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Physical exposure to biological samples has an enormous influence on the results of forensic DNA analysis. The lack of molecular research on the effect of physical exposure on dental samples is the reason for the need for further research. This study aims to determine the effect of physical exposure on dental samples on the results of forensic DNA quantification. The parameter used is the concentration value of isolated DNA obtained from real time PCR analysis. The use of real time PCR allows the detection and quantification of specific sequences of DNA samples at the same time to be analyzed. The dental samples used were obtained from different individuals. Teeth are used as identification media because teeth are the hardest part of the body and are chemically the most stable and most resistant to degradation and decomposition. The method in this study is to give three types of treatment to the tested samples in the form of sea water immersion, river water immersion and exposure to free air at room temperature with each treatment consisting of three test samples. All samples were extracted using a Commercial DNA purification KIT with a reagent in the form of a Qiagen KIT (QIAamp® DNA Investigator) then a quantification process was carried out to see the value of the DNA concentration of each sample using real time PCR. The results of DNA quantification of dental samples from each treatment showed that the highest sample concentration value was based on the average of each treatment, namely samples with treatments exposed to free air at room temperature with a concentration value of 1.34 ng/µl, followed by samples soaked using river water with a concentration value of 0.15 ng/µl, while the sample with the lowest concentration is shown by a sample treated with seawater immersion with a concentration value of 0.10 ng/µl. Physical exposure in the form of exposure to free air, exposure to river water and exposure to sea water on dental samples, gave a not too significant effect on the results of DNA quantification produced.

The choice of NTB as one of the halal tourism destinations in Indonesialed to the passing of Perda No. 2 of 2016 concerning Halal Tourism in NTB.The implications of this regional regulation have been widely implemented. One of them is withmany emergence of halal tourism villages, especially on the island of Lombok. This researchaims to find out in detail the management of tourism in the Tete halal tourism villageBatu in East Lombok Regency which is one of the halal tourism destinationsNTB. This study uses a qualitative approach where the sample is selected bypurposive sampling. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, anddocumentation. The data obtained were analyzed using three pathways, namely reduction,presentation of data, and drawing conclusions made at the time of data collectiontake place. The validity of the data was tested using the source triangulation technique. ResultThe research shows that the management of the Tete Batu halal tourism village includes:several aspects, namely planning, implementation, and supervision. 1) Deep planningthe process of tourism management in Tete Batu Village seems invisible, even more sofor tourism management which in fact has been implemented by the community alreadysince a long time ago, the concept of halal has been very thick with people's livesLombok. 2) The implementation of management is focused on the efforts made by the partiesmanagers in creating a halal brand image that is already well attached toin terms of supporting facilities for worship, providing halal food, lodging managementwith the concept of halal, and community participation in management is good enoughalthough there are still many deficiencies that must be addressed. 3) Supervisionimplemented in the form of monitoring and evaluation. The focus of supervision lies onimplementation of standardization of halal tourism and further evaluation of achievementsthe purpose of the brand image of halal tourism is to increase the number of visitstourists in NTB and more specifically in Tete Batu Village. Inner obstaclesmanagement of hala tourism in Tete Batu Village, among others, a lack of budget andHuman resources that support the development of halal tourism

Guanine-quadruplex-based CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (G4 CpG ODNs) have been developed as potent immunostimulatory agents with reduced sensitivity to nucleases. We designed new monomeric G4 ODNs with an antiparallel topology using antiparallel type duplex/G4 ODNs as robust scaffolds, and we characterized their topology and effects on cytokine secretion. Based on circular dichroism analysis and quantification of mRNA levels of immunostimulatory cytokines, it was found that monomeric antiparallel G4 CpG ODNs containing two CpG motifs in the first functional loop, named G2.0.0, could maintain antiparallel topology and generate a high level of immunostimulatory cytokines in RAW264 mouse macrophage-like cell lines. We also found that the flanking sequence in the CpG motif altered the immunostimulatory effects. Gc2c.0.0 and Ga2c.0.0 are monomeric antiparallel G4 CpG ODNs with one cytosine in the 3 & PRIME; terminal and one cytosine/adenine in the 5 & PRIME; terminal of CpG motifs that maintained the same resistance to degradation in serum as G2.0.0 and improved interleukin-6 production in RAW264 and bone marrow-derived macrophages. The immunostimulatory activity of antiparallel G4 CpG ODNs is superior to that of linear natural CpG ODNs. These results provide insights for the rational design of highly potent CpG ODNs using antiparallel G4 as a robust scaffold.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat pengembalian dana Simpan Pinjam Kelompok Perempuan (SPP) di Kabupaten Sumbawa dan menganalisis strategi Inovasi pengelolaan dana Simpan Pinjam Kelompok Perempuan (SPP) di Kabupaten Sumbawa.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan Ex post Facto di lima Kecamatan yaitu : Kecamatan Alas Barat, Kecamatan Utan, Kecamatan Labuhan Badas, Kecamatan Lopok, dan Kecamatan Lape. Pengumpulan data dengan metode observasi, kuisioner, dokumentasi dan wawancara.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dengan melakukan Inovasi Pengelolaan Dana Simpan Pinjam Kelompok Perempuan yang semula tingkat kolektibilitas diatas 90% menjadi 43% ini berarti turun sekitar 47% sehingga terjadi peningkatan dalam pengembalian pinjaman. Sehingga mempunyai hasil yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan kolektibilitas.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa ada beberapa penyebab terjadinya kredit macet diantaranya: Adanya informasi yang tidak benar yang beranggapan bahwa dana ini adalah dana hibah yang diberikan oleh pemerintah yang tidak perlu dikembalikan, gagal panen, adanya masyarakat yang bermigrasi, dan digunakan untuk keperluan lain yang mendesak.

An enhancer located upstream of the transcriptional start site of

Allergy diseases tend to increase with variety of clinical manifestations. To date, pharmacotherapy do not treat the underlying disease. Many researches concerned to study new approach of allergy therapy which need allergy mouse model for evaluation. This study was aimed to compare the effectiveness of two treatment methods by using ovalbumin for allergy sensitization. This study was conducted in PT.Bimana Indomedical animal facility Bogor on June until September 2016. Six mice were divided into 2 groups. First group was sensitized by ovalbumin 100ug subcutaneous (sc) day-0, 50 ug intra peritoneal (ip) day-14 and 100 ug intranasal (in) day-21. Second group was sensitized by ovalbumin 10 ug ip day-0 and day-7, 10 ug in day-21, 22, and 23. Body weight, hematology parameters (red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit) and total IgE concentration of day-0 (pre-treatment) and day 24 (post-treatment) were measured. The results showed that there was an increase of mice body weight of both treatment group, while hematology changes of pre and post treatment were not significantly different (paired t-test). Whereas the increase in total IgE pre and post treatment was significantly different between the two groups (paired t-test). In conclusion, the second allergy sensitization method is better than the first allergy sensitization method.&nbsp

An enhancer located upstream of the transcriptional start site of Ccnb1ip1 containing two GGA-rich regions and a 14-GGA repeat (GGA)14 region has been previously identified. Three copies of four GGA repeats in the c-myb promoter that form a tetrad:heptad:heptad:tetrad (T:H:H:T) dimerized G-quadruplex (G4) structure reportedly functions as both a transcriptional repressor and activator. Here, the secondary structures of the two GGA-rich and (GGA)14 regions were analyzed using circular dichroism spectral analysis, which indicated that the two GGA-rich DNAs formed parallel-type G4 structures, whereas (GGA)14 DNA formed the T:H:H:T dimerized G4 structure. Reporter assays demonstrated that individual regions did not show enhancer activity; however, the deletion of the (GGA)14 region resulted in 1.5-fold higher enhancer activity than that of the whole enhancer. These results indicate that the (GGA)14 region that forms the T:H:H:T dimerized G4 structure functions as a negative regulator of the Ccnb1ip1 enhancer. The (GGA)14 region that forms a dimerized G-quadruplex structure functions as a negative regulator of the Ccnb1ip1 enhancer.

Science Crime Investigation (SCI) is a criminal investigation based on scientific proves. The utilization of DNA analysis are proven to be more efficient and accurate. DNA typing method was used to identify human based on DNA profile. The technique consisted of DNA extraction, DNA quantification, DNA amplification, and fragment analysis. DNA extraction from the forensic evidence was the crucial step to determine the success rate of the DNA analysis. The aimed of this research was to analyze the effect of different DNA extraction methods that commonly used in the forensic investigation in Indonesia. The DNA extraction methods were: (A) silica based method using QIAamp® DNA Investigator kit (Qiagen), (B) magnet beads based method using Prepfiler® BTA forensic kit (Applied Biosystem), and (C) resin based method Chelex® 100. Biological evidence used in this research were saliva, blood, hair, bone, and touch DNA. The indicators were the number of DNA concentration, inhibitor, and the percentage of amplified allele on 24 loci Short Tandem Repeat (STR). Three indicators were used to compare the effectiveness of DNA extraction methods in particular biological samples. Based on the result, silica-based method using QIAamp® DNA Investigator extraction method was effectively used on saliva, blood, and bone samples. Prepfiler® BTA Forensic kit extraction method was effective on saliva, blood, hair, and semen samples. Chelex®100 extraction methods were effectively used on saliva, blood, and hair samples.

We present results of the first large-scale interlaboratory study carried out in synthetic biology, as part of the 2014 and 2015 International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competitions. Participants at 88 institutions around the world measured fluorescence from three engineered constitutive constructs in E. coli. Few participants were able to measure absolute fluorescence, so data was analyzed in terms of ratios. Precision was strongly related to fluorescent strength, ranging from 1.54-fold standard deviation for the ratio between strong promoters to 5.75-fold for the ratio between the strongest and weakest promoter, and while host strain did not affect expression ratios, choice of instrument did. This result shows that high quantitative precision and reproducibility of results is possible, while at the same time indicating areas needing improved laboratory practices. Copyright: © 2016 Beal et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

The precursors, Na2HPO4.2H2O and CaCl2.2H2O are used for synthesizing pure hydroxyapatite which less of carbonate content. The high temperature of sintering, about 700 o C of temperature, is treated to minimize the carbonate group on hydroxyapatite surface. Carbonate content of hydroxyapatite which is sintered in 700 o C is less than 110 o C. It indicates an increasing temperature of sintering will increase crystallinity and decrease carbonate content of hydroxapatite. This method gave better way to resulting hydroxyapatite crystal. The patterns of band of SDS PAGE in resulting of Protein Purification by DEAE matrix is also appear in using hydroxyapatite matrix. The other band also appear in purification by hydroxyapatite matrix, it showed that hydroxyapatite not only has DEAE matrix characteristic as anion exchange but also has kation exchange characteristic. These patterns proof that hydroxyapatite could be used in protein purification as matrix as cation an anion exchange. Additionally, apatite matrix is abiding and can be used repeatedly more than one hundred times without contamination.

Microalgae perform oxygenic photosynthesis and are capable of taking up a large amount of CO2, using an inducible CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM), and fixing CO2 into higher compounds. These characteristics make the microalgae potentially useful for removal and utilization of CO2 emitted from industrial plants and, generally, the usage of photosynthetic microorganisms has increased and significantly improved as a solution for CO2 emissions. In this light and based on previous research using Anabaena cylindrica IAM M1 and Spirulina platensis IAM M 135, enhancement was sought for CO2 fixation and biomass production by Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg by increasing the photon flux density concurrent with increases in culture biomass during the cellular growth phase and was compared to cultures of Chlorella grown at optimal constant illumination, with all cultures grown using Bennick basal medium, 29°C, and a flow of 1.0 atm. 10% CO2 enriched air delivered to three in serial photobioreactors of 0.200 dm3 capacity each. The results showed that increasing illumination during culture increased biomass production of Chlorella by ∼60% as well as increased CO2 fixation ability by ∼7.0%. It was also demonstrated that the non-competitive inhibition of [HCO3−] as a carbon source significantly affected the cultivation in both the increasing and constant photon flux density regimes.

Alteration of illumination with optimum carbon dioxide fixation-based curve in this research successfully enhanced the CO2-fixation (qco2) capability ofChlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg cultivated in a bubble column photo bioreactor. The level of CO2 fixation was up to 1.91 times that observed from cultivation with intensification of illumination on an optimum growth-based curve. During 144 h of cultivation, alteration of light intensity on an optimum CO2-fixation-based curve produced a qCO2 of 6.68 h−1. Increases in light intensity based on a curve of optimum CO2-fixation produced a final cell concentration of about 5.78 g/L. Both cultivation methods were carried out under ambient pressure at a temperature of 29°C with a superficial gas velocity of 2.4 m/h (UG). Cells were grown on Beneck medium in a 1.0 L Bubble Column Photo bioreactor illuminated by aPhillips Halogen Lamp (20 W/12 V/50 Hz). The inlet gas had a carbon dioxide content of 10%.

1To whom correspondence should be addressed Protein engineering of the β-propeller protein aimed at enhancing the structural stability of the protein was carried out using a monomeric single domain β-propeller protein, Salmonella typhimurium sialidase, as a model. Ala53 and Ala69 each located at strands B and C of the W1 motif were mutated to Leu and Val, respectively, to increase the hydrophobic interaction between W1 and W6 motifs. The mutants showed enhanced stability towards guanidine hydrochloride and thermal unfolding. Ala53Leu showed higher stability, probably owing to the capability of the mutated Leu to interact extensively with more residues involved in the hydrophobic interactions between the terminal W-motifs. The mutations, which are located far from the active site, have no significant effect on the enzymatic properties. The strategy to enhance the stability proposed here might be applied to the other β-propeller proteins.

Klebsiella pneumoniae, which produces PQQ and is available for use with a conventional expression vector system, was selected as the host strain for soluble PQQ glucose dehydrogenase (PQQGDH-B) production. The recombinant K. pneumoniaeexpressed PQQGDH-B in its holo-form at about 18 000 U l−1, equal to that achieved in recombinant Escherichia coli. The signal sequence of recombinant PQQGDH-B produced by K. pneumoniaewas correctly processed. K. pneumoniaecan become an alternative host microorganism not only for PQQGDH-B production but also for recombinant PQQ enzymes production.

We have previously shown that the production of recombinant Escherichia coli PQQGDH was greatly improved by using a medium supplemented with the cofactor PQQ, which is not synthesized in E. coli. We show here that the increase in the accumulated PQQGDH is due to the increased stability of the holo-enzyme over apo-enzyme, using recombinant Acinetobacter calcoaceticus PQQGDH. In order to achieve cost-effective PQQGDH production, we incorporated the genes for PQQ biosynthetic pathway from Klebsiella pneumoniae into E. coli, which as a result allowed E. coli to produce PQQ. Using this metabolically engineered E. coli strain as a host, a 10-fold increase in the production of recombinant A. calcoaceticus PQQGDH was achieved, compared to the condition without PQQ and MgCl2.

Based on the characterization of a PCR mutation of water-soluble glucose dehydrogenase possessing pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), PQQGDH-B, Ser231Cys, we have constructed a series of Ser231 variants. The replacement of Ser231 to Cys, Met, Leu, Asp, Asn, His, or Lys resulted in an increase in thermal stability. Among these variants, Ser231Lys showed the highest level of thermal stability and also showed high catalytic activity. Considering that Ser231Lys showed more than an 8-fold increase in its half-life during the thermal inactivation at 55°C compared with the wild-type enzyme, and also retained catalytic activity similar to a wild-type enzyme, the application of this mutant enzyme as a glucose sensor constituent may develop into a stable glucose sensor construction.

Based on a PCR mutant enzyme of water-soluble glucose dehydrogenase-harboring pyrroloquinoline quinone as the prosthetic group, PQQGDH-B, a site-directed mutagenesis study was carried out. The substitution of Glu277 residue with Gly resulted in a decrease in the K m value for glucose and altered the substrate specificity profile, compared with the wild-type enzyme. Mutational analyses on the neighboring amino acid residues of Glu277 were also carried out and constructed Asp275Glu, Asp276Glu, Ile278Phe, and Asn279His. Considering that Asp275Glu, Asp276Glu and also Glu277Gly showed drastic decreases in EDTA tolerance, this region may construct a PQQGDH-B putative active site, such as a binding site for Ca 2+ , which is responsible for the binding PQQ. A series of Glu277 variants, Glu277 substituted by Ala, Val, Asp, Asn, His, Gln, or to Lys, was constructed and they all showed decreased K m values and altered substrate specificity profiles. Among them, Glu277Lys showed similar thermal stability with the wild-type enzyme, but its catalytic efficiency increased significantly, compared with the wild-type enzyme. The potential applications of Glu277Lys in analytical use are also discussed.

We have previously reported that a chimeric pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), E97A3, which was made up of 97% of Escherichia coli PQQGDH sequence and 3% of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus PQQGDH, showed increased thermal stability compared with both parental enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis studies were carried out in order to investigate the role of amino-acid substitution at the C-terminal region, Ser 771, of a chimeric PQQGDHs on their thermal stability. A series of Ser 771 substitutions of a chimeric PQQGDH, E99A1, confirmed that hydrophobic interaction governs the thermal stability of the chimeric enzymes. Comparison of the thermal denaturation of E. coli PQQGDH and E97A3 followed by far-ultraviolet (UV) circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed that E97 A3 acquired stability at the first step of denaturation, which is reversible, and where no significant secondary structure change was observed. These results suggested that the interaction between C-terminal and N-terminal regions may play a crucial role in maintaining the overall structure of β-propeller proteins.

Micro algae are photolitotrophs that perform oxygenic photosynthesis and capable of accumulating a large amount of CO2, using an inducible CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). These characteristics make the micro algae potentially useful for removal and utilization of CO2 emitted from industrial plant. Generally, the usage of photosynthetic microorganism in CO2 fixation and biomass production for the economically viable commodities have been increased and significantly improved as a solution for this problem. Using these facts and previous research results using Anabaena cylindrica IAM M1 and Spirulina platensis IAM M 135, enhancement of CO2 fixation and biomass production by Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg with photon flux density alteration along with an increasing of culture biomass during the cellular growth period, was implemented in this research. The photon flux density used in this alteration was the maximum light for Chlorella’s maximum growth rate ( I mmax,opt ). The cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris Buitenzorg in the Benneck basal medium operating conditions: T, 29oC; P, 1.0 atm; UG, 2.4m/h; CO2, 10%; using Philip Halogen Lamp 20W/12V/50Hz as the light source and three bubble column photobioreactors arranged in series order with each having a volume of 0.200dm3. Results had shown that the photon flux density alteration as a whole could increase around 60% the biomass production of Chlorella vulgaris and around 7% the CO2 fixation ability, compared to constant photon flux density outcomes. This experiment also showed that the noncompetitive inhibition of [HCO3-] as carbon source substrate is affected significantly during the cultivation in both of alteration and continuous photon flux density.