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Introduction: One of the most important and complex functions of saliva is its defensive role, which is mainly performed by immunoglobulins, especially secretory IgA. This study investigated the effect of orthodontic treatment on changes in the salivary levels of IgA. Materials and Methods: Forty patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were examined in two fixed and removable groups. Saliva collection was done in three stages: before orthodontic treatment and three and six months after orthodontic treatment. Salivary IgA level was measured using the ELISA method. First, the salivary samples were centrifuged, and then the amount of IgA in the upper part of the solution was determined using the ELISA method. Results: In the fixed and removable orthodontic treatment groups, the amount of salivary IgA before treatment, three months after treatment, and six months after treatment, according to ANOVA, showed a significant difference in the mean of salivary IgA levels. Conclusion: With the start of orthodontic treatment, one can witness an increase in the defense mechanisms of saliva, as evidenced by an increase in the amount of IgA, with differences between fixed and removable orthodontic treatments. Keywords: Orthodontic treatment; Saliva; IgA.

Statement of the Problem: The risk of debonding of the orthodontic eyelets due to blood contamination from the impacted tooth is a clinical problem that orthodontists face routinely. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effect of hemostatic agents (Viscostat clear and Astringedent X) on shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic eyelets bonded with conventional (Transbond XT) and universal adhesive (GC-G Premio bond) adhesives. Materials and Method: In this experimental study, 84 freshly extracted bovine lower incisors were randomly divided into 7 groups namely TBXT, Blood, SEP, VISCO + TBXT, VISCO + SEP, ASTX + TBXT, and ASTX + SEP groups. In the TBXT group, teeth were etched with phosphoric acid gel, and then, the Transbond XT primer was applied and eyelets were bonded with Transbond XT. In the blood group, first, contamination with blood was done followed by the same procedure as TBXT. In other groups, the teeth were etched with phosphoric acid and based on their group allocation, Transbond XT primer (in TBXT groups), GC-G Premio Bond (in SEP groups), ViscoStat Clear gel (in VISCO groups), or Astringedent X (in ASTX groups) were applied. The SBS was measured for each group and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was determined. Results: The mean SBS was 20.79 MPa in VISCO+SEP group, 19.2 MPa in the TBXT group, 16.06 MPa in the SEP group, 15.43 MPa in VISCO+TBXT group, 9.39 MPa in AST-X+TBXT group, and 1.62 MPa in the blood group. The SBS of ASTX+SEP, blood and TBXT+ASTX groups had significant differences from the SBS of the control group (p< 0.05). The ARI score of 0 had the highest frequency in the blood group. Conclusion: Due to the high coagulative effect of Astringedent X and acceptable SBS of Astringedent X in combination with GC-G Premio bond, this combination can be recommended for exposure of impacted teeth that are at high risk of blood contamination.

Dental problems including cavities, periodontitis, apical periodontitis, and pulpitis are among the most cost-consuming burden for both patients and the health care system all over the world. The pathological consequences of these complications importantly lead to tooth loss causing functional and psychological conflictions for patients. The traditional treatment includes removing the impaired tooth or its restoration using hard restorative materials that are supposed to mimic the tissue of enamel or dentine whereas these materials cannot simulate the chemical, biological, or physical characteristics of a natural tooth. Therefore, different daily-progressing methods of tissue engineering (TE) are being propounded as new and promising approaches for managing dentistry conflicts. TE is now considered almost a practical, reproducible, and clinically safe therapy for regenerating different oral and dental tissues including either the whole dental organ or its various anatomical parts. TE necessarily constitutes three angles of stem cell (SC), scaffold, and essential growth factors (GFs). Generally, scaffolds can be made of decellularized scaffolds (usually containing the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) of target organs and tissues) or biologic scaffolds (containing natural polymer). The current study aims to review the studies conducted in the recent decade on decellularized and biological scaffolds and their potential applications in modern regenerative dentistry.

The state-of-the-art approach to regenerating different tissues and organs is tissue engineering which includes the three parts of stem cells (SCs), scaffolds, and growth factors. Cellular behaviors such as propagation, differentiation, and assembling the extracellular matrix (ECM) are influenced by the cell’s microenvironment. Imitating the cell’s natural environment, such as scaffolds, is vital to create appropriate tissue. Craniofacial tissue engineering refers to regenerating tissues found in the brain and the face parts such as bone, muscle, and artery. More biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds are more commensurate with tissue remodeling and more appropriate for cell culture, signaling, and adhesion. Synthetic materials play significant roles and have become more prevalent in medical applications. They have also been used in different forms for producing a microenvironment as ECM for cells. Synthetic scaffolds may be comprised of polymers, bioceramics, or hybrids of natural/synthetic materials. Synthetic scaffolds have produced ECM-like materials that can properly mimic and regulate the tissue microenvironment’s physical, mechanical, chemical, and biological properties, manage adherence of biomolecules and adjust the material’s degradability. The present review article is focused on synthetic materials used in craniofacial tissue engineering in recent decades.

Introduction and Aims: Loss of the bracket-tooth bond is one of the most common complaints of patients during orthodontic treatment. Various factors play a role in preventing the loss of such a strong bond between the bracket and tooth, one of which is the maintenance of proper isolation and prevention of contamination of tooth surface with blood during the surgical exposure of the impacted tooth. In case of bleeding during disimpaction treatment, the use of hemostatic agents might decrease the odds of tooth surface contamination with blood, resulting in a strong bond. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different hemostatic agents on the bond between the bracket and tooth. Materials and Methods: Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant previous studies published from 2010 to 2020. These studies’ titles and abstracts were evaluated for inclusion criteria. In vivo and in vitro studies evaluating the effect of hemostatic agents on the bracket-tooth bond were included. Results: Eight studies were included in the study based on inclusion criteria; five studies were in vitro, and two were in vivo; one study had both designs. Of in vitro studies evaluating the bond strength, five studies reported a higher bond strength in the control group than the group in which the tooth surfaces were contaminated with a hemostatic agent; besides, the bond strength in the hemostatic agent group was higher than that in the group in which the tooth surfaces were contaminated with blood. Of in vivo studies, two studies evaluated bracket failure as a criterion to evaluate bonding quality. In one of these studies, bracket failure in the control groups was more than the hemostatic agent group, and in the other study, it was more prevalent in the hemostatic agent group than the control groups. Studies comparing different hemostatic agents did not report any significant differences in bonding quality. Conclusion: It appears that the use of hemostatic agents in disimpaction treatments can prevent contamination of tooth surface with blood, increasing the bond strength between the bracket and tooth; however, care should be exercised to prevent tooth surface contamination with hemostatic agents. Keywords: Bracket; Orthodontic bonding; Hemostatic agent; Bond strength; Adhesive.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the shear bond strength (SBS) of molar tubes to the enamel surface of molar teeth using a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) cement modified with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro study, 60 extracted human third molars were randomly divided into four groups for bonding of molar tubes to the enamel surface. Fuji Ortho LC and Fuji Ortho LC modified with ACP (1.55 wt%) were used in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In group 3, the enamel surface was sandblasted, and bonding was then performed using Fuji Ortho LC glass ionomer modified with ACP. In group 4, molar tubes were conventionally bonded using Transbond XT composite. The SBS was measured using a universal testing machine. Results: The mean SBS of groups 1 to 4 was 10.22, 6.88, 9.4, and 13.68 MPa, respectively. Only the SBS of group 1 was not significantly different from that of groups 3 and 4 (P>0.05). Comparison of adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores of the groups revealed significant differences only between groups 1 and 4 (P

Background. Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a rapid form of dental caries that firstly affects primary upper incisors of children less