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Sub-Saharan Africa suffers an inordinate burden of disease and does not have the numbers of suitably trained health care workers to address this challenge. New concepts in health sciences education are needed to offer alternatives to current training approaches.A perspective of integrated training in population health for undergraduate medical and nursing education is advanced, rather than continuing to take separate approaches for clinical and public health education. Population health science educates students in the social and environmental origins of disease, thus complementing disease-specific training and providing opportunities for learners to take the perspective of the community as a critical part of their education.Many of the recent initiatives in health science education in sub-Saharan Africa are reviewed, and two case studies of innovative change in undergraduate medical education are presented that begin to incorporate such population health thinking. The focus is on East Africa, one of the most rapidly growing economies in sub-Saharan Africa where opportunities for change in health science education are opening. The authors conclude that a focus on population health is a timely and effective way for enhancing training of health care professionals to reduce the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa.

Sub-Saharan Africa suffers an inordinate burden of disease and does not have the numbers of suitably trained health care workers to address this challenge. New concepts in health sciences education are needed to offer alternatives to current training approaches.A perspective of integrated training in population health for undergraduate medical and nursing education is advanced, rather than continuing to take separate approaches for clinical and public health education. Population health science educates students in the social and environmental origins of disease, thus complementing disease-specific training and providing opportunities for learners to take the perspective of the community as a critical part of their education.Many of the recent initiatives in health science education in sub-Saharan Africa are reviewed, and two case studies of innovative change in undergraduate medical education are presented that begin to incorporate such population health thinking. The focus is on East Africa, one of the most rapidly growing economies in sub-Saharan Africa where opportunities for change in health science education are opening. The authors conclude that a focus on population health is a timely and effective way for enhancing training of health care professionals to reduce the burden of disease in sub-Saharan Africa.

A University of Western Australia market segmentation study for the masters program in business administration examined the relationship between Graduate Management Admission Test scores, work experience, faculty of undergraduate degree, gender, and academic success in the program. Implications of the results for establishing admission criteria are discussed. (MSE)

Pharmaceutical firm Eli Lilly and Co. is used to illustrate the processes of successful product development in an industry for which development expenses are high and failure is frequent. The process emphasizes research that reveals fact and truth first, with corporate success second.

An analysis of the total synthesis of calyculin C showed that the diastereoselectivity characterizing C10-C11-propionate stereocenters exhibited a remote protecting group effect. This effect was observed for the serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor's C1-C25 fragment. Other synthesis results include the development of C25-C26 double bond through a deprotected C26-C37 phosphonium salt and confirmation of stereochemistry at C34.

A study was conducted to characterize a way to monitor a reaction sequence on resin. Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared were used for the nondestructive monitoring process. The identity of acrylate was determined using 13C NMR while alkylation was carried out to form the tetrasubstituted amine salt with allylic bromide. Results indicated that the combination of techniques can effectively support the nondestructive testing of resins.

Research was conducted to investigate the application of the Hofmann elimination of tetrasubsituted amine salts on solid-phase resin to produce diverse combinatorial libraries of trisubstituted amines. The diversity of disubstituted amines, cyclic and noncyclic was examined as a second step of alkylation while quaternary ammonium compounds were bound by overnight agitation. Results showed the success of amberlite-promoted Hofmann eliminations in solution-phase organic syntheses.

Investigations into the Ugi five-component condensation (5CC), which allows the synthesis of carbamate-protected aminoamide, aminothioamide and thiourea-thioamide core structures in a single reaction, were conducted. The 5CC is the condensation of an amine, a carbonyl compound, an alcohol, an isocyanide and carbon dioxide to produce an alpha-(alkoxylcarbonylamino)amide. Results demonstrate that the yields of product range from poor to very good and reveal that methanol is clearly the superior alcohol substrate.

A novel method for the synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones (BZDs) was developed based on an Ugi four-component condensation mediated by isocyanide(1-isocyanocyclohexene). The novel two-step procedure for the synthesis of diverse 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones takes advantage of the maximal input diversity offered by the Ugi four-component condensation. Furthermore, the synthetic process is characterized by the conformational isomerization of the BZD skeleton and slow alkyl substitution.

The Ugi reaction was used in synthesizing diverse 1,4-benzodiaepine-2,5-diones (BZDs) 1 to derive the precursor alpha-acylaminoamide 3. The Ugi four-component condensation is also considered for a diverse compound class using a convertible isocyanide. The method improves initial BZD tests and offers greater potential for molecular diversity.

The solid phase Ugi four-component condensation with various functionalized C-glycosides which can utilize different protecting group techniques is used to demonstrate the solid phase synthesis of glycomimetic candidiates which structurally resemble cell surface carbohydrates. It is touted as a simple yet highly efficient method for attaining rapid diversity in libraries focusing on carbohydrate receptor ligands. It is demonstrated through the synthesis of eight monosaccharides and disaccharides and a 96-well, 192-compound library of glycomimetics targeting the receptors of sialyl Lewis x.

Synthesis of hapalosin by chelation-controlled reduction of a gamma-amino-beta-keto-ester and cycloamidation revealed the synthetic hapalosin as a 2:3:1 mixture of conformers while its non-N-Me analog exists as a single conformer. Their conformations are determined by the configuration of the amide bond. The major conformer has an s-cis amide bond while the minor conformer as well as the non-N-Me analog have s-trans amide bonds. The major conformer of hapalosin and the non-N-Me analog have vastly different conformations. On the other hand, the minor conformer and the non-N-Me analog have very similar conformations.

Synthesis of the C1-C25 spiroketal core fragment of calyculin C was conducted based on an allylboration strategy. The process focused on the initial disconnection of the C25-C26 double bonds which leads to the formation of a product with two similar functional density. The desired stereochemistry was acquired by the initial synthesis of the C21-C25 spiroketal core and its subsequent homologation based on chiral allylboration strategy.

A functionalized C26-C37 oxazole fragment was synthesized based on a stereospecific method that utilizes an amino acid-based strategy. The method was based on the disconnection of the C33-N3 amide bond for the efficient use of C33-C37 aza-sugar fragment and the C26-C32 fragment. The synthesis of enantiomeric C33-C37 fragments depends on the abundant supply of aldopentoses and requires a double inversion at the C4 of D-ribose. The production of the C26-C37 fragment was based on the identification of the proper sequence of phosphonium salt formation and debenzylation.