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Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are commonly known grape species that belong to the Vitis genus in the Vitaceae family and come from western Asia and southern Europe. This review consists of traditional uses, phytochemical compounds, nutritional constituents, pharmacological activities, genotoxicological studies, and toxicity studies of V. vinifera. The data were obtained from scientific databases and search engines such as PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Frontiers, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and MDPI. In some countries, grapes used for traditional uses, such as drug therapy for blood-forming, anemia, allergies, wound care, colds and flu, carminative, bronchitis, diarrhea, and anti-phlegm. The main phytochemical compounds in V. vinifera are phenolic compounds, aromatic acids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and stilbenoids. Nutritional constituents can be found in grapevines, i.e., proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. Parts of the grapevines had a wide variety of biological activities, i.e., antioxidant, antiviral, antiplatelet, antifungal, anticataract, antiobesity, anticholinergic, anti-sunburn, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing activities. The phytochemical compounds content in each part of the grapevines were different. Each pharmacological activity depends on the grapevine's phytochemical compounds, components used, and extraction type. However, more studies are needed regarding the genotoxicity and toxicity of V. vinifera.

Viticulture is carried out for different purposes in almost every region of the world. Although V. vinifera L. cultivars are the most commonly grown species in Turkey, their cultivation is very limited in Yalova and similar humid regions. In these regions, fungal diseases are common due to heavy rain, limited sunlight and stagnant air movement, especially in spring and summer months. For this reason, viticulture can only be performed in these humid regions using intense fungicide. In this study, the aim was to determine the most suitable cultivars by comparing 80 years of climate data in Yalova province with eight bioclimatic indices obtained in two growing seasons using a reduced-synthetic-pesticide spray program. Some quality characteristics and susceptibility to fungal diseases (downy and powdery mildew) for a total of eight V. vinifera L., three V. labrusca, and one interspecies grape cultivar were evaluated in 2019 and 2020 in the humid Yalova region. V. labrusca × V. vinifera L. hybrids had higher total sugar (18.2% - 23.1%) and lower acidity (0.23% - 0.42%) than V. vinifera L. cultivars. In addition, these genotypes (Alden, Ülkemiz, Rizpem) had a lower incidence of powdery mildew in both years. ‘Alden’, ‘Autumn Royal’ and ‘Erenköy Beyazı Cl.27’ exhibited resistance to downy mildew.

Many grape varieties or genotypes of Vitis species are grown for different purposes in various parts of the world. However, despite a large number of cultivars, there is a demand for different grape cultivars due to changing consumer expectations. Grapevine breeding programs are carried out by scientists in different countries in order to meet these expectations. Breeding studies, which used to take a long time with traditional crossbreeding methods, have become studies that achieve the desired results in a much shorter time with the development of molecular methods and biotechnology. One of the most important developments in grapevine breeding is that the relevant gene regions in hybrid populations developed from breeding programs can be identified in a very short time. In recent years, the demand for cultivars that are more resistant or tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress conditions has increased, and for this purpose, there has been a significant increase in breeding studies on cultivars and rootstocks that are resistant or tolerant to different stress conditions. Considering the current breeding programs, genetically manipulated new cultivars with desired characteristics and interspecies hybrid cultivars will soon become the main study subjects of grapevine breeding programs.

Amaç: Karadut (Morus nigra), vejetatif ve generatifolarak çoğaltılması zor bir türdür. Bu nedenletohumlarının daha kolay çimlenebilmesi içinaraştırmacılar tarafından farklı uygulamalaryapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada da farklı sıcaklıkkoşullarında prolin uygulamalarının, karaduttohumlarının çimlenmesi üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesiamaçlanmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Çimlenmeyi teşvik etmek amacıylatohumlar, 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM ve 15 mM prolinçözeltilerinde, kontrol grubunda ise suda olmak üzere 24saat süre ile oda sıcaklığında bekletilmişlerdir. Bu süreninsonunda steril petrilere, 3 tekerrürlü ve her tekerrürde25 adet olacak şekilde yerleştirilmişlerdir. Tohumçimlendirme çalışmaları karanlık koşullarda 15°C, 20°C,25°C ve 30°C sıcaklıklardaki bitki büyüme kabinlerindegerçekleştirilmiştir. 17 günlük çimlenme süresi sonundakontrol grubundaki tohumlarda çimlenme oranı, %28 ile%70.67 arasında değişim göstermiş, en yüksek çimlenmeoranı 20°C’de elde edilmiştir. Prolin uygulamalarında, enyüksek çimlenme oranı %93.33 ile 10 mM prolinuygulamasında ve 25oC’de bekletilen tohumlardabelirlenmiştir. Genel olarak çimlenme oranı, 15°C hariç,tüm uygulamalarda 13. ve 14. günlerde en yüksek değereulaşmıştır.Genel Yorum: Bu çalışmada, herhangi bir uygulamayapılmadan karadut tohumlarının 20oC’de yüksekoranda çimlendiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu oran, 25oC’de 10mM prolin uygulamasıyla %90’ın üzerine çıkmıştır.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Karadut çöğürlerinin fidanüretiminde kullanılması ve son yıllarda artan melezlemeıslahı çalışmalarında melez bitkilerin elde edilmesi,tohumla çoğaltma başarısına bağlıdır. Çalışma ile tohumkaybının azaltılması ve çimlenme oranının artırılmasında25oC 10 mM prolin uygulaması oldukça başarılıbulunmuştur., Aims: Black mulberry (Morus nigra) is a species that difficult to reproduce as vegetative and generative. For this reason, different applications are made by researchers in order to germinate their seeds more easily. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of proline applications on germination of black mulberry seeds under various temperature conditions. Methods and Results: The seeds were kept in room temperature for 24 hours, in 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM and 15 mM proline solutions and in the control group in the water. At the end of this period, they were placed in sterile petri dishes with three replicates of 25 seeds. Seed germination studies were carried out in plant growth cabins at 15°C, 20°C, 25°C and 30°C temperatures in dark conditions. At the end of the 17-day germination period, the germination rate of the seeds in the control group varied between 28% and 70.67%, the highest germination rate was achieved at 20oC. In proline, the highest germination rate was determined with 93.33% in 10 mM proline and seeds kept at 25oC. In general, the germination rate reached the highest value on days 13 and 14 in all applications except 15oC. Conclusions: In this study, it has been determined that black mulberry seeds germinate high rate at the 20oC without any application. This rate has exceeded 90% with the 10 mM proline at 25oC. Significance and Impact of the Study: The use of black mulberry seedlings in the production of saplings and obtaining hybrid plants in the recent hybridization breeding studies depend on the success of seed reproduction. In this study, 10 mM proline application at 25oC was found to be very successful in reducing seed loss and increasing the germination rate.

The main purpose of this study is to determine the contents of 3 major phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin) in 22 different grape cultivars/hybrids obtained from 2 different breeding programs. Additionally, changes in these phenolic components in the grape leaves of some resistant/tolerant species were determined in relation to powdery and downy mildew diseases in viticulture. The skin, pulp, and seeds of grape berries were analysed over two years, while changes in the phenolic contents of grape leaves were determined before and after these diseases for two years. The major phenolic contents of new hybrids/cultivars were compared with those of popular cultivars in different parts of the grapes, and significant differences in phenolic contents were found among hybrids/cultivars and different grape parts. Variations in the contents of phenolics in grape seeds, skins, and pulp were high, but seeds contained higher levels of these phenolics than pulp and skin. Analyses of the relationship between two viticultural diseases and phenolic changes in resistant/tolerant cultivars in relation with the susceptible “Italia” cultivar revealed that an increase in the content of the phenolic compounds was found after powdery mildew disease. Hybrids/cultivars with high phenolic contents are recommended to develop new superior cultivars, which are resistant to grape fungal diseases, in breeding programs.

The presence of dormant embryos in seeds and nonuniformity in seedling growth are the main limiting factors for kiwifruit propagation. Studies on the germination of hybrid genotypes are limited, especially at different ploidy levels. Low germination percentages and nonuniformity in seedling growth are two of the limiting factors of kiwifruit breeding, especially new and imported germplasm. The effect of cold moist stratification and growing substances on seed germination and seedling growth, respectively, on different kiwifruit seed populations were evaluated in this study. The effect of cold moist stratification (3, 4 and 5 weeks at 4 °C) and growing substrate composition (peat, perlite and coco peat) on seed germination and seedling growth of different Actinidia genotypes were assessed. In general, increasing stratification period duration often increased germination speed and uniformity. It was also found that increasing the ratio of peat moss improved the vegetative growth parameters of all kiwifruit seedlings. Stratification treatment, light and temperature fluctuation and consequently suitable substrate can accelerate and increase the production of seedlings and reduce seedling losses. It was also found that peat–perlite (1:1) medium was the best medium for kiwifruit seedling growth.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada farklı türlere mensup üzüm çeşit/genotiplerinin külleme ve mildiyö hastalıkları sonrasında yapraklarındaki bazı fenolik madde değişimleri iki yıl süre ile incelenerek hastalıklara dayanıklılık ile bu bileşenler arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir.Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmada 2 V. labrusca genotipi, 11 V. vinifera çeşit/genotipi ve 2 türler arası melez çeşit ile çalışılmıştır. Çeşit/genotiplere mildiyö ve külleme hastalığı suni inokülasyon ile uygulanmış ve akabinde, hastalık öncesi ve sonrasında alınan yaprak örneklerindeki toplam fenolik madde miktarı (spektrofotometrik), antioksidan aktivitesi (spektrofotometrik), rutin (HPLC) ve klorogenik asit (HPLC) değişimleri incelenmiştir.Bulgular: Üzüm çeşit ve genotiplerinde mildiyö ve külleme hastalıkları sonrasında toplam fenol miktarı ile antioksidan aktivitesinde ciddi artışlar görülmesine karşılık; rutin ve klorogenik asit miktarlarında ise çeşit veya genotipe ayrıca hastalığa bağlı olarak farklılıklar görülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda FX1-1 genotipi hastalıklara dayanıklılığı ve farklı fenolik bileşenleri yüksek miktarda içermesi sebebiyle dikkat çekici bulunmuştur.Sonuç: Benzer pek çok çalışmada olduğu gibi özellikle toplam fenol miktarı ve antioksidan aktivitesinde hastalıklar sonrasında ciddi artışlar olduğu görülürken diğer bileşenlerdeki artışların değişkenlik gösterdiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan çeşit/genotiplerin büyük bir kısmının hastalık inokülasyon sonuçlarına göre dayanıklı ve tolerant oldukları belirlenirken sınırlı sayıda çeşit/genotipin ise özellikle külleme yönünden hassas oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Bundan sonraki çalışmalarda toplam fenol miktarı ve antioksidan aktivitesindeki artışlar üzerine yoğunlaşarak neden arttıkları ve hastalıklara dayanıklılıkta ne gibi etkileri olduğu konusunda kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılması yararlı olacaktır.

All Actinidia species are dioecious, male and female flowers grow on separate kiwifruit plants. In breeding studies, it is generally desirable to obtain female individuals. However, male plants are also of great importance for pollination. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the flower characteristics of the genotypes obtained by breeding studies. This research was conducted in the kiwifruit breeding plot of Yalova Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute for two years. Genotypes obtained from cultivars belonging to Actinidia deliciosa and Actinidia chinensis were used in the research. At the time of flowering, phenological observations of male and female genotypes, which are prominent in the population, have been made and the developmental stages of the flowers have been determined. At least 10 flowers of each genotype were used to determine the morphological characteristics.Number of leaves, number of petals, number of male organs, number of filaments, number of female organs, number of female organs and number of stylus were examined in order to determine flower characteristics. When the data obtained as a result of two years are evaluated; significant differences have been obtained particularly in terms of flowering time, flowering period, the number of stylus, the filament size, the number of female organs and the number of male organs. Female cultivars/genotypes tend to flowering later than male cultivars/genotypes, and female cultivars/genotypes have shorter filament length than male cultivars/genotypes. It has also been clearly observed that ovaries are not functional in male types.

The aim of this study was to improve the knowledge of phenolic content and antioxidant potential during ripening of different grape varieties (Malvasia, Sercial and Tinta Negra) used to produce Madeira wine. Rapid spectrophotometric methods were selected to obtain this information, since these methods could be used as a routine analytical procedure, being easy, simple, rapid, and cost-effective. A significant correlation was observed between total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity for all grape varieties under study, which suggests that phenolics either alone or in combination are responsible for the grapes antioxidant capacity. Our findings showed significant differences (p

Light is one of the most important environmental factors that strongly mediates plant physiological and morphological development. Few studies have investigated the effect of light on perennial fruit crops, which have long generation times and are large in size, that complicates the evaluation of plant responses to light in controlled environments. This study assessed the impact of light intensity on chlorophyll (Chl) variation in 41 kiwifruit cultivars during the growing season, and examined the physiological, morphological and gene expression changes of kiwifruit plantlets in vitro under different light qualities treatments, such as white light, red light (RL), blue light (BL) and a mixture of RL and BL with different ratios. The Chl content in 24.4% of kiwifruit varieties increased continuously with increasing sunlight intensity from April to August; but 34.15% of varieties remained unchanged and 41.5% of varieties decreased in July and August when kiwifruit plants were exposed to maximum solar radiation density and duration. The controlling experiment of light qualities showed that blue light was effective for the induction and accumulation of kiwifruit Chl contents and carbon nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio), as well as the numbers of guard cell plastids, whereas red light induced plant vegetative growth and increased starch and sucrose content in leaves. Furthermore, blue light induced higher expression of key genes for Chl biosynthesis than red light. These results indicate that kiwifruit plants exhibit strong morphological plasticity induced by light, and the development of kiwifruit can be induced by culturing the plants in vitro under a combination of BL and RL.

Bağcılıkta melezleme ıslahı çalışmaları yeni çeşit elde etmek amacıyla uzun yıllardan beri yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Melezleme ıslahı çalışmalarında melez çekirdeklerin canlılık oranları değişkenlik gösterebilmektedir. Özellikle seçilen ana ve baba çeşitlere bağlı olarak melezleme ile elde edilen çekirdeklerin canlılık oranlarının farklılık gösterebildiği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada 15 farklı üzüm çeşidi ile 24 farklı kombinasyonda melezleme yapılarak elde edilen melez çekirdeklerin canlılık oranları incelenmiştir. 15 farklı üzüm çeşidinden 9 çekirdeksiz üzüm çeşidi baba ve 6 üzüm çeşidi ana olarak kullanılmıştır. Baba olarak kullanılan tüm çeşitler Vitis vinifera türüne ait çeşitlerden oluşurken ana olarak kullanılan çeşitlerin 4 tanesi V.vinifera, 1 tanesi türler arası melez ve 1 tanesi de V.labrusca türüne ait çeşitten oluşmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda hem canlılık oranı hem de canlı çekirdek sayısı dikkate alındığında Red Globe’un ana olarak kullanıldığı kombinasyonlar öne çıkarken, Kyoho çeşidinin ana olarak kullanıldığı kombinasyonlarda gerek canlı çekirdek sayısı gerekse de oranı bakımından kaydadeğer sonuçlar alınamamıştır.

CELIK, HUSEYIN -/0000-0003-1403-7464 WOS: 000396338300008 Powdery mildew and downy mildew are among the most important diseases of grapevine. The relationship between these diseases and phenolic components has become increasingly important in recent years. This study evaluated changes of total phenolics, total antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds (gallic acid and rutin hydrate) in some Vitis species. Vitis labrusca cultivars or genotypes, Vitis vinifera cultivars, interspecies hybrids, and a Vitis rotundifolia cultivar's healthy and infected leaves were examined. The contents of healthy material and of samples of plant material infected with both microorganisms (Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr and Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Berl & De Toni) were determined. In general, the content of all compounds, except rutin hydrate, increased in infected leaves. After infection with powdery mildew, the increase was particularly significant. The total phenolic content rose after infection but varied with the cultivar and species. The highest antioxidant activity (598.96 mu M TE/100 g) and total phenolic levels (2248.27 mg GAE/100 g) were identified in V. vinifera 'Italia', which is known to be sensitive to fungal diseases. On the other hand, the highest levels of gallic acid (9.26 mg/100 g) were identified in V. rotundifolia 'Sugargate', which is known to be resistant to fungal diseases. The highest levels of rutin hydrate (60.44 mg/100 g) were identified in V. vinifera 'Red Globe'. There was a significant positive correlation between total phenolics and total antioxidant after both diseases (0.7556-0.6904). Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [113O641] The authors are grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, project number 113O641) for funding.

The Black Sea region of Turkey receives an annual rainfall of 2000-2500 mm and viticulture in the region depends on the rainfall limits significantly. In this study, the resistance of eighty different Vitis species and cultivars/genotypes to downy and powdery mildew was assessed using Marker Assisted Selection coupled with inoculation observations. Six Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and one Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers were developed for different resistance loci (Run1, Rpv1, Ren1, Rpv3, Ren3) from different Vitis genetic resources. Eight of the cultivars/genotypes were characterised as resistant to downy mildew, seven were resistant to powdery mildew, and four were resistant to both diseases. These results, taken together with the disease inoculation observations, revealed ‘Köfteci Üzümü’ (Vitis labrusca) and ‘Giresun 3’ (Vitis labrusca) were the most resistant cultivars/genotypes.

This paper reports the susceptibility to powdery mildew of 41 grapevine genotypes growing in the north and northwest of Spain over a three-year period. Although the humid climate of these vine-growing areas is not particularly favourable to the development of this disease, serious damages appears in some years when dry weather alternates with times of some rain. All the examined genotypes belonged to the collection of the Mision Biologica de Galicia (CSIC) (Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain). The incidence and severity of powdery mildew were determined on leaves three weeks after the onset of flowering and on clusters at harvest. The values for both variables were smaller than those recorded for other fungal diseases, although great differences in susceptibility between the different genotypes were observed. The most susceptible was Castanal (recently included in the Spanish Registry of Commercial Varieties), a genotype native to the O Rosal subzone of the Rias Baixas denomination of origin area. The present results could help viticulturalists grow different grapevine genotypes more successfully in regions with climatic conditions similar to those where the study was undertaken.

Total world kiwifruit production outside China is currently 1,412,455 t, the total planted area is 98,656 ha, and the production area is increasing each year (FAO, 2012). Cultivation of kiwifruit started in Europe in the 1960s. Towards the end of last century, kiwifruit were introduced to Turkey by the AtatA¼rk Central Horticultural Research Institute in Yalova. Since then, each year has seen increasing interest. Today, Turkey, in terms of kiwifruit plantings, is amongst the more important producers. But productivity is low as most orchards in Turkey are still young; total yields will increase rapidly in the next few years. Commercial orchards are generally A. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ and cultivation of other species or cultivars is very limited. Especially in the northern part of Turkey, climatic conditions are suitable for kiwifruit. The two most common support systems are the T-bar and the pergola and these are used, with some modifications. Psa (Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae) is so far not a serious problem in Turkey but root rots and water-logging problems in heavy soils are very common, so ridge planting is widely used. Frost protection in the form of fogging is also beginning to be used at higher altitudes. In contrast to New Zealand, irrigation of kiwifruit in Turkey is essential and is commonly done by mini-sprinkler systems in the Marmara and the Central Black Sea Regions. In the past, there was little irrigation of orchards in the Eastern Black Sea Region, but more recently irrigation systems have been installed. Consumption of fresh kiwifruit is likely to increase as the Turkish kiwifruit industry develops. Kiwifruit producers in Turkey are organized into small producer associations. However, these have not yet combined to form a national association. Such a combined national organization would make it much easier to solve problems of production, storage, packaging and marketing of Turkish kiwifruit. Kiwifruit research in Turkey first began in the 1990s at the Yalova AtatA¼rk Horticultural Central Research Institute. The number of kiwifruit-related research programmes is increasing each year. The studies so far have concentrated on rooting of cuttings, climate change-adaptation, packaging, cold storage and fruit quality issues.

Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of pulp, seed and skin of 22 grape varieties (7 white and 15 red) grown in the Marmara region of Turkey were determined (common, registered or candidate cultivars). The total phenolic contents of grape pulp, seed and skin parts ranged from 9.26 to 62.29, from 162.29 to 326.18 and from 96.61 to 167.42 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh weight, respectively. Seasonal changes were noticeable in the total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of different grape parts. The antioxidant activity of grape seeds of registered or candidate cultivars was the highest, followed by skins and pulps. The antioxidant activities of grape skins were higher in red varieties than in white varieties. The results indicated that registered and candidate red or white grape cultivars may have high amounts of phenolics and possess a superior antioxidant activity in comparison to popular cultivars, such as Bilecik Irikarasi, Hamburg Misketi, Alfons and Isabella. Practical Applications Grapes are an important commercial commodity because they can be consumed fresh or processed into many food products such as juice, jams, raisins and wine. Chemical properties of grapevines are one of the most important factors that determine the industrial use of grape berries. A great deal of diverse phenolic compounds is located in the skins, pulp and seeds of grapes. The antioxidant activity of different parts of grapes has been studied in popular and hybrid varieties; however, studies should also be continued on hybrid varieties to determine better grape berries with high antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Berries with better quality in terms of antioxidant activity may present great potential for the food industry as well as health-conscious consumers.

Clonal selection is an important tool for grapevine genetic improvement and high-quality production. Clonal selection has been carried out for 70 yr in Turkey and is being continued with different grape cultivars and rootstocks. In this study, 16 clones belonging to nine grape cultivars were selected by the Ataturk Central Horticultural Research Institute for study over 3 yr. Vines were characterised using standard ampelographic descriptors and the data obtained were transformed into numerical scores for analysis of genetic similarity. Although all the clones studied could be uniquely identified, there was much less variation between clones of a particular cultivar than there was between cultivars.

Akgul, Davut Soner/0000-0002-9990-4194; AKGUL, Davut Soner/0000-0002-9990-4194; CELIK, HUSEYIN -/0000-0003-1403-7464; SOYLEMEZOGLU, GOKHAN/0000-0002-7959-0407; ATAK, Arif/0000-0001-7251-2417 WOS: 000408766100003 Turkey has a very old history of viticulture and also homeland of the grapevine (Vitis spp.). Vitis cultivars belonging to different species are grown in almost every region in the country. However, particularly downy mildew and powdery mildew diseases affect the cultivars belonging to Vitis vinifera. In northern of Turkey Vitis labrusca and hybrids between V. vinifera and V. labrusca are rather common. V. labrusca cultivars or genotypes exhibit generally higher degree of resistance than V. vinifera cultivars. However, resistance level can vary from cultivar to cultivar and even from clone to clone within one cultivar. In this study, different Vitis hybrids and genotypes which exhibit different downy and powdery mildew susceptibility are compared for two years. Especially some V. labrusca hybrids and genotypes appeared resistance for both diseases. On the other hand, interspecific crosses and V. vinifera cultivars were found to be more susceptible. Using resistant lines as parent in later breeding activities, it could be possible grow high quality table cultivars with much fewer pesticide applications or possibly without them. National Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [113O641] This research was funded by the National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Grant No. 113O641).

Different grape cultivars of Vitis species have been cultivated in Turkey since ancient times. A large proportion of these cultivars cannot be cultivated in the humid regions of the country due to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and powdery mildew (Uncinula necator or syn. Erysiphe necator) diseases. Cultivars resistant to these diseases can generally grow without any or fewer fungicide applications. However, there are also differences in the resistance level of cultivars. In particular, Vitis vinifera cultivars, the most widely cultured species, are most affected by these diseases. Thirteen V. vinifera cultivars, eight V. labrusca cultivars and six interspecific cultivars were used in this study, for a total of 27 cultivars. The resistance of cultivars against downy mildew and powdery mildew was determined over two years with natural infection and artificial inoculation applications. Generally, all cultivars showed more resistance to downy mildew, while they also showed lower resistance to powdery mildew. The evaluation based on species found V. vinifera to be the most sensitive. While interspecific cultivars were found to be most resistant to downy mildew, V. labrusca cultivars were the most resistant to powdery mildew. Among cultivars of the same species, however, differences in terms of resistance were observed. These differences can be used in breeding studies in order to obtain new, disease-resistant cultivars, which may be grown commercially to comply with good agricultural practices (GAP) or organic viticulture in the future.

Üzüm sofralık olarak en fazla talep gören meyvelerden biridir. Bu durum sofralık üzümlerin kalite özelliklerinin önemini artırmaktadır. Bu araştırmada Yalova Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü ve Tekirdağ Bağcılık Araştırma Enstitüsü tarafından seçilen toplam 23 melez üzümün bazı kalite özellikleri 2008 ve 2009 yıllarında iki farklı hasat zamanında incelenmiştir. 23 melez üzüm ıslah çalışmaları sonucunda çeşit adayı olarak seçilmiştir. Çalışmada çeşit adaylarının 2 yıl süre ile 10 farklı ürün özelliği Yalova koşullarında incelenerek ortaya konmuştur. 23 çeşit adayı tane eni, tane boyu, 100 tane ağırlığı, suda çözünür kuru madde (SÇKM), pH değeri, şıradaki titre edilebilir asitlik, olgunluk indisi, degüstasyon puanlaması ve tane rengi yönünden incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler neticesinde; Yalova çeşit adaylarından 91/3 (Pembe 77) ve Tekirdağ çeşit adaylarından 15/A-61 ön plana çıktı. 91/3 (Pembe 77) pembe renkli, kendine has aromalı ve çekirdeklidir. 15/A-61 ise sarı-yeşil renkli, misket aromalı ve çekirdeksiz yapıdadır. Bu çeşit adayları için tescile başvurulmuş olup halen tescil işlemleri devam etmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda tescil öncesi üzüm çeşit adaylarının bazı kalite özellikleri belirlenerek sofralık potansiyelleri ortaya konmuştur.

Table grape consumption is increasing day by day all around the world. New varieties are derived from breeding programs in different countries around the world. Breeding programs in particular are shaped in accordance with the demands of consumers. Especially in recent years, the demands increased for cultivars of table grapes with large berry and maturation at different times, in Turkey as well as in the world market. Also, new cultivars which are tolerant to fungal diseases, late-season and can be stored for a long time had much demand in recent years. For this purpose, new table grapes with these characteristics have been developed by Yalova Ataturk from Central Horticultural Research Institute. Especially in the last few years, the numbers of new cultivars of a total of 12 varieties have been registered. Atak 77, Pembe 77, Ismetbey, Arifbey, Samanci cekirdeksizi, and Yalova Beyazitable grapes cultivars have been registered in the last few years among the new cultivars. Each one of them is different from the standard cultivars and has been registered with superior properties. Most of these cultivars need less pesticide application in high humidity areas and can be grown successfully. These new cultivars were tested in different ecology and determined suitable regions. These new table grape varieties started to be grown in different part of Turkey nowadays.

23 hybrids were selected as potential cultivar candidates due to their superior characteristics and were created at the Ataturk Horticultural Central Research Institute (AHCRI) or the TekirdaAŸ Viticulture Research Institute (TVRI). In this study, the ampelographic and molecular characteristics of 23 grapevine hybrids created in two different breeding studies were determined. Ampelographic data were collected during two vegetation periods in Yalova, Turkey. Total of 68 ampelographic characteristics were identified for 23 hybrids. Polymerasechain reaction (PCR) - based microsatellite technique was used to analyse 23 hybrids and 2 standard varieties. The genetic relationships were defined with 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and genetic similarity indices, principal component analysis graphs and phylogenetic relationship dendrograms were produced depending on the hybrid and SSR marker size of the allele which ranged from 88 to 294 bp. Additionally, ampelographic and molecular scores were evaluated together. After evaluation of molecular and ampelographic data together, similarity ratio was increased and ampelographic characterisation was dominated by molecular characterization. It may be related using more ampelographic characters in the study. Variety candidates which were obtained from different Institutes were characterized and taken under protection with this study. The information in the obtained database can be used for cultivar identification, parentage analysis, and legal protection. Also, some ampelographic characterization results will be used in determining the priority of registration. Key words: Ampelography, characterization, hybrids, simple sequence repeat (SSR), Vitis vinifera L.

Üzüm sofralık olarak en fazla talep gören meyvelerden biridir. Bu durum sofralık üzümlerin kalite özelliklerinin önemini artırmaktadır. Bu araştırmada Yalova Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü ve Tekirdağ Bağcılık Araştırma Enstitüsü tarafından seçilen toplam 23 melez üzümün bazı kalite özellikleri 2008 ve 2009 yıllarında iki farklı hasat zamanında incelenmiştir. 23 melez üzüm ıslah çalışmaları sonucunda çeşit adayı olarak seçilmiştir. Çalışmada çeşit adaylarının 2 yıl süre ile 10 farklı ürün özelliği Yalova koşullarında incelenerek ortaya konmuştur. 23 çeşit adayı tane eni, tane boyu, 100 tane ağırlığı, suda çözünür kuru madde (SÇKM), pH değeri, şıradaki titre edilebilir asitlik, olgunluk indisi, degüstasyon puanlaması ve tane rengi yönünden incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler neticesinde; Yalova çeşit adaylarından 91/3 (Pembe 77) ve Tekirdağ çeşit adaylarından 15/A-61 ön plana çıktı. 91/3 (Pembe 77) pembe renkli, kendine has aromalı ve çekirdeklidir. 15/A-61 ise sarı-yeşil renkli, misket aromalı ve çekirdeksiz yapıdadır. Bu çeşit adayları için tescile başvurulmuş olup halen tescil işlemleri devam etmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda tescil öncesi üzüm çeşit adaylarının bazı kalite özellikleri belirlenerek sofralık potansiyelleri ortaya konmuştur., Table grapes takes place among the most consumed fruit. This situation increases the importance of quality characteristics of table grapes. In this study, we examined the grape hybrids selected by Tekirdağ Viticulture Research Institute (TVRI) and Yalova Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute (YACHRI) some quality characteristics during the two different harvesting times in 2008 and 2009. As a result of the breeding studies were selected 23 grape hybrids as candidate variety. 10 differentkinds of quality properties were investigated in Yalova conditions. 23 grape varieties candidate berry size, berry width, 100 berry weight, total soluble solids, total acidity, total sugar, pH, maturity index, degustation scoring and berry color were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, 91/3 (Pembe 77) candidate of YAHCRI and 15/A-61 candidate of TVRI have come into prominence. The candidate of 91/3 (Pembe 77) has its own flavor, seeded, and pink berry. On the other hand 15/A-61 has yellow-green color, Muscat flavor, and seedless. For these candidates applied for the registration and still continues to registration procedures. As a result of study, before registration some grape candidates were determined quality characteristics and potentials of table