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The significant increase in social media usage has contributed to the rise in cyberbullying incidents, particularly in the context of multilingual language use. This study aims to conduct sentiment analysis to detect potential cyberbullying content on the X application using a bilingual approach (Indonesian and English) and leveraging the Naive Bayes (NB) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms. Tweets are collected and processed through a pre-processing stage to extract relevant features for sentiment analysis. Both algorithms are then applied to classify tweets into positive, negative, or neutral categories and identify indications of cyberbullying. The results of the trials indicate that the NB algorithm outperformed SVM, achieving an accuracy rate of 87%. Furthermore, in identifying cyberbullying patterns in bilingual text, NB reached the highest accuracy rate for the Indonesian language at 87%. These findings suggest that this study can serve as a reference for developing more accurate and responsive cyberbullying detection systems on bilingual social media platforms.

ShopeeFood was launched in April 2020. However, since its initial release, traffic to ShopeeFood services did not immediately perform well, as the platform had to compete with major players like GoFood and GrabFood, which are already well-known among the public. Numerous negative customer reviews about ShopeeFood indicate that customer satisfaction with the company's performance remains low. To measure the level of customer satisfaction, this study employed the E-Service Quality (E-Servqual) and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) methods. The results of the study show that, on average, the seven dimensions of E-Servqual measured exhibit a gap, with the average gap being negative. The highest gap was found in the "Responsiveness" dimension (-0.32), while the lowest gap was in the "Efficiency" dimension (-0.01). These findings indicate a discrepancy between customer expectations and satisfaction, suggesting that ShopeeFood's services are perceived as less satisfactory by its users. Data analysis revealed that the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) matrix for ShopeeFood's service quality highlights several attributes as top priorities for improvement. These attributes, identified through the Cartesian diagram of the Importance-Performance Analysis, fall under Quadrant I, specifically R11, RE16, and C19.

Mobile X is a digital innovation in banking transactions, combining mobile banking, internet banking, and e-money functions into a single platform. However, Mobile X faces several usage challenges that lead to user dissatisfaction. Therefore, an analysis of user satisfaction is essential to improve customer loyalty. The End-User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) methods are evaluation tools used to measure user satisfaction with an application system. This study employed a quantitative approach by distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents, determined using the Lameshow equation. The research model was analyzed through demographic analysis and model analysis using PLS-SEM, resulting in both internal and external models. The findings revealed that three hypotheses were accepted: the content variable (p-value = 0.495), the perceived usefulness variable (p-value = 0.007), and the timeliness variable (p-value = 0.001). Meanwhile, three hypotheses were rejected: the accuracy variable (p-value = 0.734), the content variable (p-value = 0.495), and the format variable (p-value = 0.184). Additionally, three user satisfaction factors were found to be significant for the accepted variables, indicating that meeting user expectations, perceived usefulness, information quality, and timeliness positively contribute to user satisfaction. This demonstrates that these factors effectively address user needs and enhance overall satisfaction with the Mobile X application.

One of the e-Government applications that has been implemented at the Pekanbaru City Statistics and Information Communication Service is the Pekanbaru Application in Your Hand. This application has been running for approximately 2 years since it was launched on September 2, 2021 and has not undergone any assessment using specific standard methodologies to gauge end-user satisfaction levels. The purpose of this research is to assess the user-friendliness of the Pekanbaru In Hands Application website through the utilization of the System Usability Scale (SUS) method. The SUS method, known for its validity and reliability, offers a straightforward application. It comprises ten questions formulated by John Brooke, and the outcomes are presented as scores ranging from 0 to 100.. The 65 respondents consisted of ASN and non-ASN employees from the Pekanbaru City Communications, Statistics and Informatics Service. The result obtained from the SUS calculation is 59, for the adjective assessment category including ok, with a scale value of F, and including marginally low for the acceptability range category where the application can be accepted but the level of acceptance is still low. This indicates that enhancements are required for the application to achieve a higher acceptance rate. This research produces 4 suggestions for enhancing solutions, serving as valuable references in forthcoming application development.

Penelitian ini diawali dengan kebutuhan masyarakat yang banyak terhadap kebutuhan kemampuan peserta didik memiliki karakter. Beranjak dari masalah di atas SMA Muhammadiyah Cipanas tertarik untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut dengan melaksanakan program implementasi pengembangan keberagamaan peserta didik dengan pembiasaan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif partisipatoris. berdasarkan hasil wawancara dan observasi yang dilakukan oleh peneliti di simpulkan bahwa dengan dilaksanakannya pembiasaan di SMA Muhammadiyah Cipanas dapat meningkatkan intensitas peserta didik dan berimplikasi pada meningkatnya karakter yang baik padapeserta didik melalaui kegiatan; Kantin (Kajian Tentang Islam), Metal (Mengkaji Tajwid Al-Quran), Sholat dhuha, Membaca al-Qur’an sebelum memulai pelajaran, Berlatih infaq setiap hari, Shalat dzuhur berjamaah dan IMMA (Intensitas Membaca Menulis al-Qur’an). Saran dari penelitian di harapkan sekolah bisa lebih memaksimalkan kegiatan dan menambahkan program keagamaan yang berkaitan dengan karakter.

This community service aims to solve the problems faced by the Mina Bahari 45 group related to the quality and production capacity to support product marketing. The activities done were to carry out the appropriate technology transfer activities and the strengthening of marketing that is strengthening the quality and capacity of processed products based on sea fisheries, strengthening production management; renovation and re-lay out the product display. The results of community service related to strengthening production management are the selection and handling of raw materials, processing and packaging. Operationalization of automatic cracker frying Machine and industrial scale steamer as well as renovation and re-lay out display place to support off-line marketing in Depok Beach. The use of appropriate technology can increase production capacity at least by 15% and improve the quality of products produced that include texture, shape and color and the availability of a product display space that is safe for products, attractive and adequate.

The purpose of this study is to examine various defects in the welding joint works from the participants of Vocational High School students’ skills competition in Yogyakarta area for welding field. This study can be categorized as a qualitative descriptive study. The data collection method was using documentation. The data was analyzed using descriptive qualitative technique. The results showed that in the preparation, the students were lack of understanding and knowledge in determining the welding requirements, the welding current, the type of electrodes SMAW. In the welding process, some participants did not fulfil the welding procedure during the welding process such as mistakes in setting up the SMAW machine, setting the welding current properly, selecting an electrode based on the type and thickness of the workpiece, and mistakes in the process of fit up. In the post-welding process, there were a few mistakes such as the grinding process to clean weld spatter that damaged the ridge.

The objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the implementation of the curriculum (2) to examine the condition of the equipment used in Oxy-Acetylene Welding (OAW) practices 3) to identify problems experienced by the students and the lecturers (4) to determine the students’achievement of OAW practices. This study was categorised into descriptive quantitative. It was explorative with the Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP) evaluation method. The objects of this study were the students in the course of OAW practices. The data collection techniques were documentation, observation and questionnaires administration. The data was analysed using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the implementation of the OAW practices curriculum was very effective with the mean scores of 93.4%. The problems experienced by the students were resulted from the materials, the equipment, the lecturers, the toolman, the workshop environment, and the jobsheets. Each of them contributed fairly to the problems. The problems consist of low motivation, low safety concerns, inadequate rooms, inadequate equipment and low quantity of practices. The students learning achievement was very good indicated by 60% of the students achieved the good score

Pengendalian kualitas merupakan salah satu hal yang penting untuk mempertahankan reputasi perusahaan di mata konsumen. PT. Asaputex Jaya adalah perusahaan textil yang bergerak dalam bidang sarung tenun. Pada saat ini cacat produk yang terjadi pada perusahaan masih ada yang diluar dari ketentuan batas perusahaan yaitu diatas angka persentase yang telah ditetapkan oleh perusahaan yaitu sebesar 2%. Sehingga perusahaan segera melakukan perbaikan agar tidak terjadi waste yang merugikan perusahaan. Dengan adanya pengendalian kualitas secara baik dan benar, maka akan diperoleh produk yang dapat memenuhi keinginan konsumen. Salah satu tool yang digunakan untuk membantu pengendalian kualitas adalah menggunakan metode Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Penggunaan FMEA mampu mengidentifikasi resiko kegagalan yang terjadi selama proses produksi pada pembuatan sarung tenun. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa moda kegagalan yang menyebabkan cacat produk dengan menggunakan metode FMEA, mendapatkan resiko kegagalan proses produksi terbesar dalam nilai RPN (Risk Priority Number), memberikan usulan perbaikan untuk produksi selanjutnya. Berdasarkan pengolahan dengan metode FMEA dapat mengidentifikasi moda kegagalan yang terjadi pada proses pembuatan sarung tenun. Moda kegagalan potensial pada proses pembuatan sarung tenun dengan alat tenun mesin (ATM) pada PT. Asaputex Jaya terdiri dari 14 jenis kegagalan. Kata Kunci : kualitas; alat tenun mesin; failure mode and effect analysis; risk priority number Abstract Quality control is one of the things that are important to maintain the company's reputation in the eyes of consumers. PT. Asaputex Jaya is a company engaged in the field of textile woven sarongs. At this time the product defect that occurs in companies that still exist outside the corporate limits of the provisions of the above percentage figures set by the company which is 2%. So the company immediately repairs to prevent harmful waste. With the quality control is good and true, it will obtain the products that can meet customer demand. One of the tools used to help control quality is to use the method of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). The use of FMEA is able to identify the risk of failure that occurs during the production process in the manufacture of woven sarongs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the failure modes that cause defective product using the FMEA method, get the biggest risk of failure of the production process in the value of the RPN (Risk Priority Number), and provide suggestions for improvement to the next production. Based on the processing of the FMEA method can identify failure modes that occur in the process of making woven sarongs. Potential failure modes in the process of making sarong with alat tenun mesin (ATM) at PT. Asaputex Jaya consist of 14 types of failures. Keywords: quality; alat tenun mesin; failure mode and effect analysis; risk priority number

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapat gambaran (1) pemahaman guru tentang KTSP, (2) upaya inovasi pembelajaran oleh guru dalam menerapkan KTSP, (3) hambatan guru dalam menerapkan pembelajaran sesuai tuntutan penerapan KTSP dan upaya mengatasinya. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian survey yang dilakukan terhadap guru-guru SMK Negeri di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta . Populasi penelitian ini adalah guru produktif SMK Negeri Kelompok Teknologi Industri di DIY. Sampel diambil dengan teknik proporsional random sampling dengan mempertimbangkan jenis SMK. Metode pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan angket. Data dianalisis dengan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa (1) sebanyak 8,33% responden berada pada kategori sangat baik dalam penerapan KTSP; 41,67% responden berada pada kategori baik; 47,22% responden berada pada kategori sedang dan sisanya sebesar 2,78% berada pada kategori rendah, (2) Upaya inovasi pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan tuntutan KTSP guru-guru SMK telah menerapkan prinsip-prinsip pembelajaran konstruktivisme, pembelajaran kontekstual (Contextual Teaching and Learning), pembelajaran berbantuan media dan holistic assessment walaupun belum secara menyeluruh dan lengkap dan (3) Hambatan utama yang dirasakan guru dalam implementasi KTSP adalah fasilitas yang terbatas dan sosialisasi KTSP kepada guru yang belum optimal serta sumber informasi KTSP yang masih kurang.

Ginger, a fresh rhizome, an economically important spice with extensive nutraceutical activities finds itself in vegetable and therapeutic market. Aflatoxins (AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 and AFG 2 ) along with ochratoxin A (OTA) are the most significant and the most toxic form of mycotoxins which are produced by various fungi. This study was initiated to assess the contamination of AFs and OTA in raw and dried ginger products, collected from different agro-climatic zones in Punjab, Pakistan employing the high performance liquid chromatography. We found all (raw ginger samples commercial ginger powders) samples contaminated with AFB 1 (range: 29.88-1060.12 μg/kg). AFB 2 contamination was much lower (range: 0-17.54 μg/kg). Variable contamination of AFG 1 was also observed (range: 0-170.58 μg/kg) whereas AFG 2 contamination was found in only three (range: 0-21.88 μg/kg) out of 19 raw ginger samples. OTA contamination ranged from 0.05 to 3.42 μg/kg. Ginger samples from lower altitudes (<1000 m) were more contaminated with AFB 1 sub type mycotoxin. Keeping in view that the toxicity of AFs is in the order of B 1 >G 1 > B 2 >G 2 , it was alarming to find that 100% of the samples were contaminated with AFB 1 way beyond the permissible limits. Our very first report about the contamination of ginger with AFs presents a grave health issue because of wide use of ginger. We conclude that ginger production in Pakistan needs to be carefully crafted and due diligence is needed during ginger cultivation, harvest and post-harvest operations because the amount of aflatoxins detected in this study are very much above the permissible limits. In this regard, ginger storage in cooler environments such as refrigerator should be encouraged to contain the AFs proliferation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A number of consequences of climate change, notably salinity, put global food security at risk by impacting the development and production of lentils. Salinity-induced stress alters lentil genetics, resulting in severe developmental issues and eventual phenotypic damage. Lentils have evolved sophisticated signaling networks to combat salinity stress. Lentil genomics and transcriptomics have discovered key genes and pathways that play an important role in mitigating salinity stress. The development of saline-smart cultivars can be further revolutionized by implementing proteomics, metabolomics, miRNAomics, epigenomics, phenomics, ionomics, machine learning, and speed breeding approaches. All these cutting-edge approaches represent a viable path toward creating saline-tolerant lentil cultivars that can withstand climate change and meet the growing demand for high-quality food worldwide. The review emphasizes the gaps that must be filled for future food security in a changing climate while also highlighting the significant discoveries and insights made possible by omics and other state-of-the-art biotechnological techniques.

Genetic enhancement of grain production and quality is a priority in wheat breeding projects. In this study, we assessed two key agronomic traits-grain protein content (GPC) and thousand kernel weight (TKW)-across 179 Bulgarian contemporary and historic varieties and landraces across three growing seasons. Significant phenotypic variation existed for both traits among genotypes and seasons, and no discernible difference was evident between the old and modern accessions. To understand the genetic basis of the traits, we conducted a genome-wide association study with MLM using phenotypic data from the crop seasons, best linear unbiased estimators, and genotypic data from the 25K Infinium iSelect array. As a result, we detected 16 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with GPC and 15 associated with TKW, all of which passed the false discovery rate threshold. Seven loci favorably influenced GPC, resulting in an increase of 1.4% to 8.1%, while four loci had a positive impact on TKW with increases ranging from 1.9% to 8.4%. While some loci confirmed previously published associations, four QTNs linked to GPC on chromosomes 2A, 7A, and 7B, as well as two QTNs related to TKW on chromosomes 1B and 6A, may represent novel associations. Annotations for proteins involved in the senescence-associated nutrient remobilization and in the following buildup of resources required for seed germination have been found for selected putative candidate genes. These include genes coding for storage proteins, cysteine proteases, cellulose-synthase, alpha-amylase, transcriptional regulators, and F-box and RWP-RK family proteins. Our findings highlight promising genomic regions for targeted breeding programs aimed at improving grain yield and protein content.

Effective identification and usage of genetic variation are prerequisites for developing nutrient-efficient cultivars. A collection of 94 safflower (Carthamus tinctorius ) genotypes (G) was investigated for important morphological and photosynthetic traits at four nitrogen (N) treatments. We found significant variation for all the studied traits except chlorophyll b (chl b ) among safflower genotypes, nitrogen treatments and G×N interaction. The examined traits showed a 2.82-50.00% increase in response to N application. Biological yield (BY) reflected a significantly positive correlation with fresh shoot weight (FSW), root length (RL), fresh root weight (FRW) and number of leaves (NOL), while a significantly positive correlation was also observed among carotenoids (C), chlorophyll a (chl a ), chl b and total chlorophyll content (CT) under all treatments. Superior genotypes with respect to plant height (PH), FSW, NOL, RL, FRW and BY were clustered into Group 3, while genotypes with better mean performance regarding chl a , chl b C and CT were clustered into Group 2 as observed in principal component analysis. The identified eight best-performing genotypes could be useful to develop improved nitrogen efficient cultivars. Genome-wide association analysis resulted in 32 marker-trait associations (MTAs) under four treatments. Markers namely DArT-45481731 , DArT-17812864 , DArT-15670279 and DArT-45482737 were found consistent. Protein-protein interaction networks of loci associated with MTAs were related to fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid metabolism and histone modifications.

Background: The narrow genetic diversity of chickpea is a serious impediment to modern cultivar creation. Seed storage proteins (SSPs) are stable and have minimal or no degradation when subjected to isolation and SDS-PAGE., Methods and Results: We have characterized SSPs of 436 chickpea genotypes, belonging to nine annual Cicer species, originated from 47 countries by SDS-PAGE and determined the extent of genetic diversity in chickpea through clustering. Based on scoring, a total of 44 bands (10 to 170 kDa) were identified, which were all polymorphic. The least appeared protein bands were 11, 160 and 170 kDa where band of 11 and 160 kDa was present exclusively in wild type. Five bands were present in < 10% of genotypes. Bands appeared in 200-300 genotypes were suggested less polymorphic, on contrary bands present in 10-150 genotypes were suggested more polymorphic. Polymorphism of protein bands in context to their potential functions reported in literature were explored and suggested that the glubulins were most and glutelins were least abundant, whereas albumins with their known role in stress tolerance can be used as marker in chickpea breeding. Cluster analysis produced 14 clusters, interestingly three clusters contained only Pakistani genotypes and thus Pakistani genotypes appeared as a separate entity from the rest of the genotypes., Conclusion: Our results indicate that SDS-PAGE of SSPs is a powerful technique in determining the genetic diversity plus it is easily adaptable, due to its cost effectiveness in comparison to other genomics tools., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Grain protein content (GPC) is a key aspect of grain quality, a major determinant of the flour functional properties and grain nutritional value of bread wheat. Exploiting diverse germplasms to identify genes for improving crop performance and grain nutritional quality is needed to enhance food security. Here, we evaluated GPC in a panel of 255 Triticum aestivum L. accessions from 27 countries. GPC determined in seeds from three consecutive crop seasons varied from 8.6 to 16.4% (11.3% on average). Significant natural phenotypic variation in GPC among genotypes and seasons was detected. The population was evaluated for the presence of the trait-linked single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers via a genome-wide association study (GWAS). GWAS analysis conducted with calculated best linear unbiased estimates (BLUEs) of phenotypic data and 90 K SNP array using the fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) model identified seven significant genomic regions harboring GPC-associated markers on chromosomes 1D, 3A, 3B, 3D, 4B and 5A, of which those on 3A and 3B shared associated SNPs with at least one crop season. The verified SNP-GPC associations provide new promising genomic signals on 3A (SNPs: Excalibur&#95;c13709&#95;2568 and wsnp&#95;Ku&#95;c7811&#95;13387117 ) and 3B (SNP: BS00062734&#95;51 ) underlying protein improvement in wheat. Based on the linkage disequilibrium for significant SNPs, the most relevant candidate genes within a 4 Mbp-window included genes encoding a subtilisin-like serine protease; amino acid transporters; transcription factors; proteins with post-translational regulatory functions; metabolic proteins involved in the starch, cellulose and fatty acid biosynthesis; protective and structural proteins, and proteins associated with metal ions transport or homeostasis. The availability of molecular markers within or adjacent to the sequences of the detected candidate genes might assist a breeding strategy based on functional markers to improve genetic gains for GPC and nutritional quality in wheat.

Seed longevity is the most important trait in the genebank management system. No seed can remain infinitely viable. There are 1241 accessions of Capsicum annuum L. available at the German Federal ex situ genebank at IPK Gatersleben. C. annuum ( Capsicum ) is the most economically important species of the genus Capsicum . So far, there is no report that has addressed the genetic basis of seed longevity in Capsicum. Here, we convened a total of 1152 Capsicum accessions that were deposited in Gatersleben over forty years (from 1976 to 2017) and assessed their longevity by analyzing the standard germination percentage after 5-40 years of storage at -15/-18 °C. These data were used to determine the genetic causes of seed longevity, along with 23,462 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers covering all of the 12 Capsicum chromosomes. Using the association-mapping approach, we identified a total of 224 marker trait associations (MTAs) (34, 25, 31, 35, 39, 7, 21 and 32 MTAs after 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 30-, 35- and 40-year storage intervals) on all the Capsicum chromosomes. Several candidate genes were identified using the blast analysis of SNPs, and these candidate genes are discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Development of nutrient efficient cultivars depends on effective identification and utilization of genetic variation. We characterized a set of 276 pre-breeding lines (PBLs) for several traits at different levels of nitrogen application. These PBLs originate from synthetic wheats and landraces. We witnessed significant variation in various traits among PBLs to different nitrogen doses. There was ~ 4-18% variation range in different agronomic traits in response to nitrogen application, with the highest variation for the biological yield (BY) and the harvest index. Among various agronomic traits measured, plant height, tiller number, and BY showed a positive correlation with nitrogen applications. GWAS analysis detected 182 marker-trait associations (MTAs) (at p-value < 0.001), out of which 8 MTAs on chromosomes 5D, 4A, 6A, 1B, and 5B explained more than 10% phenotypic variance. Out of all, 40 MTAs observed for differential nitrogen application response were contributed by the synthetic derivatives. Moreover, 20 PBLs exhibited significantly higher grain yield than checks and can be selected as potential donors for improved plant nitrogen use efficiency (pNUE)., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

High salinity levels affect 20% of the cultivated area and 9%-34% of the irrigated agricultural land worldwide, ultimately leading to yield losses of crops. The current study evaluated seven salt tolerance-related traits at the seedling stage in a set of 138 pre-breeding lines (PBLs) and identified 63 highly significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) linked to salt tolerance. Different candidate genes were identified in in silico analysis, many of which were involved in various stress conditions in plants, including glycine-rich cell wall structural protein 1-like, metacaspase-1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GAPA1, and plastidial GAPA1. Some of these genes coded for structural protein and participated in cell wall structure, some were linked to programmed cell death, and others were reported to show abiotic stress response roles in wheat and other plants. In addition, using the Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI) protocol, the best-performing lines under salt stress were identified. The SNPs identified in this study and the genotypes with favorable alleles provide an excellent source to impart salt tolerance in wheat., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Akram, Ghaffar, Wadood, Shokat, Hameed, Waheed and Arif.)

Yellow (YR) and leaf (LR) rusts caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and Puccinia triticina , respectively, are of utmost importance to wheat producers because of their qualitative and quantitative effect on yield. The search for new loci resistant to both rusts is an ongoing challenge faced by plant breeders and pathologists. Our investigation was conducted on a subset of 168 pre-breeding lines (PBLs) to identify the resistant germplasm against the prevalent local races of LR and YR under field conditions followed by its genetic mapping. Our analysis revealed a range of phenotypic responses towards both rusts. We identified 28 wheat lines with immune response and 85 resistant wheat genotypes against LR, whereas there were only eight immune and 52 resistant genotypes against YR. A GWAS (genome-wide association study) identified 190 marker-trait associations (MTAs), where 120 were specific to LR and 70 were specific to YR. These MTAs were confined to 86 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), where 50 QTLs carried MTAs associated with only LR, 29 QTLs carried MTAs associated with YR, and seven QTLs carried MTAs associated with both LR and YR. Possible candidate genes at the site of these QTLs are discussed. Overall, 70 PBLs carried all seven LR/YR QTLs. Furthermore, there were five PBLs with less than five scores for both LR and YR carrying positive alleles of all seven YR/LR QTLs, which are fit to be included in a breeding program for rust resistance induction.

The size, shape, and color of wheat seeds are important traits that are associated with yield and flour quality (size, shape), nutritional value, and pre-harvest sprouting (coat color). These traits are under multigenic control, and to dissect their molecular and genetic basis, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis is used. We evaluated 114 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) in a bi-parental RIL mapping population (the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative, ITMI/MP) grown in 2014 season. We used digital image analysis for seed phenotyping and obtained data for seven traits describing seed size and shape and 48 traits of seed coat color. We identified 212 additive and 34 pairs of epistatic QTLs on all the chromosomes of wheat genome except chromosomes 1A and 5D. Many QTLs were overlapping. We demonstrated that the overlap between QTL regions was low for seed size/shape traits and high for coat color traits. Using the literature and KEGG data, we identified sets of genes in Arabidopsis and rice from the networks controlling seed size and color. Further, we identified 29 and 14 candidate genes for seed size-related loci and for loci associated with seed coat color, respectively.

Seed longevity is the most important trait related to the management of gene banks because it governs the regeneration cycle of seeds. Thus, seed longevity is a quantitative trait. Prior to the discovery of molecular markers, classical genetic studies have been performed to identify the genetic determinants of this trait. Post-2000 saw the use of DNA-based molecular markers and modern biotechnological tools, including RNA sequence (RNA-seq) analysis, to understand the genetic factors determining seed longevity. This review summarizes the most important and relevant genetic studies performed in Arabidopsis (24 reports), rice (25 reports), barley (4 reports), wheat (9 reports), maize (8 reports), soybean (10 reports), tobacco (2 reports), lettuce (1 report) and tomato (3 reports), in chronological order, after discussing some classical studies. The major genes identified and their probable roles, where available, are debated in each case. We conclude by providing information about many different collections of various crops available worldwide for advanced research on seed longevity. Finally, the use of new emerging technologies, including RNA-seq, in seed longevity research is emphasized by providing relevant examples.

Climate change is an undeniable threat to sustainable wheat production in the future as an increased temperature will significantly increase grain loss due to the increased number of generations per season of multivoltine species that are detrimental to plants. Among insects, orange wheat blossom midge (OWBM), yellow wheat blossom midge (YWBM), saddle gall midge (SGM), thrips, and frit fly (FF) are important wheat pests in the European environments, which can be managed by the development of resistant cultivars. This involves the identification, confirmation, and incorporation of insect resistance sources into new high-yielding cultivars. We used two diverse and unrelated wheat [winter wheat (WW) and spring wheat (SW)] panels to associate single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers with the mentioned pests using the tools of association mapping. All in all, a total of 645 and 123 significant associations were detected in WW and SW, respectively, which were confined to 246 quantitative trait loci. Many candidate genes were identified using the BLAST analysis of the sequences of associated SNPs. Some of them are involved in controlling the physical structures of plants such as stomatal immunity and closure, cuticular wax in leaf blade, whereas others are involved in the production of certain enzymes in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed investigation that deals with YWBM, SGM, thrips, and FF resistance genetics using the natural variation in wheat. The reported germplasm is also readily available to breeders across the world that can make rational decisions to breed for the pest resilience of their interest by including the resistant genotypes being reported., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Arif, Waheed, Lohwasser, Shokat, Alqudah, Volkmar and Börner.)

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), is a destructive disease worldwide, reducing wheat yield and quality. To accelerate the improvement of scab tolerance in wheat, we assessed the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative mapping population (ITMI/MP) for Type I and II resistance against a wide population of Argentinean isolates of F. graminearum. We discovered a total of 27 additive QTLs on ten different (2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5B, 5D and 6D) wheat chromosomes for Type I and Type II resistances explaining a maximum of 15.99% variation. Another four and two QTLs for thousand kernel weight in control and for Type II resistance, respectively, involved five different chromosomes (1B, 2D, 6A, 6D and 7D). Furthermore, three, three and five QTLs for kernel weight per spike in control, for Type I resistance and for Type II resistance, correspondingly, involved ten chromosomes (2A, 2D, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 6B, 7A, 7B, 7D). We were also able to detect five and two epistasis pairs of QTLs for Type I and Type II resistance, respectively, in addition to additive QTLs that evidenced that FHB resistance in wheat is controlled by a complex network of additive and epistasis QTLs.

The rise in human population necessitates the use of all available tools to enhance wheat productivity. In this regard, pre-breeding has mobilized novel underutilized genetic variation into breeding programs. However, this germplasm needs to be characterized for its efficient utilization. This investigation was initiated to evaluate the early and late sown wheat pre-breeding germplasm for physiology- and yield-related traits and to associate the mapped SNPs using association mapping approach. Our results indicate that the germplasm performed better in early sowing in comparison to late planting where grain yield (Yd) was found positively correlated with water use efficiency (WUE), heading time, and chlorophyll contents (Chl). We discovered a total of 210 associations involving 155 SNPs. Taking into consideration either early or late sowing and the mean values, only 12 marker traits were associated with trait germination, plant height, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, Chl, carotenoids, and Yd. Our correlations and mapping results indicate that higher WUE along with Chl can be targeted as indirect physiological markers to enhance wheat yield., (© 2021. Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan.)

The continuous increase in global population prompts increased wheat production. Future wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding will heavily rely on dissecting molecular and genetic bases of wheat yield and related traits which is possible through the discovery of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in constructed populations, such as recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Here, we present an evaluation of 92 RILs in a bi-parental RIL mapping population (the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative Mapping Population [ITMI/MP]) using newly generated phenotypic data in 3-year experiments (2015), older phenotypic data (1997-2009), and newly created single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker data based on 92 of the original RILs to search for novel and stable QTLs. Our analyses of more than 15 unique traits observed in multiple experiments included analyses of 46 traits in three environments in the USA, 69 traits in eight environments in Germany, 149 traits in 10 environments in Russia, and 28 traits in four environments in India (292 traits in 25 environments) with 7584 SNPs (292 × 7584 = 2 214 528 data points). A total of 874 QTLs were detected with limit of detection (LOD) scores of 2.01-3.0 and 432 QTLs were detected with LOD > 3.0. Moreover, 769 QTLs could be assigned to 183 clusters based on the common markers and relative proximity of related QTLs, indicating gene-rich regions throughout the A, B, and D genomes of common wheat. This upgraded genotype-phenotype information of ITMI/MP can assist breeders and geneticists who can make crosses with suitable RILs to improve or investigate traits of interest., (© 2021 Society for Experimental Biology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The effective utilization of natural variation has become essential in addressing the challenges that climate change and population growth pose to global food security. Currently adopted protracted approaches to introgress exotic alleles into elite cultivars need substantial transformation. Here, through a strategic three-way crossing scheme among diverse exotics and the best historical elites (exotic/elite1//elite2), 2,867 pre-breeding lines were developed, genotyped and screened for multiple agronomic traits in four mega-environments. A meta-genome-wide association study, selective sweeps and haplotype-block-based analyses unveiled selection footprints in the genomes of pre-breeding lines as well as exotic-specific associations with agronomic traits. A simulation with a neutrality assumption demonstrated that many pre-breeding lines had significant exotic contributions despite substantial selection bias towards elite genomes. National breeding programmes worldwide have adopted 95 lines for germplasm enhancement, and 7 additional lines are being advanced in varietal release trials. This study presents a great leap forwards in the mobilization of GenBank variation to the breeding pipelines., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Wheat is a foremost food grain of Pakistan and occupies a vital position in agricultural policies of the country. Wheat demand will be increased by 60% by 2050 which is a serious concern to meet this demand. Conventional breeding approaches are not enough to meet the demand of growing human population. It is paramount to integrate underutilized genetic diversity into wheat gene pool through efficient and accurate breeding tools and technology. In this study, we present the genetic analysis of a 312 diverse pre-breeding lines using DArT-seq SNPs seeking to elucidate the genetic components of emergence percentage, heading time, plant height, lodging, thousand kernel weight, and yield (Yd) which resulted in detection of 201 significant (p value < 10 -3 ) and 61 highly significant associations (p value < 1.45 × 10 -4 ). More importantly, chromosomes 1B and 2A carried loci linked to Yd in two different seasons, and an increase of up to 8.20% is possible in Yd by positive allele mining. We identified seven lines with > 4 positive alleles for Yd whose pedigree carried Aegilops squarrosa as one of the parents providing evidence that Aegilops species, apart from imparting resistance against biotic stresses, may also provide alleles for yield enhancement.

Yield losses because of cereal cyst nematodes could be as high as 92%, causing a bottleneck for wheat production. An integrated approach (application of pesticides, crop rotation, and use of host resistance) is needed to manage this devastating pathogen where resistant cultivars are considered most effective. This necessitates the identification of nematode-resistant sources in the available germplasm. Here, we report on the genetic mapping of nematode resistance in 255 diverse prebreeding lines (PBLs) employing an association mapping strategy. Altogether, seven additive quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 2B, 2D, 3A, 6B, and 6D explaining a maximum of 9.42% phenotypic variation where at least five QTL (on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 6B, and 6D) are located on the same chromosomes that harbor the already known nematode resistance genes. Resistant PBLs carried Aegilops squarrosa (436) in their pedigree which could be the possible source of positive alleles. To add to it, better yield performance of the identified nematode-resistant lines under stress conditions indicates that the germplasm can provide both nematode resistance and high-yielding cultivars.

This study was initiated to identify genomic regions conferring resistance to Karnal Bunt (KB) disease in wheat through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on a set of 179 pre-breeding lines (PBLs). A GWAS of 6,382 high-quality DArTseq SNPs revealed 15 significant SNPs (P-value <10 -3 ) on chromosomes 2D, 3B, 4D and 7B that were associated with KB resistance in individual years. In particular, two SNPs (chromosome 4D) had the maximum R 2 values: SNP 1114200 | F | 0-63:T > C at 1.571 cM and R 2 of 12.49% and SNP 1103052 | F | 0-61:C > A at 1.574 cM and R 2 of 9.02%. These two SNPs displayed strong linkage disequilibrium (LD). An in silico analysis of SNPs on chromosome 4D identified two candidate gene hits, TraesCS4D02G352200 (TaNox8; an NADPH oxidase) and TraesCS4D02G350300 (a rhomboid-like protein belonging to family S54), with SNPs 1103052 | F | 0-61:C > A and 1101835 | F | 0-5:C > A, respectively, both of which function in biotic stress tolerance. The epistatic interaction analysis revealed significant interactions among 4D and 7B loci. A pedigree analysis of confirmed resistant PBLs revealed that Aegilops species is one of the parents and contributed the D genome in these resistant PBLs. These identified lines can be crossed with any elite cultivar across the globe to incorporate novel KB resistance identified on 4B.

Regeneration cycle of seeds kept at genebanks is determined by seed longevity. Information about longevity of species is important for storage periods, germination test intervals, and reproduction cycles. Seed longevity is different between species and depends on the storage conditions. It also differs between genotypes of a species providing the basis of genetic analyses of seed longevity. Studies in hexaploid wheat and barley have identified numerous quantitative trait locus (QTL) linked to the trait. Seed longevity in durum wheat, however, has not been attempted so far. Here, we present the first report of genetic analysis of grain longevity in durum wheat using a bi-parental mapping population composed of 114 recombinant inbred lines. QTL analysis identified three highly significant and one significant QTL for initial germination (on chromosomes 4B, 5A (2 QTL), and 6B), three significant QTL for germination after accelerated aging treatment (on chromosomes 5A and 7B (2 QTL)), and five significant QTL determining relative germination and distributed on chromosomes 3A, 3B, 5A, 6B, and 7B. This study confirms the results of previous investigations in bread wheat and provides a baseline for further research in durum wheat.

The value of exotic wheat genetic resources for accelerating grain yield gains is largely unproven and unrealized. We used next-generation sequencing, together with multi-environment phenotyping, to study the contribution of exotic genomes to 984 three-way-cross-derived (exotic/elite1//elite2) pre-breeding lines (PBLs). Genomic characterization of these lines with haplotype map-based and SNP marker approaches revealed exotic specific imprints of 16.1 to 25.1%, which compares to theoretical expectation of 25%. A rare and favorable haplotype (GT) with 0.4% frequency in gene bank identified on chromosome 6D minimized grain yield (GY) loss under heat stress without GY penalty under irrigated conditions. More specifically, the 'T' allele of the haplotype GT originated in Aegilops tauschii and was absent in all elite lines used in study. In silico analysis of the SNP showed hits with a candidate gene coding for isoflavone reductase IRL-like protein in Ae. tauschii. Rare haplotypes were also identified on chromosomes 1A, 6A and 2B effective against abiotic/biotic stresses. Results demonstrate positive contributions of exotic germplasm to PBLs derived from crosses of exotics with CIMMYT's best elite lines. This is a major impact-oriented pre-breeding effort at CIMMYT, resulting in large-scale development of PBLs for deployment in breeding programs addressing food security under climate change scenarios.