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ISCHNOCOLUS ELONGATUS (SIMON, 1873) (FIGS 6 A-L, 7, 8, 9C, D, 10C–F, 13C–F, 21A–N, 22A– G, 23A–F, 24A–H) Cyrtauchenius elongatus Simon, 1873: 32 (description of female). Moggridge (1874: 182, 189, 248, pl. XIII, fig. B; burrow entrance); Savory (1928: 290). Presumably deposited in MNHN, not found by Zonstein (2018), not examined. Topotypes (Ksar el Kebir) were included in this study. Leptopelma africana Ausserer, 1875: 167 (description of female). Synonymized with Cyrtauchenius elongatus Simon, 1873 by Simon (1889: 396). Leptopelma elongata Simon 1889: 395, pl. XIII, fig. 2 (female, burrow entrance), Simon (1909: 9); Reimoser (1919: 7); Berland (1932: 110, fig. 219; burrow entrance). Luphocemus insidiosus Denis, 1960: 186–189 (description of female), illustration of burrow (fig. 2, p.187). Deposition place unknown. Type not examined. Topotypes (Benslimane) were included in this study. New synonymy. Harpactirella insidiosa Benoit, 1965: 297; CalatayudMascarell & Sánchez-Vialas (2020: figs 2–4, adult female and burrow). Ischnocolus hancocki Smith, 1990: 127, figs 803–818 (female); Guadanucci & Wendt (2014: 394, fig. 4A; female); Zonstein (2018: 107, figs1–8; male). Deposited in BMNH, type not examined. Topotypes (Larache) were morphologically examined. New synonymy. Ischnocolus elongatus: Zonstein (2018: 106). Type material: Type locality Ksar el Kebir (Morocco), female holotype presumably in MNHN, not found by Zonstein (2018), not examined. Topotypes were included in this study. Material examined: Morocco: 9♀♀ (CRBAMM000430, CRBAMM000432,CRBAMM000424,CRBAMM000425, CRBAMM000426,CRBAMM000427,CRBAMM000428, CRBAMM000429, CRBAMM000431), province of Fés, Imouzer, 33°38 ′ 39 ″ N, 5°04 ′ 09 ″ W, 12.iv.2010 (V. Opatova, M, Arnedo leg.). 1♀, 2 juv. (CRBAMM000351, CRBAMM000350), province of Taroudant, Cova Maravilles, 30°10 ′ 40 ″ N, 8°17 ′ 38 ″ W, 8.iv.2010 (V. Opatova & M.Arnedo leg.). 3♀♀, 3 juv. (CRBAMM000372, CRBAMM000363,CRBAMM000371,CRBAMM000364, CRBAMM000365, CRBAMM000367), province Al Haouz, Asni, 31°11 ′ 22 ″ N, 8°03 ′ 27 ″ W, 9.iv. 2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 1♀ (CRBAMM000534), province of Taounate, Rhafsai, 34°37 ′ 55 ″ N, 4°55 ′ 52 ″ W, 16.iv.2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 1♂, 1 juv. (CRBAMM000397, CRBAMM000403), province of Azilal, Tilouguite, 32°05 ′ 04 ″ N, 6°20 ′ 00 ″ W, 10.IV.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 3♀♀, 4 juv. (CRBAMM 000411, CRBAMM 000406, CRBAMM000407,CRBAMM000408,CRBAMM000410, CRBAMM000412, CRBAMM000413), province of Béni- Mellal, Ab el Hamam, 32°31 ′ 19 ″ N, 4°55 ′ 52 ″ W, 11.iv.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 3♀♀ (CRBAMM000468, CRBAMM000467, CRBAMM000470), province of Taza, Sidi Abdulah, 32°31 ′ 20 ″ N, 6°02 ′ 02 ″ W, 13.iv.2010 (V. Opatova & M.Arnedo leg.). 1♀, 1 juv. (CRBAMM000483, CRBAMM000484), province of Oujda, Ain Sfa, 34°49 ′ 28 ″ N, 2°05 ′ 12 ″ W, 14.IV.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 4♀♀, 4 juv. (CRBAMM000501, CRBAMM000502,CRBAMM000503,CRBAMM000504, CRBAMM000506,CRBAMM000507,CRBAMM000508, CRBAMM000509), province of Al Hoceima, Bni Hadifa, 35°00 ′ 19 ″ N, 4°10 ′ 44 ″ W, 15.iv.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1♀, 2 juv. (CRBA004970, CRBA004971, CRBA004972), province of Taroudant, Imgoune, 30°16 ′ 29 ″ N, 8°16 ′ 26 ″ W, 22.ii.2020 (J. Korba leg.). 2♀♀, 3 juv. (CRBA004973, CRBA004974, CRBA004975, CRBA004976, CRBA004977), province of Tiznit, Tafraout, 29°40 ′ 54 ″ N, 9°01 ′ 54 ″ W, 23.ii.2020 (J. Korba leg.). 2 juv. (CRBA004985, CRBA004986), province of Guelmim, Mesti, 29°11 ′ 52 ″ N, 10°05 ′ 15 ″ W, 25.ii.2020 (J. Korba leg.). 5♀♀, 2 juv. (CRBA004992, CRBA004993, CRBA 004994, CRBA 004995, CRBA 004996, CRBA004997, CRBA004998), province of Essaouira, Ounagha, 31°31 ′ 32 ″ N, 9°37 ′ 38 ″ W, 28.ii.2020 (J. Korba leg.). 2♀♀ (CRBAMM000446, CRBAMM000447), province of Fés, Pantano, 34°03 ′ 33 ″ N, 5°18 ′ 12 ″ W, 12.iv.2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 2 juv. (CRBAMM000352, CRBAMM000353), province of Taroudant, Azoura, 30°01 ′ 31 ″ N, 8°35 ′ 24 ″ W, 8.iv.2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 4 juv. (CRBAMM000373, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 7 4, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 7 5 CRBAMM000376), province of Azilal, near Ouzoud falls, 31°57 ′ 35 ″ N, 6°46 ′ 05 ″ W, 10.IV.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1♀ (CRBAMM000419), province of Khénifra, Oumer Riba, 32°55 ′ 41 ″ N, 5°30 ′ 34 ″ W, 11.iv. 2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 2♀♀ (CRBAMM000448, CRBAMM000449), province of Fés, Djebel Zalach, 34°06 ′ 23 ″ N, 4°58 ′ 10 ″ W, 12.IV.2010 (V. Opatova & M.Arnedo leg.). 3♀♀, 1 juv. (CRBAMM000488, C R B A M M 0 0 0 4 8 9, C R B A M M 0 0 0 4 9 0 CRBAMM000491), province of Berkane, Beni Snassen, 34°48 ′ 12 ″ N, 2°23 ′ 48 ″ W, 14.IV.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1♀ (CRBA004980), Bou Tazlaft, 29°37 ′ 40 ″ N, 9°52 ′ 52 ″ W, 24.ii.2020 (J. Korba leg.). 1♀ (CRBA004991), province of Essaouira, Ida Ou Guelloul, 30°54 ′ 00 ″ N, 9°43 ′ 04 ″ W, 27.ii.2020 (J. Korba leg.). 2♀♀ (CRBA004978, CRBA004979), province of Tiznit, Tighmi, 29°34 ′ 32 ″ N, 9°23 ′ 51 ″ W, 24.ii.2020 (J. Korba leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAMM000357), province of Taroudant, Tafingoul, 30°44 ′ 32 ″ N, 8°24 ′ 06 ″ W, 9.iv.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAMM000356), province of Tiznit, Tizegzauine, 29°50 ′ 42 ″ N, 8°56 ′ 14 ″ W, 8.iv.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1♀ (CRBAMM000415), province of Beni Mellal, Cheikh, 32°37 ′ 23 ″ N, 5°58 ′ 27 ″ W, 11.iv.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 3♀♀ (CRBA005022, CRBA005023, CRBA005024), province of Larache, Ksar el Kebir, 35°02 ′ 03 ″ N, 6°01 ′ 50 ″ W, 26.ii.2010 (A. Calatayud-Mascarell & A. Sánchez-Vialas leg.). 3♀♀ (CRBA005027, CRBA005028, CRBA005029), province of Benslimane, Benslimane, 33°39 ′ 06 ″ N, 7°05 ′ 23 ″ W, 26.ii.2020 (A. Calatayud-Mascarell & A. SánchezVialas leg.). 5♀♀ (CRBA005032, CRBA005033, CRBA005034, CRBA005035, CRBA005036), province of Sidi Bennour, Oualidia, 32°36 ′ 38 ″ N, 9°00 ′ 34 ″ W, 25.ii.2020 (A. Calatayud-Mascarell & A. SánchezVialas leg.). 1♀ (CRBAMM000222), province of Al Haouz, Tahanaoute, 31°21 ′ 15 ″ N, 7°57 ′ 06 ″ W, 9.iii.2007 (M. Arnedo & C. Ribera leg.). 4♀♀ (deposited in Department of Zoology, Charles University), province of Larache, 35°12 ′ 08 ″ N, 6°06 ′ 03’’W, 12.ix.2021 (J. Korba & V. Opatova leg.) Remarks: Originally described as Cyrtauchenius elongatus Simon, 1873, this species has been recently transferred to the genus Ischnocolus by Zonstein (2018) based on Ausserer’s description of Leptopelma africana, which clearly pointed to Theraphosidae (‘… two toothless claws bearing two tufts of hairs in each tarsi’). The three samples from the type locality analysed in our study (JK 82, JK83, JK84, see Fig. 3) were recovered within the elongatus clade, which is clearly defined by its distinct morphology. Similarly, we included individuals from the type locality of H. insidiosa (JK 87, JK88, see Fig. 3), which were shown to belong to the same clade as the remaining species identified as I. elongatus. In the case of I. hancocki, we could not examine the holotype female nor add samples from Larache (type locality) to the molecular analyses. However, we examined the morphology of specimens from the type locality, which fit the redescription by Guadanucci & Wendt (2014) and turned out to be indistinguishable from the rest of the elongatus morphotype samples. Moreover, the type locality Larache is located within the estimated (SDM) range of occurrence, only 30 km north-west from the topotype locality of I. elongatus. The putative synonymy of I. elongatus and I. hancocki was already suggested by Zonstein (2018). Based on these arguments and the detailed examination of topotypes of each taxon, we herein propose I. elongatus as senior synonym of both I. hancocki and Harpactirella insidiosa. Diagnosis: Ischnocolus elongatus differs from all its congeners by the following combination of characters: robust appearance (Fig. 23), apical segment of PLS triangular (Figs 9C, D, 10C–F, 22D), cephalic region and eye tubercle elevated (Figs 11B, 22E), presence of black bristles on cheliceral margin (Fig. 22D) and tarsus IV without pseudosegmentation. Females further differ from other Ischnocolus species, except I. vanandalae, by possessing 0–2 apical lobes on spermathecae (Figs 6A–L, 22F). Males differ from other Ischnocolus species by having reduced spination on ventral tibia I (Figs 8, 21B–D) and having a shorter palpal tibia in comparison to the tarsus and patella (Fig. 21F–H). The lifestyle of I. elongatus is unique among its congeners [see Montemor et al. (2020) for natural history of Middle Eastern species], as it excavates deep tube-like burrows (see Natural history section). Description: Male, (CRBAMM 000397, Tilougguite): Total length 14.12. Colour pattern: Colour in ethanol: legs and carapace light yellow-brown. Carapace with silver hairs (Fig. 21A). Abdomen darker brown with dorsal light striped pattern. Carapace: 5.43 long, 4.72 wide (Fig. 21A); cephalic region raised from lateral view; eye tubercle elevated, 0.68 long, 1.08 wide; fovea slightly procurved (Fig. 21A). Clypeus 0.23 wide. Eyes (Fig. 21E): AME 0.18, PME 0.17, ALE 0.23, PLE 0.20; PME-PME 0.67, ALE-AME 0.26, ALE-PLE 0.34, AMEPLE 0.38, AME-AME 0.35, ALE-ALE 0.81. Sternum, labium and maxillae: sternum 2.60 long, 2.47 wide, setose; labium 0.58 long, 1.02 wide, with approx. 20 cuspules; maxillae with approx. 40 cuspules (Fig. 21I). Abdomen: 6.30 long, 3.23 wide; PLS basal segment 0.84 long, median segment 0.51 long, apical segment 0.52 long, triangular. Chelicerae: 2.27 long; basal article with nine teeth; intercheliceral tumescence present (Fig. 21N). Rastellum sensu Raven (1994) absent, but a group of strong black bristles in front of the fang base is present (Fig. 21N). Pedipalps: spination: femur (p)1ap., ventral furrow on tibia not sigmoid, broad. Length: 7.76 (femur 3.12, patella 1.82, ≤ tibia 2.09, tarsus 1.59). Copulatory bulb: bulb globular, embolus curved with pointed tip (Figs 7, 21F– H, J–M). Legs: scopula on all tarsi divided by a thick Figure 21. Ischnocolus elongatus, male, A –N (CRBAMM 000397). A, prosoma, dorsal view. B, tibia I, prolateral view. C, tibia I, ventral view. D, tibia I, retrolateral view. E, eye tubercle, dorsal view. F, palpal bulbus, prolateral view. G, palpal bulbus, ventral view. H, palpal bulbus, retrolateral view. I, sternum, maxillae, labium and chelicerae, ventral view. J, bulbus, prolateral view. K, bulbus, ventral view. L, bulbus, retrolateral view. M, bulbus, dorsal view. N, chelicerae, prolateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. band of setae. Scopula on ventral metatarsus I nearly totally occupied, II half occupied, III and IV I> II> III. Leg I: 15.98 (femur 4.76, patella 2.62, tibia 3.39, metatarsus 3.01, tarsus 1.94), leg III: 14.30 (femur 3.54, patella 2.06, tibia 2.27, metatarsus 3.22, tarsus 2.04), leg IV: 19.15 (femur 4.98, patella 2.55, tibia 3.78, metatarsus 4.26, tarsus 2.49). Spines: I femur (p)ap1, (r)ap1, patella (r)1, tibia (r)1-1, (v)2- 2-2, metatarsus (v)1-1; III femur (p)ap1, patella (p)1, tibia (r)1-1, (p)2-2, (v)1-1-2, metatarsus (r)0-1-1, (p)2- 2-2, (v)1-1-1-1; IV femur (r)ap1, (d)ap1, patella (p)1, Figure 22. Ischnocolus elongatus, female, A –G (CRBA 005027). Prosoma, dorsal view. B, sternum, maxillae and chelicerae, ventral view. C, eye tubercle, dorsal view. D, chelicerae, prolateral view (arrow indicates dense strong black bristles). E, whole body, lateral view. F, spermathecae. G, posterior lateral spinneret, retrolateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm. tibia (r)1-1-1-1-1-1, (p)2-1-1-1, (v)1-1-2, metatarsus (r)1-1, (p)1-2-1-1-2, (v)1-1. Tarsus IV without pseudosegmentation. Female (CRBA 005027, Benslimane): Total length 25.07. Colour pattern: Colour in ethanol: carapace, chelicerae and legs dark orange-brown, abdomen grey-brown with light striped pattern. Colour of live specimens: northern populations have beige-golden setae on carapace, legs and chelicerae. Basal part of the chelicerae is black without setae, black stripe on the patella of each leg. Abdomen beige-golden with black spots (Fig. 23C). Southern populations have orange legs with black setae, carapace golden brown, chelicerae black with golden brown setae. Abdomen light to dark-brown with golden spot pattern (Fig. 23A, B). Carapace: 7.74 long, 6.39 wide (Fig. 22A); cephalic region raised from lateral view; eye tubercle strongly elevated (Fig. 22E), 0.99 long, 1.40 wide; fovea deep, straight to slightly procurved (Fig. 22A); clypeus 0.29. Eyes (Fig. 22C): AME 0.20, PME 0.21, ALE 0.26, PLE 0.23; PME-PME 0.89, ALE-AME 0.31, ALE-PLE 0.43, AME-PLE 0.54, AME-AME 0.47, ALE-ALE 1.01. Sternum, labium and maxillae: sternum 3.87 long, 3.44 wide; labium 1.14 long, 1.63 wide, with approx. 20 cuspules; maxillae with approx. 70 cuspules (Fig. 22B). Abdomen: oval, 12.87 long, 6.77 wide (Fig. 22E); PLS basal segment 1.30 long, median segment 0.63 long, apical segment 0.84 long, triangular (Fig. 22G). Vulva: formed by two widely separated triangular receptacles without lobes (Fig. 22F). Chelicerae: robust, 4.20 mm long; basal article with nine teeth; rastellum sensu Raven (1994) absent, but a group of strong black bristles is present on the margin (Fig. 22D). Pedipalps: length: 11.61 (femur 4.26, patella 2.66, tibia 2.52, tarsus 2.17). Spination: femur (p)ap1, tibia, (v)1-1-2, (p)1-2-1. Legs: scopula on all tarsi divided by a thick band of setae.Scopula on ventral metatarsus Ientirely occupied, II four-fifths occupied, III three-quarters occupied, IV three-quarters occupied. Leg measurement: length of legs IV> I> II> III. leg IV: 21.1 (femur 6.05, patella 3.36, tibia 4.58, metatarsus 4.45, tarsus 2.66), leg III: 14.52 (femur 4.59, patella 2.61, tibia 2.60, metatarsus 2.72, tarsus 2.00), leg II: 17.19 (femur 5.21, patella 3.07, tibia 3.59, metatarsus 3.08, tarsus 2.24), leg I: 19.44 (femur 5.99, patella 3.65, tibia 4.13, metatarsus 3.34, tarsus 2.33). Spines: I femur (p)ap1, tibia (v)1-1, tarsus (v)1-0; II femur (p)ap1, tibia (r)0-0-1, (v)1-1-2, tarsus (v)1-1; III femur (r)ap1, (p)ap1, patella (r)1, (p)2, tibia (r)1-1, (p)2-2, (v)1-1-2, metatarsus (r)1, (p)2-2-2, (v)1-1-2; IV femur (r)ap1, patella (r)ap1, tibia (r)1-1- 1, (v)2-1-2-1-2 metatarsus (r)1-2-1, (p)1-1, (v)2-2-2-3. Tarsus IV without pseudosegmentation. Distribution: The species is currently known only from Morocco, where it ranges from Larache in the north to Mesti in the south. Distribution in Algeria is highly probable. Natural history: Ischnocolus elongatus constructs a 20–30 cm deep tube burrow with an open entrance and a palisade build from surrounding material resembling that of wolf spider genus Lycosa, but with more dense and compact silk lining (Fig. 24E– H). Burrows in southern populations (~20 observed) consist of a single, slightly inclined underground tube, sometimes connected to the surface by side exits. Burrows in northern populations seemed to be more complex (~ten burrows observed). A tube vertically extending from the entrance ends after approximately 5–10 cm, forming a chamber where the spider deposits prey remnants and old exuviae. The main burrow connects laterally to the vertical tube few cm below the entrance. The opening to the lateral tube is small and often closed by a dense web. After a short distance, the horizontally oriented side tube turns vertical and continues approx. for another 20 cm. The species occurs in a wide variety of habitats and climates, also in sympatry with either I. valentinus or I. mogadorensis. It has been found in humid localities in northern Morocco, in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) or cork-oak (Quercus suber L.) forest with Mediterranean fan palm (Chamaerops humilis) (Fig. 24C), in the central coast on light sandy soil with Berber thuja (Tetraclinis articulata) (Fig. 24B) and in semi-arid localities in southern Morocco among argan stands [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] (Fig. 24D) or in Macaronesian vegetation with Euphorbia balsamifera Aiton and E. officinarum L. on hard sandstone bedrock (24A). In Atlas and Anti-Atlas Mountains, the localities do not exceed 2000 m a. s. l., Published as part of Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto & Arnedo, Miquel A, 2022, Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), pp. 845-884 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2) on pages 870-874, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, http://zenodo.org/record/7184518, {"references":["Simon E. 1873. Araneides nouveaux ou peu connus du midi de l'Europe. (2 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege 5: 187 - 351.","Moggridge JT. 1874. Supplement to harvesting ants and trapdoor spiders. London: Reeve & Co.","Savory TH. 1928. The biology of spiders. London: Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd, 376.","Zonstein SL. 2018. Complementary data on the genus Ischnocolus (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 48: 105 - 118.","Ausserer A. 1875. Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Arachniden-Familie der Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor.). Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 25: 125 - 206.","Simon E. 1889. Etude sur les especes de la famille des Aviculariidae qui habitent le nord de l'Afrique. Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux 42: 379 - 397.","Simon E. 1909. Etude sur les arachnides recueillis au Maroc par M. Martinez de la Escalera en 1907. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural 1: 5 - 43.","Reimoser E. 1919. Katalog der echten Spinnen (Araneae) des Palaarktischen Gebietes. Abhandlungen der ZoologischBotanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 10: 1 - 280.","Berland L. 1932. Les Arachnides (Scorpions, Araignees, etc. Encyclopedie Entomologique 16: 1 - 485.","Denis J. 1960. Notes d'araneologie marocaine. VIII. Un barychelide nouveau du Maroc. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc 39: 185 - 189.","Benoit PLG. 1965. Etudes sur les Barychelidae du Centre Africain (Araneae - Orthognatha) II. - Leptopelmatinae nouveaux. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 71: 297 - 303.","Smith AM. 1990. Baboon spiders: tarantulas of Africa and the Middle East. London: Fitzgerald Publishing, 1 - 142.","Guadanucci JPL, Wendt I. 2014. Revision of the spider genus Ischnocolus Ausserer, 1871 (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae: Ischnocolinae). Journal of Natural History 48: 387 - 402.","Montemor VM, West RC, Zamani A, Moradmand M, von Wirth V, Wendt I, Huber S, Guadanucci JPL. 2020. Taxonomy of the genus Ischnocolus in the Middle East, with description of a new species from Oman and Iran (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoology in the Middle East 66: 76 - 90.","Raven RJ. 1994. Mygalomorph spiders of the Barychelidae in Australia and the western Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 35: 291 - 706."]}

ISCHNOCOLUS JICKELII L. KOCH, 1875 Ischnocolus jickelii L. Koch, 1875: 58, pl. 6, fig. 2 (♀). Guadanucci & Wendt [2014: 395, fig. 4B (♀)]. Zonstein [2018: 110, fig. 914: 3 (♂)]. Chaetopelma adenense Simon [1890: 83 (♀)]. Synonymized with I. jickelii by Guadanucci & Gallon (2008: 42). Type material: Holotype, female Eritrea: Hamasien (BMNH 19-9-18-5698-99), Guadanucci & Wendt (2014), not examined. Material examined: Somaliland: 2♂♂ 5♀♀, Daallo forest park; 10°45 ′ 38 ″ N, 47°18 ′ 13 ″ E; 4.ix.17 (P. Just, D. Král, P. Frýdlová, D. Frynta, F. Kova ř ík, T. Mazuch & M. Häckel leg.). Diagnosis description and distribution: See Montemor et al. (2020)., Published as part of Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto & Arnedo, Miquel A, 2022, Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), pp. 845-884 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2) on page 860, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, http://zenodo.org/record/7184518, {"references":["Koch L. 1875. Aegyptische und abyssinische Arachniden gesammelt von Herrn C. Jickeli. Nurnberg: Bauer & Raspe.","Guadanucci JPL, Wendt I. 2014. Revision of the spider genus Ischnocolus Ausserer, 1871 (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae: Ischnocolinae). Journal of Natural History 48: 387 - 402.","Zonstein SL. 2018. Complementary data on the genus Ischnocolus (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 48: 105 - 118.","Montemor VM, West RC, Zamani A, Moradmand M, von Wirth V, Wendt I, Huber S, Guadanucci JPL. 2020. Taxonomy of the genus Ischnocolus in the Middle East, with description of a new species from Oman and Iran (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoology in the Middle East 66: 76 - 90."]}

ISCHNOCOLUS VALENTINUS (DUFOUR, 1820) (FIGS 5A–B, 7, 8, 9A, 10A, 13A, 18A–N, 19A–G, 20A–F) Mygale valentina Dufour (1820: 101; description of male). Mygale valenciana: Walckenaer (1837: 228). Trechona valentina: Thorell (1870: 168). Ischnocolus holosericus L.Koch, in Ausserer (1871: 186; description of juvenile); Simon (1892: 136, fig. 119); Bacelar (1932: 171); Smith (1990: 129, figs 819–829; description of female). Ischnocolus triangulifer Ausserer (1871: 186; description of juvenile); Bacelar (1932: 171). Avicularia andalusiaca Simon (1873: 197, pl. 1, fig. 2; description of male and female); Bacelar (1932: 171, figs. 3–5). Ischnocolus algericus Thorell (1875: 123, description of male). Simon (1903: 925, figs. 1070–1071, m). Ischnocolus fuscostriatus Simon (1885: 41; description of male). Leptopelma cavicola Simon (1889: 396; description of male and female, burrow structure; 1909: 8); Reimoser (1919: 7); Roewer (1942: 222); Bonnet (1957: 2395); Benoit (1964: 414, figs 1, 2; male and female). Ischnocolus maroccanus Simon (1873: 199; description of male and female). Ischnocolus numidus Simon (1909: 9; description of male). Ischnocolus tripolitanus Caporiacco (1937: 57; description of female). Ischnocolus valentinus: Ausserer (1871: 186); Guadanucci & Wendt (2014: 391; description of male and female); Zonstein (2018: 114; description of male) (synonymy of Nemesia cavicola); Montemor et al. (2020: 89, fig. 9C, D); Tamajón Gómez et al. (2020: 165). Type material: Type locality Moixent, Valencian Community, Spain. Female neotype deposited at BMNH, examined. Material examined: Spain: 1♂, 1♀ (CRBAMM000941, CRBAMM000930), province of Cádiz, El Bosque, 36°26 ′ 50 ″ N, 5°22 ′ 19 ″ W, 27.iii.2010 (M. A. Ferrández leg.). 3♀♀ (CRBAMM000965, CRBAMM000966, CRBAMM000967), province of Cádiz, Grazalema, 36°27 ′ 28 ″ N, 5°17 ′ 34 ″ W, 28.iii.2010 (M. A. Ferrández leg.). 1♀ (CRBAMM000948), province of Sevilla, Castaño, 36°33 ′ 58 ″ N, 5°15 ′ 14 ″ W, 27.iii.2010 (M. A. Ferrández leg.). 1♂, 1♀ (CRBAMM 0 0 0 9 8 0, CRBAMM000986), province of Sevila, Coripe, 36°35 ′ 20 ″ N, 5°17 ′ 34 ″ W, 27.iii.2010 (M. A. Ferrández leg.). 1♀ (CRBAMM000141), province of Almería, La Rambla del Aljibe, 37°16 ′ 20 ″ N, 2°02 ′ 24 ″ W, 21.XI.2009 (E. Planas & V. Opatova leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAME000858), province of Málaga, Torcal de Antequera, 36°57 ′ 43 ″ N, 4°31 ′ 06 ″ W, 12.VI.2011 (E. Mora, V. Opatova & P. Sousa leg.). Morocco: 2♀♀, 5 juv. (CRBAMM000386, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 8 7, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 8 8 C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 8 9, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 9 0 CRBAMM000391, CRBAMM000392), province of Azilal, near Ouzoud falls, 31°57 ′ 35 ″ N, 6°46 ′ 05 ″ W, 10.IV.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 2♀♀, 1♂, 3 juv. (CRBAMM000393, CRBAMM000395, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 9 6, C R B A M M 0 0 0 3 9 8 CRBAMM000399, CRBAMM 000400), province of Azilal, Tilouguite, 32°05 ′ 04 ″ N, 6 °20 ′ 00 ″ W, 10.IV.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAMM000450), province of Fés, Djebel Zalach, 34°06 ′ 23 ″ N, 4°58 ′ 10 ″ W, 12.IV.2010 (V. Opatova & M.Arnedo leg.). 1 juv. (CRBAMM000485), province of Oujda, Ain Sfa, 34°49 ′ 28 ″ N, 2°05 ′ 12 ″ W, 14.IV.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 3 juv. (CRBAMM000564, CRBAMM000565, CRBAMM000566), province of Tetuán, Beni Yder Cherki, 35°23 ′ 08 ″ N, 5°31 ′ 20 ″ W, 17.IV.2010 (V. Opatova, M. Arnedo leg.). 2 juv. (CRBAMM000493, CRBAMM000583), province of Berkane, Beni Snassen, 34°48 ′ 12 ″ N, 2°23 ′ 48 ″ W, 1 4.IV.2 0 1 0 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1♀ (CRBAMM 000366), province of Al Haouz, Asni, 31°11 ′ 22 ″ N, 8°03 ′ 27 ″ W, 9.IV.2010 (V. Opatova & M. Arnedo leg.). 1♂ (SMNS-Aran-1376), province of Murcia, Mula, 38°03 ′ 41 ″ N, 1°31 ′ 05 ″ W, 2005. 1♂ (CRBA) province of Berkane, Taforalt, Grotte des Pigeons, 34°48 ′ 52 ″ N, 2°24 ′ 10 ″ W, 15.iv.2002 (M. Arnedo & C. Hernando leg.). Diagnosis: Males can be distinguished from their congeners, except I. jickeli, by bearing only one spine apically along with dense concentration of spines on pro-ventral tibia I (Figs 8, 18B–D). They further differ from all other Ischnocolus species by having straight embolus with narrowing tip (Figs 7, 18J–M). Females differ from their congeners by having spermathecae as wide as long with several (> four) apical lobes (Figs 5A, B, 19F). Description: A detailed redescription is provided by Guadanucci & Wendt (2014) with male and female reproductive organ drawings and male spine pattern on tibia I. Additional photos and drawings of male bulbus are shown by Zonstein (2018), Tamajón Gómez et al. (2020) and Decae (in: Nentwig et al., 2020). Distribution: Following our circumscription of I. valentinus to the ‘north’ lineage, the distribution of the species is more restricted than previously thought, as it only includes the Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco (Fig. 13A). The northernmost current localities are near Benidorm, in Alacant, Spain and the southernmost ones are located on the northern slopes of the High Atlas Mountains in Morocco. Previous studies have suggested the species occurrence extending as far east as Sicily, Tunisia and Libya (Guadanucci & Wendt, 2014). Although the only Sicilian sample included in our phylogeny was recovered within the ‘north’ lineage (i.e. I. valentinus), detailed morphological and molecular analyses of a more thorough specimen sampling in Algeria, Tunisia and Sicily will be required to confirm the status of the easternmost populations. Natural history: Similar to I. mogadorensis, I. valentinus is an opportunistic species inhabiting natural cavities under and between rocks and tree roots. It usually covers the entrance with a dense, sheet web, sometimes resembling that of a funnelweb spider Macrothele calpeiana Walckenaer, 1805 or some Agelenidae. The burrow entrance can also sometimes resemble that made by I. elongatus, but the web of I. valentinus is less dense and more sheetlike (Fig. 20E, F). The burrow of I. valentinus never forms a proper tube, but continues as an irregular hole connecting one or several natural underground cavities. Habitat preferences range from Mediterranean open grasslands to dense Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) or Barbary thuja (Tetraclinis articulata) forests., Published as part of Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto & Arnedo, Miquel A, 2022, Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), pp. 845-884 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2) on pages 866-870, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, http://zenodo.org/record/7184518, {"references":["Dufour L. 1820. Observations sur quelques arachnides quadripulmonaires. Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques 5: 96 - 116.","Ausserer A. 1871. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der ArachnidenFamilie der Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen ZoologischBotanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 21: 117 - 224.","Simon E. 1892. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Deuxieme edition, tome premier. Paris: Roret, 1 - 256.","Smith AM. 1990. Baboon spiders: tarantulas of Africa and the Middle East. London: Fitzgerald Publishing, 1 - 142.","Simon E. 1873. Araneides nouveaux ou peu connus du midi de l'Europe. (2 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege 5: 187 - 351.","Simon E. 1903. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Deuxieme edition, tome second. Paris: Roret, 669 - 1080.","Simon E. 1885. Etudes sur les Arachnides recueillis en Tunisie en 1883 et 1884 par MM. A. Letourneux, M. Sedillot et Valery Mayet, membres de la mission de l'Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie. In: Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie, publiee sous les auspices du Ministere de l'instruction publique. Zoologie - Arachnides. Paris, 55.","Simon E. 1889. Etude sur les especes de la famille des Aviculariidae qui habitent le nord de l'Afrique. Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux 42: 379 - 397.","Reimoser E. 1919. Katalog der echten Spinnen (Araneae) des Palaarktischen Gebietes. Abhandlungen der ZoologischBotanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 10: 1 - 280.","Roewer CF. 1942. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. 1. Band (Mesothelae, Orthognatha, Labidognatha: Dysderaeformia, Scytodiformia, Pholciformia, Zodariiformia, Hersiliaeformia, Argyopiformia). Natura, Bremen 1: 1 - 1040.","Simon E. 1909. Etude sur les arachnides recueillis au Maroc par M. Martinez de la Escalera en 1907. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural 1: 5 - 43.","di Caporiacco L. 1937. Un manipolo di araneidi della Tripolitania costiera. Monitore Zoologico Italiano 48: 57 - 60.","Guadanucci JPL, Wendt I. 2014. Revision of the spider genus Ischnocolus Ausserer, 1871 (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae: Ischnocolinae). Journal of Natural History 48: 387 - 402.","Zonstein SL. 2018. Complementary data on the genus Ischnocolus (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 48: 105 - 118.","Montemor VM, West RC, Zamani A, Moradmand M, von Wirth V, Wendt I, Huber S, Guadanucci JPL. 2020. Taxonomy of the genus Ischnocolus in the Middle East, with description of a new species from Oman and Iran (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Zoology in the Middle East 66: 76 - 90.","Nentwig W, Blick T, Bosmans R, Gloor D, Hanggi A, Kropf C. 2020. Spiders of Europe, v. 12. Available at: https: // www. araneae. nmbe. ch (accessed 20 December 2020) https: // doi. org / 10.24436 / 1.","Walckenaer CA. 1805. Tableau des araneides ou caracteres essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linne, avec la designation des especes comprises dans chacune de ces divisions. Paris: De L´Imprimerie de Dentu, 88."]}

GENUS ISCHNOCOLUS AUSSERER, 1871 Type species: Ischnocolus holosericeus Koch, in Ausserer (1871) by original designation, syn. of Ischnocolus valentinus (Dufour, 1820). Diagnosis: See Guadanucci & Wendt (2014) for a recent diagnosis of the genus. Species included: Ischnocolus elongatus (Simon, 1873); Ischnocolus ignoratus Guadanucci & Wendt, 2014; Ischnocolus jickelii L. Koch, 1875; Ischnocolus mogadorensis Simon, 1909; Ischnocolus rubropilosus Keyserling, 1891 (note: taxonomic allocation of I. rubropilosus in Ischnocolus is dubious because it lies far outside the zoogeographical range of the genus); Ischnocolus tomentosus Thorell, 1899 (probably belongs to Myostola Simon, 1903, according to Guadanucci & Wendt, 2014, who considered it as incertae sedis); Ischnocolus valentinus (Dufour, 1820) (type species). 860 J. KORBA ET AL., Published as part of Korba, Jan, Opatova, Vera, Calatayud-Mascarell, Arnau, Enguídanos, Alba, Bellvert, Adrià, Adrián, Silvia, Sánchez-Vialas, Alberto & Arnedo, Miquel A, 2022, Systematics and phylogeography of western Mediterranean tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), pp. 845-884 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 (2) on pages 859-860, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac042, http://zenodo.org/record/7184518, {"references":["Ausserer A. 1871. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der ArachnidenFamilie der Territelariae Thorell (Mygalidae Autor). Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen ZoologischBotanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 21: 117 - 224.","Dufour L. 1820. Observations sur quelques arachnides quadripulmonaires. Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques 5: 96 - 116.","Guadanucci JPL, Wendt I. 2014. Revision of the spider genus Ischnocolus Ausserer, 1871 (Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae: Ischnocolinae). Journal of Natural History 48: 387 - 402.","Simon E. 1873. Araneides nouveaux ou peu connus du midi de l'Europe. (2 e memoire). Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege 5: 187 - 351.","Koch L. 1875. Aegyptische und abyssinische Arachniden gesammelt von Herrn C. Jickeli. Nurnberg: Bauer & Raspe.","Simon E. 1909. Etude sur les arachnides recueillis au Maroc par M. Martinez de la Escalera en 1907. Memorias de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural 1: 5 - 43.","Simon E. 1903. Histoire naturelle des araignees. Deuxieme edition, tome second. Paris: Roret, 669 - 1080."]}

The distributions of CAM and C3 epiphytic bromeliads across an altitudinal gradient in western Panama were identified from carbon isotope (δ13C) signals, and epiphyte water balance was investigated via oxygen isotopes (δ18O) across wet and dry seasons. There were significant seasonal differences in leaf water (δ18Olw), precipitation, stored 'tank' water and water vapour. Values of δ18Olw were evaporatively enriched at low altitude in the dry season for the C3 epiphytes, associated with low relative humidity (RH) during the day. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) δ18Olw values were relatively depleted, consistent with water vapour uptake during gas exchange under high RH at night. At high altitude, cloudforest locations, C3 δ18Olw also reflected water vapour uptake by day. A mesocosm experiment with Tillandsia fasciculata (CAM) and Werauhia sanguinolenta (C3) was combined with simulations using a non-steady-state oxygen isotope leaf water model. For both C3 and CAM bromeliads, δ18Olw became progressively depleted under saturating water vapour by day and night, although evaporative enrichment was restored in the C3 W. sanguinolenta under low humidity by day. Source water in the overlapping leaf base 'tank' was also modified by evaporative δ18O exchanges. The results demonstrate how stable isotopes in leaf water provide insights for atmospheric water vapour exchanges for both C3 and CAM systems.