoring Islamic information.

Introduction. In academic libraries, transformational and situational leadership is important as it can change organizational behavior and increase the staff performance.There is limited discussion types of leadership. This research discusses two types of leadership and develops a framework in academic libraries of ideal leadership. Data Collection Method. The paper used a qualitative approach and considered literature review from books, journals, and other sources related to the theme. Data Analysis. The paper analyzed various literature, examined and selected data, developed a theoretical framework, and conceptualized the contents. Result and Discussions. Transformational leadership in the academic library is appropriate to create a vision, however, staff commitments develop slowly. The leadership can be appropriately applied to the academic library with a few human resource as itemphasizes two-way communication to motivate staff. Meanwhile, in the situational leadership, organizational vision can be achieved when staff commitments are developed effectively. The situational leadership can be implemented in the academic libraries with large number of staff by using direct and two-way interaction, as staff motivation may increase when they are trusted. Conclusion. The transformational and situational leadershipsare effective when applied to the proper circumstances to achieve set goals. Library leaders need to consider strengths and weaknesses of the leadership style.

Informasi dengan sangat mudah tersebar menggunakan teknologi informasi dan internet saat ini. Namun berbagai permasalahan muncul akibat penyalahgunaan teknologi tersebut, seperti cybercrime dan penyebaran informasi hoax. Kontrol informasi sangat penting untuk mengevaluasi kredibilitas informasi dan sumbernya. Penelitian ini menjelaskan bagaimana mengatasi cybercrime dan hoax melalui seleksi informasi yang tepat. Pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kepustakaan digunakan dalam penelitian ini serta delengkapi dengan data dan dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cybercrime dan penyebaran informasi hoax masih terjadi bahkan sampai saat ini. Terdapat tiga ancaman UU ITE di Indonesia yang berpotensi menimpa pelaku cybercrime dengan memanfaatkan facebook yaitu ancaman pelanggaran kesusilaan pasal 27 ayat (1), penghinaan atau pencemaran nama baik pasal 27 ayat (3), dan penyebaran kebencian berdasarkan suku, agama, ras dan antar golongan (SARA) pasal 28 ayat (2). Upaya untuk mencegah cybercime dapat dilakukan dengan cara melindungi komputer dari virus, menjaga privasi, mengamankan e-mail, melindungi Id/Account, membuat backup data, dan selalu up to date terhadap informasi. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang harus diperhatikan dalam menyeleksi sumber informasi dari internet agar terhindar dari bahaya cybercrime, yaitu: relevansi, akurasi, otoritas reputasi, objektivitas, kekinian, cakupan, bukti yang kuat, serta bahasa dan gaya penulisan ABSTRACT Information very easily spread use of information technology and the internet today. But various problems arising out of the misuse of these technologies, such as cybercrime and information dissemination hoax. Control of information is very important to evaluate the credibility of the information and its source. This research explains how to overcome cybercrime and hoax through the selection of appropriate information. Qualitative approach with literature study method used in this research and complemented by data and document. The results showed that cybercrime and information dissemination hoax still occur even today. There are three threats of UU ITE in Indonesia that could potentially overwrite the perpetrators of cybercrime by utilizing facebook, namely the threat of moral violation of article 27 section (1), insults or defamation of article 27 section (3), and the dissemination of hatred based on ethnic, religion, race and intergroup (SARA) Article 28 section (2). Efforts to prevent cybercime can be done by protecting the computer from viruses, maintaining privacy, secure e-mail, protecting Id/Account data, making backups, and always up to date to information. There are several factors that must be considered in selecting the source of information from the internet to avoid the dangers of cybercrime, namely relevance, accuracy, authority of reputation, objectivity, currency, coverage, strong evidence, as well as the language and style of writing.

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in lectins from marine invertebrates. In this study, the biological activities of a lectin protein isolated from the eggs of Sea hare ( Aplysia kurodai ) were evaluated. The 40 kDa Aplysia kurodai egg lectin (or AKL-40) binds to D-galacturonic acid and D-galactose sugars similar to previously purified isotypes with various molecular weights (32/30 and 16 kDa). The N-terminal sequence of AKL-40 was similar to other sea hare egg lectins. The lectin was shown to be moderately toxic to brine shrimp nauplii, with an LC 50 value of 63.63 µg/mL. It agglutinated Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and reduced their growth, up to 58.3% in vivo when injected into Swiss albino mice at a rate of 2 mg/kg/day. The morphology of these cells apparently changed due to AKL-40, while the expression of apoptosis-related genes (p53, Bax, and Bcl-XL) suggested a possible apoptotic pathway of cell death. AKL-40 also inhibited the growth of human erythroleukemia cells, probably via activating the MAPK/ERK pathway, but did not affect human B-lymphoma cells (Raji) or rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-1). In vitro, lectin suppressed the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and U937 cells by 37.9% and 31.8%, respectively. Along with strong antifungal activity against Talaromyces verruculosus , AKL showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , Shigella sonnei , and Bacillus cereus whereas the growth of Escherichia coli was not affected by the lectin. This study explores the antiproliferative and antimicrobial potentials of AKL as well as its involvement in embryo defense of sea hare.

In this paper, for the first time, we have reported the formation of complex coacervate during interaction between hydrophobic protein, zein, and hydrophilic nanoclay, Laponite, in a 60% v/v ethanol solution at pH 4. Dynamic light scattering and viscosity measurements revealed the formation of zein-Laponite complexes during the interaction between zein at fixed concentration, C Z = 1 mg/mL, and varying concentrations of Laponite, C L (7.8 × 10 -4 - 0.25% w/v). Further investigation of the zein-Laponite complexes using turbidity and zeta potential data showed that these complexes could be demarcated in three different regions: Region I, below the charge neutralization region ( C Z = 1 mg/mL, C L ≤ 0.00625% w/v) where soluble complexes was formed during interaction between oppositely charged zein and Laponite; Region II, the charge neutralization region ( C Z = 1 mg/mL, 0.00625 < C L ≤ 0.05% w/v) where zein-Laponite complexes form neutral coacervates; and Region III, the interesting overcharged coacervates region ( C Z = 1 mg/mL, C L > 0.05% w/v). Investigation of coacervates using a fluorescence imaging technique showed that the size of neutral coacervates in region II was large (mean size = 1223.7 nm) owing to aggregation as compared to the small size of coacervates (mean size = 464.7 nm) in region III owing to repulsion between overcharged coacervates. Differential scanning calorimeter, DSC, revealed the presence of an ample amount of bound water in region III. The presence of bound water was evident from the presence of an additional peak at 107 °C in region III apart from normal enthalpy of evaporation of water from coacervates., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2020 American Chemical Society.)

Structure-based "rational" drug design strategies fail for diseases associated with intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). However, structural disorder allows large-amplitude spontaneous intramolecular dynamics in a protein. We demonstrate a method that exploits this dynamics to provide quantitative information about the degree of interaction of an IDP with other molecules. A candidate ligand molecule may not bind strongly, but even momentary interactions can be expected to perturb the fluctuations. We measure the amplitude and frequency of the equilibrium fluctuations of fluorescently labeled small oligomers of hIAPP (an IDP associated with type II diabetes) in a physiological solution, using nanosecond fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy. We show that the interterminal distance fluctuates at a characteristic time scale of 134 ± 10 ns, and 6.4 ± 0.2% of the population is in the "closed" (quenched) state at equilibrium. These fluctuations are affected in a dose-dependent manner by a series of small molecules known to reduce the toxicity of various amyloid peptides. The degree of interaction increases in the following order: resveratrol < epicatechin ∼ quercetin < Congo red < epigallocatechin 3-gallate. Such ordering can provide a direction for exploring the chemical space for finding stronger-binding ligands. We test the biological relevance of these measurements by measuring the effect of these molecules on the affinity of hIAPP for lipid vesicles and cell membranes. We find that the ability of a molecule to modulate intramolecular fluctuations correlates well with its ability to lower membrane affinity. We conclude that structural disorder may provide new avenues for rational drug design for IDPs.

We have developed pH- and magnetic-responsive hydrogels that are stabilized by both covalent bonding and catechol/Fe(3+) ligands. The viscoelastic properties of the gels are regulated by the complexation valence and can be used to tune drug release profiles. The stable incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles further expands control over the mechanical response and drug release, in addition to providing magnetic stimuli-responsivity to the gels.

We have observed DNA concentration and hydration dependent inversion from ergodic to non-ergodic phase followed by reentry into the ergodic phase in DNA-nanoclay (laponite) dispersions at room temperature (25 °C), using results obtained from dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheology data. The interaction between the DNA strand and the anisotropically charged discotic platelets of laponite (L) was found to be strongly hierarchical in DNA concentration. For a fixed laponite concentration (CL = 1% (w/v)) and varying DNA concentration (CDNA) from 0.3-2.3% (w/v), we observed three distinct phase regions characterized by the following: region (i): CDNA < 1.0% (w/v), ergodic region with weak DNA-L attractive interaction, region (ii): 1.0% < CDNA < 1.6% (w/v), non-ergodic regime having strong DNA-L associative interaction and region (iii): CDNA > 1.6% (w/v), showing phase reentry into the ergodic regime due to repulsion between DNA strands. Hydration study in these three regions revealed that a loss in the abundance of amorphous water, signified by Raman frequency 3460 cm(-1), caused the ergodic to nonergodic phase transition. In summary, it is shown that maximum stability and interaction between DNA and nanoclay platelets occurred at an intermediate concentration of DNA where the hydration was at its minimum. The present system is qualitatively different from the hard-sphere/polymer systems for which reentrant phase transition has been reported in the literature. However, some similarity between the two classes of systems is not ruled out.

Interaction between DNA (effective hydrodynamic radius, R(DNA) ≈ 140 nm) and Gelatin A (GA) (effective hydrodynamic radius, R(GA) ≈ 55 nm) with charge ratio (DNA:GA = 16:1) and persistence length ratio (5:1) was studied by using fixed DNA concentration (5 × 10(-3) % (w/v)) and varying GA concentration (C(GA) = 0-0.25% (w/v)). Experimentally, three interesting regions of interaction were observed from dynamic light scattering, turbidity, zeta potential, and viscosity data: (i) C(GA) < 0.05% (w/v), GA binds to DNA forming soluble complexes of size R(complex) ≈ 60 nm < R(DNA) (primary binding causing condensation); (ii) 0.05% < C(GA) < 0.1% (w/v), R(complex) ≈ 60 to 180 nm was observed up to charge-neutralization point (secondary binding); and (iii) C(GA) > 0.1% (w/v) showed interesting overcharging behavior of DNA-GA complexes, followed by liquid-liquid phase separation (complex coacervation). Aforesaid regions of interaction were further examined theoretically by modeling the problem using electrostatic and van der Waals interaction potentials treating GA molecules as counterions to DNA macroion. Region (i) was explained on the basis of electrostatic screening, followed by reduction in persistence length, which resulted in condensation of DNA-GA complex. In region (ii), the dominance of van der Waals forces led to the formation of large soluble complexes through selective binding. This was possible due to closer proximity between GA and DNA-GA complexes and the absence of strong electrostatic forces. In region (iii), these oversized and overcharged complexes coarsened, leading to complex coacervation. Here the interaction energy profile showed that a greater number of counterions was required over and above the usual charge neutralization requirement for low-energy configurations to be achieved.

Solution behaviour of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is reported in the polymer concentration range spanning over two decades (c=0.002-5% (w/v)). The results conclude the following: (i) dilute solution regime prevailed for c<0.2% (w/v), flexible HEC fibres of typical length ≈ 1 μm and persistence length ≈ 10 nm were found here, (ii) for 0.2