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This study proposes a microcontroller-based closed-loop water level control system that utilizes a sonar ultrasonic sensor to monitor and regulate water levels in a tank. The system operates by continuously checking the water level in the tank and adjusting the valve’s opening and closure times to maintain the desired water level. The closed-loop control approach employed by the system offers a precise water level control solution that can significantly reduce water waste in water pumping systems. The paper also assesses the theoretical and experimental response of an open-loop water level control system. The findings demonstrate that the closed-loop system outperforms the open-loop system, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed approach in maintaining water levels in a tank. The proposed system is not only applicable to water pumping systems but can also be used to manage the flow of hot and cold water from home water heaters. Additionally, the system can be utilized in various industries that require level or flow control, with particular emphasis on the production of distilled water, juice, and milk.

One of the key aspects of designing a formula student car chassis is torsional stiffness. High torsional stiffness gives stability to the suspension system and provides better handling of the car. This paper presents an investigation into the optimization of the torsional stiffness of formula student chassis’ structure using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Three sets of pipe profiles are considered, each produced chassis with different masses, and their torsional stiffness is analyzed in ANSYS. The profiles are selected within the limit prescribed by the formula student UK rules, and round pipes are used. The chassis is designed in SOLIDWORKS and then analyzed in ANSYS for torsional stiffness. The selected chassis for analysis have masses of 32.1 Kgs, 45.0 Kgs, and 47.2 Kgs based on the pipe sizing used in each chassis. These findings have important implications for the design and optimization of formula student chassis, particularly in terms of balancing the trade-off between mass and torsional stiffness. Overall, this paper contributes to the ongoing research into the optimization of formula student chassis.

The growing demand for clean energy has led many engineers and scientists to find a way to effectively generate and distribute electricity without any carbon footprints. One of the most prominent and widely known methods of generating electricity is Hydropower. One of the leading researches in harvesting energy from low-head water sources is through a gravitational vortex turbine. Gravitational vortex turbine is special type of micro-hydro turbine that relies on the rotational energy of a water vortex. This research delves into techniques required to increase the efficiency of vortex turbines. This project bolsters an extensive design methodology used to finalize a system of smart vortex turbine. It includes a section on CAD modelling and governing equations followed by an ANSYS simulation to predict and study the vortex generated in main tank. The main goal of this project is to achieve a water tight sealing to ensure that generator does not gets damaged. In addition, reducing mechanical losses due to vibrations by using a smaller shaft is one of the set targets of this project. Our mission is prove that electricity can be generated in off the grid communities with low-head water sources by using 3D printing as Pakistan does not have the modern expensive fabrication techniques to manufacture complex geometries. There is a need to look for a cost effective, efficient and green manufacturing method.