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The ARIEL mission is a European space project that aims to detect exoplanets with a spacecraft orbiting around the L2 point of the Sun-Earth system. The main payload consists of a Cassegrain telescope composed of mirrors that reflect and concentrate the incoming light from the deep space observations to finally guide it to the detectors. As in many other space missions, a dedicated complex assessment is established during the design phase to evaluate the impact on the optical performance caused by thermoelastic effects, which involves the coordinated work of the thermal, structural, and optical engineers. Despite that well-known and standardized processes and tools are established separately in each involved area, there is a lack of standardization about the way of exchanging the data between them, where additional calculations are required in some cases. This work focuses on the temperature mapping, which is the intermediate step between thermal and structural analyses, where temperatures are transferred to the structural model. The main difficulty of this process is related to the differences in modelling methods and approaches between both models, being necessary the development of an adequate algorithm to find the most accurate transfer of temperatures. This paper shows two different options for temperature mapping, detailing the proposed flowcharts. One of these methods requires the performance of an additional thermal conductive analysis, where a new improved procedure has been implemented in this work to solve some computational issues that made its application for large models difficult or even unfeasible. Both temperature mapping methods have been applied to the payload module of the ARIEL spacecraft, comparing the output results in terms of temperatures, stresses, forces, and displacements to evaluate their differences. • Structural, Thermal and Optical Performance (STOP) analysis on the ARIEL spacecraft. • Development of two procedures for temperature transfer between thermal and structural models. • Definition of a process to overcome computational issues found in thermal analysis in NASTRAN. • Validation of the proposed procedures for the temperature mapping of a large and complex model. • Comparison of results between two temperature mapping methods (PWT and PAT) on ARIEL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article examines the intertextual relationship between Plath’s letters and poems of October 1962. While a side-by-side reading of these texts allows for a richer biographical analysis of the poems, it also encourages readers to consider the process through which Plath transformed her life and daily thoughts into art. In the midst of her separation from husband Ted, Plath wrote many of her most well-known poems, including the bulk of the poems in Ariel. In addition, about twenty-five letters written during October appear in the second volume of The Letters of Sylvia Plath. In these poems and letters, we see conflicted speakers. Independence—personal and financial—and a view of better things to come suffuse many of the letters of this period while Ariel—especially as edited by Ted Hughes—appears darker, as does the ultimate and tragic trajectory of Plath’s biography. Yet reading these two months’ letters along with their poems and thinking about the order Plath left the Ariel manuscript in, we may see a tension between her writing and her life: While her life goes toward its dark close, her poems point toward rebirth and rejuvenation, as do some of her letters. Through a comparative reading of the letters and poems, we may better understand both the work and the life, particularly the various personae Plath crafts in each.

Copyright of Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article considers how readers engage with Sylvia Plath's poetry collection Ariel (1965) – deemed as particularly 'difficult' – on Goodreads, in the context of online amateur reviewing. George Steiner's (1978) fourfold typology of difficulty (contingent, modal, tactical and ontological) informs our approach and leads us to explore the ways in which difficulty is talked about and dealt with, especially since the poetry genre faces resistance in educational settings, as Peter Benton (2015) points out. Our discussion stems from a qualitative analysis of 25 positive and 25 negative Goodreads reviews of Ariel, from which we derive an inductive typology of readerly attitudes. We find that, across the positive/negative spectrum, three readerly attitudes prevail that can be aligned with particular reader types: The Self-Deprecator, The Re-Reader, and The Senser. The Self-Deprecator emphasises their lack of poetic skills, which makes literary difficulty hard to overcome. The Re-Reader foregrounds their need to engage with Ariel further to increase their appreciation of it. The Senser focuses on the feelings and sensations experienced, which means that difficulty is not construed as a barrier to meaningful receptive experiences. We argue the above-mentioned categories enhance our comprehension of the wide array of readers discussing poetry online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) is a vegetable of high nutritional and economic importance. Its crop is developed in hydroponic conditions in which the yield is affected by the type of substrate employed in the first stages of growth. The objective of this research is to evaluate the root weight in two lettuce varieties under three different types of substrates. The results demonstrate significant differences in regards to substrate and variety. In regards to substrate, the plants grown in moss showed higher root weight (8.13g) in contrast to moss+peat (6.55g) and peat (4.98g). Regarding variety, plants of cv. Rosanna showed higher root weight (6.86g) in contrast to Ariel (6.25g). In relation to the interaction of variety and substrate, it was observed that the substrates containing moss induced higher root weight in both varieties, in contrast to the substrates with moss and peat or peat; showing higher root weights in cv. Rosanna in contrast to Ariel. These results might be due to the different physical and chemical properties of moss and the genotypic characteristics in the variety Rosanna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo analiza la importancia que tuvo el ensayo Ariel (1900), de José Enrique Rodó, en la obra y el pensamiento de Pedro Henríquez Ureña; hace hincapié en la interpretación del ensayo crítico “Ariel. La obra de José Enrique Rodó”, que el humanista dominicano publicó en la revista Cuba Literaria (1905), y se concentra en el período 1900-1911, es decir, en la etapa más intensa de su recepción del ideario rodoniano. El propósito de este trabajo es evidenciar cómo la temprana interpretación de los temas arielistas fue reanudándose y renovándose de forma constante en ese proceso de búsqueda de la expresión de nuestra América que Henríquez Ureña concretó mediante su tarea historiográfica, investigación filológica y labor docente.

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Questo articolo propone un approfondimento sull’ultima fase della poetica di Sylvia Plath. Attraverso la lettura e il commento di alcuni testi dalla raccolta Ariel, nell’edizione restaurata che corrisponde alla sequenza nient’affatto casuale concepita dalla poetessa, si tracceranno le coordinate di un progetto che richiama le antiche cosmologie, dal momento che Plath prova a dare vita a un mondo, nuovo e più intimo, finalmente libero da dolorose separazioni. Pare indubbio che i componimenti per Ariel siano pervasi da un senso di creazione; come ha sottolineato Nadia Fusini, ciò a cui il lettore assiste è un vero e proprio miracolo di transustanziazione, attraverso cui Plath trasforma la sua scrittura in organismo vivente. Nell’intento di chiarire questa affermazione, nell’articolo si sostiene che, in Ariel, Plath non si nasconde più dietro la tecnica acquisita; al contrario, creatore e creatura nei testi della maturità diventano la stessa cosa. È questo l’inizio di un percorso che la porterà non solo a diventare Poeta, ma a farsi poesia.

This essay presents a posthumanist reading of Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, two plays which feature a scientist/magus who attempts to control his environment through personal agency. After detailing the analogy between the agency of posthuman figures and the workings of computerized writing machines, as Katherine Hayles has proposed, my essay shows how Kott’s writing, especially his notion of the “Grand Mechanism” of history, anticipates the posthumanist theories that are currently dominating literary assessments. His critique of The Tempest makes this idea perfectly clear when he disputes the standard notion that Prospero represents a medieval magus; he instead argues that Prospero was more akin to Leonardo DaVinci, “a master of mechanics and hydraulics,” one who would have embraced revolutionary advances in “astronomy” as well as “anatomy” (1974: 321).

Copyright of Enthymema is the property of Enthymema, International Journal of Literary Criticism, Literary Theory & Philosophy of Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of the Ariel space mission is to observe a large and diversified population of transiting planets around a range of host star types to collect information on their atmospheric composition. The planetary bulk and atmospheric compositions bear the marks of the way the planets formed: Ariel's observations will therefore provide an unprecedented wealth of data to advance our understanding of planet formation in our Galaxy. A number of environmental and evolutionary factors, however, can affect the final atmospheric composition. Here we provide a concise overview of which factors and effects of the star and planet formation processes can shape the atmospheric compositions that will be observed by Ariel, and highlight how Ariel's characteristics make this mission optimally suited to address this very complex problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recently adopted Ariel ESA mission will measure the atmospheric composition of a large number of exoplanets. This information will then be used to better constrain planetary bulk compositions. While the connection between the composition of a planetary atmosphere and the bulk interior is still being investigated, the combination of the atmospheric composition with the measured mass and radius of exoplanets will push the field of exoplanet characterisation to the next level, and provide new insights of the nature of planets in our galaxy. In this white paper, we outline the ongoing activities of the interior working group of the Ariel mission, and list the desirable theoretical developments as well as the challenges in linking planetary atmospheres, bulk composition and interior structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Transit Timing Variation (TTV) technique is a powerful dynamical tool to measure exoplanetary masses by analysing transit light curves. We assessed the transit timing performances of the Ariel Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS1/2) based on the simulated light curve of a bright, 55 Cnc, and faint, K2-24, planet-hosting star. We estimated through a Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo analysis the transit time uncertainty at the nominal cadence of 1 second and, as a comparison, at a 30 and 60-s cadence. We found that at the nominal cadence Ariel will be able to measure the transit time with a precision of about 12s and 34s, for a star as bright as 55 Cnc and K2-24, respectively. We then ran dynamical simulations, also including the Ariel timing errors, and we found an improvement on the measurement of planetary masses of about 20-30% in a K2-24-like planetary system through TTVs. We also simulated the conditions that allow us to detect the TTV signal induced by an hypothetical external perturber within the mass range between Earth and Neptune using 10 transit light curves by Ariel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ARIEL mission is a space project consisting of a spacecraft with the goal of detecting exoplanets and observing the characteristics of their atmospheres. One of the main sub-systems of the payload is the telescope that must operate under cryogenic conditions to guarantee its adequate performance and the mission success. One of the critical aspects in the development of a space telescope is the stability and the related analyses required to evaluate the degree of deformation of the system under all environmental conditions, with special emphasis on the different and extreme temperature ranges reached during the mission. This assessment involves the close collaboration between three different disciplines: thermal, structural and optical design. This paper describes the work done in the ARIEL project in the field of the structural stability analysis, showing the process to achieve reliable and accurate results. The main novelty of this work is the validation of the structural model to achieve the required level of precision in the displacements fields calculated numerically to provide reliable and accurate deformations that will allow the assessment of the thermoelastic effects on the optical performance of the main telescope. The results of the structural simulations show how the telescope assembly is deformed under the different analysed conditions, which will allow the design of compensation mechanisms to mitigate these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ground segment for the ESA M4 Ariel exoplanet space mission is introduced. The ground segment encompasses the framework necessary to support the development of the Ariel mission to launch, in-flight operations and calibration, data processing pipeline and data handling, including user support. The structure of the ground segment and assumed responsibilities between ESA and the Ariel mission consortium is explained, along with their interfaces. The operational phases for the mission are introduced, including the early commissioning/verification phases, the science operations and the calibration strategy. The smooth transition of the ground segment through the various pre/post launch mission phases to nominal operations will be paramount in guaranteeing the success, scientific return and impact of the Ariel mission. The expected science data products are defined and a representative data processing pipeline is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Galileo mission to Jupiter discovered magnetic signatures associated with hidden subsurface oceans at the moons Europa and Callisto using the phenomenon of magnetic induction. These induced magnetic fields originate from electrically conductive layers within the moons and are driven by Jupiter's strong time‐varying magnetic field. The ice giants and their moons are also ideal laboratories for magnetic induction studies. Both Uranus and Neptune have a strongly tilted magnetic axis with respect to their spin axis, creating a dynamic and strongly variable magnetic field environment at the orbits of their major moons. Although Voyager 2 visited the ice giants in the 1980s, it did not pass close enough to any of the moons to detect magnetic induction signatures. However, Voyager 2 revealed that some of these moons exhibit surface features that hint at recent geologically activity, possibly associated with subsurface oceans. Future missions to the ice giants may therefore be capable of discovering subsurface oceans, thereby adding to the family of known "ocean worlds" in our Solar System. Here, we assess magnetic induction as a technique for investigating subsurface oceans within the major moons of Uranus. Furthermore, we establish the ability to distinguish induction responses created by different interior characteristics that tie into the induction response: ocean thickness, conductivity and depth, and ionospheric conductance. The results reported here demonstrate the possibility of single‐pass ocean detection and constrained characterization within the moons of Miranda, Ariel, and Umbriel, and provide guidance for magnetometer selection and trajectory design for future missions to Uranus. Plain Language Summary: The best evidence for the existence of an ocean within Jupiter's moons of Europa and Callisto comes from interpretations of measurements collected from the magnetometer on the Galileo spacecraft. Their salty oceans are able to conduct electrical currents that are driven by Jupiter's strong time‐varying magnetic field, producing a unique secondary magnetic field signature that can be measured externally by as spacecraft passing by. Some of the large moons of the Ice Giant planets of Uranus and Neptune are also thought to possibly contain subsurface oceans. Unfortunately, Voyager 2 did not pass close enough to any of these planetary bodies for its onboard magnetometer to sense magnetic field signatures associated with a subsurface ocean. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of detecting magnetic signatures of subsurface oceans within the moons of Uranus based upon various assumed interior structure profiles, thus providing guidance to required magnetometer performance and trajectory design for possible future missions. Key Points: The major moons of Uranus exhibit surface features which hint at recent geologically activity, possibly associated with subsurface oceansFavorable geometry of the Uranus system facilitates magnetic induction investigation of potential oceans within the primary moonsSubsurface ocean detection and constrained characterization is possible within these moons, even in the presence of an ionosphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Marina Carr's Ariel as a feminist retelling of the Greek myth of the Atrides. It compares that contemporaneous play with the classical tragedies displaying that mythological story that Carr has used to craft the plot of Ariel, namely Aeschylus's The Oresteia, Sophocles's Electra and Euripides's Iphigenia at Aulis. This comparison underlines the subversion of Greek tragedy's political purpose in Ariel. Indeed, Carr shows the destructive power of patriarchy instead of endorsing it as a socio-political structure like Greek tragedy used to do during the 5th century B.C.E. The portrayal of women on stage is crucial regarding that matter. In Ariel, Carr approaches female characters as subjects oppressed by the patriarchal ideology fuelling the Republic of Ireland, diverting thus from the tradition of the "male gaze" displayed in Greek tragedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface of Ariel, an icy satellite orbiting Uranus, shows extensional tectonic features suggesting an episode of endogenic heating in the satellite's past. Using topography derived from stereo-photoclinometry, we identified flexural uplift at a rift zone suggesting elastic thickness values in the range 3.8-4.4 km. We estimate the temperature at the base of the lithosphere to be in the range 99 to 146 K, depending on the strain rate assumed, with corresponding heat fluxes of 28-92 mW/m2. Neither tidal heating, assuming Ariel's current eccentricity, nor radiogenic heat production from the silicate core are enough to cause the inferred heat fluxes. None of three proposed ancient mean-motion resonances produce equilibrium tidal heating values in excess of 4.3 mW/m2. Thus, the origin of the inferred high heat fluxes is currently mysterious.

This article addresses the impact of the ideas of José Enrique Rodó on the work of Alfonso Reyes. In the text, it will be shown how the Rodonian topics reverberated through the inflections and porosity of Alfonso Reyes' art as an essayist. In fact, in Reyes' writings we can recognize some of the topics that characterized the thinking of Rodó: the enthusiasm and vital optimism, the importance he attributed to the Hellenic miracle, the significance of establishing a humanistic educational project for young generations, and finally, the ideal of a great Latin American homeland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sylvia Plath’s posthumously published Ariel has generated a plethora of responses. While critics have tended to focus on the biographical aspects of the poet’s work, lay reviewers have simultaneously emphasised their lack of understanding and the strength of their perceptual and affective responses. The present article, which focuses on Plath’s “Elm,” has a threefold aim. First, it seeks to present “Elm” as a work of verbal art; secondly, it endeavours to expose the features which may be responsible for readers’ responses; thirdly, it considers the potential of “Elm” for mental health. To this end, the study mobilises concepts and methods drawn from stylistics, (Systemic Functional) Discourse Analysis, psychology, and philosophy. Research findings show that the following features may allow for an internally lived rather than an externally cognised aesthetic experience: the dissolution of the signifier-signified pair, the use of intersensory-physiognomic language and the introduction of atopia as a topos. These salient features enable readers to privilege significance over signification and to be confronted with jouissance, an experience that grounds them in the flow of (be)coming.

The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica can live in the human intestine for months or years without generating any symptoms in the host. For unknown reasons, amoebae can suddenly destroy the intestinal mucosa and become invasive. This can lead to amoebic colitis or extraintestinal amoebiasis whereby the amoebae spread to other organs via the blood vessels, most commonly the liver where abscesses develop. Entamoeba nuttalli is the closest genetic relative of E. histolytica and is found in wild macaques. Another close relative is E. dispar, which asyptomatically infects the human intestine. Although all three species are closely related, only E. histolytica and E. nuttalli are able to penetrate their host’s intestinal epithelium. Lineage-specific genes and gene families may hold the key to understanding differences in virulence among species. Here we discuss those genes found in E. histolytica that have relatives in only one or neither of its sister species, with particular focus on the peptidase, AIG, Ariel, and BspA families.

The human protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica can live in the human intestine for months or years without generating any symptoms in the host. For unknown reasons, amoebae can suddenly destroy the intestinal mucosa and become invasive. This can lead to amoebic colitis or extraintestinal amoebiasis whereby the amoebae spread to other organs via the blood vessels, most commonly the liver where abscesses develop. Entamoeba nuttalli is the closest genetic relative of E. histolytica and is found in wild macaques. Another close relative is E. dispar , which asyptomatically infects the human intestine. Although all three species are closely related, only E. histolytica and E. nuttalli are able to penetrate their host's intestinal epithelium. Lineage-specific genes and gene families may hold the key to understanding differences in virulence among species. Here we discuss those genes found in E. histolytica that have relatives in only one or neither of its sister species, with particular focus on the peptidase, AIG, Ariel, and BspA families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]