1. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050
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Micah, Angela E., Cogswell, Ian E., Cunningham, Brandon, Ezoe, Satoshi, Harle, Anton C., Maddison, Emilie R., McCracken, Darrah, Nomura, Shuhei, Simpson, Kyle E., Stutzman, Hayley N., Tsakalos, Golsum, Wallace, Lindsey E., Zhao, Yingxi, Zende, Rahul R., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abedi, Aidin, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abhilash, E. S., Abolhassani, Hassan, Abrigo, Michael R. M., Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afzal, Saira, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Rashid, Tarik Ahmed, Ajami, Marjan, Aji, Budi, Akalu, Yonas, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alam, Khurshid, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M., Alemayehu, Yosef, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Alinia, Cyrus, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami Almustanyir, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amu, Hubert, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Angell, Blake, Anjomshoa, Mina, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Aqeel, Muhammad, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aripov, Timur, Arrigo, Alessandro, Ashraf, Tahira, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awan, Asma Tahir, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azhar, Gulrez Shah, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin, Banach, Maciej, Barati, Nastaran, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrow, Amadou, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bayati, Mohsen, Benzian, Habib, Berman, Adam E., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Bodolica, Virginia, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Braithwaite, Dejana, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Breusov, Alexey V., Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Busse, Reinhard, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Callander, Emily Joy, Camera, Luis Alberto, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Charan, Jaykaran, Chatterjee, Souranshu, Chattu, Soosanna Kumary, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chen, Simiao, Cicero, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe, Dadras, Omid, Dahlawi, Saad M. A., Dai, Xiaochen, Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, De Neve, Jan-Walter, de Sa-Junior, Antonio Reis, Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Doshmangir, Leila, Dube, John, Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, El Tantawi, Maha, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Farzadfar, Farshad, Ferede, Tomas Y., Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya A., Freitas, Alberto, Friedman, Sara D., Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fullman, Nancy, Gaal, Peter Andras, Gad, Mohamed M., Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Garg, Tushar, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Ghozali, Ghozali, Gilani, Syed Amir, Glavan, Ionela-Roxana, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goli, Srinivas, Guha, Avirup, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Haakenstad, Annie, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Hailu, Alemayehu, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Harapan, Harapan, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hassan, Shoaib, Hassanein, Mohamed H., Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed I., Heidari, Golnaz, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hezam, Kamal, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Sheikh Jamal, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Huda, Tanvir M., Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Idrisov, Bulat, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Isola, Gaetano, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Joo, Tamas, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jurisson, Mikk, Kaambwa, Billingsley, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Matin, Behzad Karami, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassahun, Getinet, Kayode, Gbenga A., Karyani, Ali Kazemi, Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Junaid, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kohler, Stefan, Kosen, Soewarta, Koteeswaran, Rajasekaran, Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kumar, G. Anil, Kusuma, Dian, Lamnisos, Demetris, Lansingh, Van Charles, Larsson, Anders O., Lasrado, Savita, Le, Long Khanh Dao, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Lee, Yeong Yeh, Lim, Stephen S., Lobo, Stany W., Lozano, Rafael, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Maleki, Afshin, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manda, Ana Laura, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Arnedo, Carlos Alberto Marrugo, Martinez-Valle, Adolfo, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Maude, Richard James, Mckee, Martin, Medina-Solis, Carlo Eduardo, Menezes, Ritesh G., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Kostova, Neda Milevska, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G. K., Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moitra, Modhurima, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moradi, Yousef, Morze, Jakub, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine, Muriithi, Moses K., Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Naqvi, Atta Abbas, Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nazari, Javad, Ndejjo, Rawlance, Negoi, Ionut, Kandel, Sandhya Neupane, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nonvignon, Justice, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola Ogunyemi, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Olgiati, Stefano, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Onwujekwe, Obinna E., Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Palladino, Raffaele, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Eun-Cheol, Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh, Pawar, Shrikant, Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Pereira, David M., Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Pesudovs, Konrad, Piccinelli, Cristiano, Postma, Maarten J., Prada, Sergio I., Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R., Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Reiner, Robert C., Jr., Renzaho, Andre M. N., Reshmi, Bhageerathy, Riaz, Mavra A., Ripon, Rezaul Karim, Saad, Anas M., Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sahu, Maitreyi, Salama, Joseph S., Salehi, Sana, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santos, Joao Vasco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sathian, Brijesh, Savic, Miloje, Saxena, Deepak, Sayyah, Mehdi, Schwendicke, Falk, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Seylani, Allen, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, Pavanchand H., Shibuya, Kenji, Shrime, Mark G., Shuja, Kanwar Hamza, Singh, Jasvinder A., Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Stefan, Simona Catalina, Szerencses, Viktoria, Szocska, Miklos, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tefera, Yonas Getaye, Thavamani, Aravind, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Car, Lorainne Tudor, Ullah, Anayat, Ullah, Saif, Umar, Nasir, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Valdez, Pascual R., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Villafane, Jorge Hugo, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Vollmer, Sebastian, Vos, Theo, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wamai, Richard G., Werdecker, Andrea, Woldekidan, Mesfin Agachew, Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse, Xu, Gelin, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yigit, Vahit, Yip, Paul, Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Moghadam, Telma Zahirian, Zandian, Hamed, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Ziapour, Arash, Zuniga, Yves Miel H., Hay, Simon I., Murray, Christopher J. L., Dieleman, Joseph L., Micah, Angela E., Cogswell, Ian E., Cunningham, Brandon, Ezoe, Satoshi, Harle, Anton C., Maddison, Emilie R., McCracken, Darrah, Nomura, Shuhei, Simpson, Kyle E., Stutzman, Hayley N., Tsakalos, Golsum, Wallace, Lindsey E., Zhao, Yingxi, Zende, Rahul R., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abedi, Aidin, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abhilash, E. S., Abolhassani, Hassan, Abrigo, Michael R. M., Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afzal, Saira, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Rashid, Tarik Ahmed, Ajami, Marjan, Aji, Budi, Akalu, Yonas, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alam, Khurshid, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M., Alemayehu, Yosef, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Alinia, Cyrus, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami Almustanyir, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amu, Hubert, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Angell, Blake, Anjomshoa, Mina, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Catherine M., Aqeel, Muhammad, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aripov, Timur, Arrigo, Alessandro, Ashraf, Tahira, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awan, Asma Tahir, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azhar, Gulrez Shah, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin, Banach, Maciej, Barati, Nastaran, Barnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrow, Amadou, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T., Bayati, Mohsen, Benzian, Habib, Berman, Adam E., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Bodolica, Virginia, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Braithwaite, Dejana, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Breusov, Alexey V., Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Busse, Reinhard, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Callander, Emily Joy, Camera, Luis Alberto, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Charan, Jaykaran, Chatterjee, Souranshu, Chattu, Soosanna Kumary, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chen, Simiao, Cicero, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe, Dadras, Omid, Dahlawi, Saad M. A., Dai, Xiaochen, Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, De Neve, Jan-Walter, de Sa-Junior, Antonio Reis, Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Doshmangir, Leila, Dube, John, Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, El Tantawi, Maha, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Farzadfar, Farshad, Ferede, Tomas Y., Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya A., Freitas, Alberto, Friedman, Sara D., Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fullman, Nancy, Gaal, Peter Andras, Gad, Mohamed M., Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Garg, Tushar, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Ghozali, Ghozali, Gilani, Syed Amir, Glavan, Ionela-Roxana, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goli, Srinivas, Guha, Avirup, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Haakenstad, Annie, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Hailu, Alemayehu, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Harapan, Harapan, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hassan, Shoaib, Hassanein, Mohamed H., Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed I., Heidari, Golnaz, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hezam, Kamal, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Sheikh Jamal, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Huda, Tanvir M., Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Idrisov, Bulat, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Isola, Gaetano, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Joo, Tamas, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jurisson, Mikk, Kaambwa, Billingsley, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Matin, Behzad Karami, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassahun, Getinet, Kayode, Gbenga A., Karyani, Ali Kazemi, Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Junaid, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kohler, Stefan, Kosen, Soewarta, Koteeswaran, Rajasekaran, Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kumar, G. Anil, Kusuma, Dian, Lamnisos, Demetris, Lansingh, Van Charles, Larsson, Anders O., Lasrado, Savita, Le, Long Khanh Dao, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Lee, Yeong Yeh, Lim, Stephen S., Lobo, Stany W., Lozano, Rafael, Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy, Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Maleki, Afshin, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manda, Ana Laura, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Arnedo, Carlos Alberto Marrugo, Martinez-Valle, Adolfo, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Maude, Richard James, Mckee, Martin, Medina-Solis, Carlo Eduardo, Menezes, Ritesh G., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Kostova, Neda Milevska, Miller, Ted R., Mini, G. K., Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moitra, Modhurima, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moradi, Yousef, Morze, Jakub, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine, Muriithi, Moses K., Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Naqvi, Atta Abbas, Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nazari, Javad, Ndejjo, Rawlance, Negoi, Ionut, Kandel, Sandhya Neupane, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nonvignon, Justice, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola Ogunyemi, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Olgiati, Stefano, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Onwujekwe, Obinna E., Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S., Owolabi, Mayowa O., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Palladino, Raffaele, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Eun-Cheol, Kan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh, Pawar, Shrikant, Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Pereira, David M., Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Pesudovs, Konrad, Piccinelli, Cristiano, Postma, Maarten J., Prada, Sergio I., Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R., Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Reiner, Robert C., Jr., Renzaho, Andre M. N., Reshmi, Bhageerathy, Riaz, Mavra A., Ripon, Rezaul Karim, Saad, Anas M., Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sahu, Maitreyi, Salama, Joseph S., Salehi, Sana, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santos, Joao Vasco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sathian, Brijesh, Savic, Miloje, Saxena, Deepak, Sayyah, Mehdi, Schwendicke, Falk, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Seylani, Allen, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, Pavanchand H., Shibuya, Kenji, Shrime, Mark G., Shuja, Kanwar Hamza, Singh, Jasvinder A., Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Stefan, Simona Catalina, Szerencses, Viktoria, Szocska, Miklos, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tefera, Yonas Getaye, Thavamani, Aravind, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Car, Lorainne Tudor, Ullah, Anayat, Ullah, Saif, Umar, Nasir, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Valdez, Pascual R., Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Villafane, Jorge Hugo, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Vollmer, Sebastian, Vos, Theo, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wamai, Richard G., Werdecker, Andrea, Woldekidan, Mesfin Agachew, Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse, Xu, Gelin, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yigit, Vahit, Yip, Paul, Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Moghadam, Telma Zahirian, Zandian, Hamed, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Ziapour, Arash, Zuniga, Yves Miel H., Hay, Simon I., Murray, Christopher J. L., and Dieleman, Joseph L.
- Abstract
Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this tot
- Published
- 2021
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