31 results on '"Arnold, Mark D."'
Search Results
2. The U.S. National Cotton Germplasm Collection – Its Contents, Preservation, Characterization, and Evaluation
- Author
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Percy, Richard G., primary, Frelichowski, James E., additional, Arnold, Mark D., additional, Campbell, Todd B., additional, Dever, Jane K., additional, Fang, David D., additional, Hinze, Lori L., additional, Main, Dorrie, additional, Scheffler, Jodi, additional, Sheehan, Monica A., additional, Ulloa, Mauricio, additional, Yu, Jing, additional, and Yu, John, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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3. Registration of CA 4005 and CA 4006 Cotton Germplasm Lines with Partial Resistance to Feeding Injury from Thrips
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Wann, Dylan Q., primary, Dever, Jane K., additional, Arnold, Mark D., additional, Parajulee, Megha N., additional, and Elkins, Heather D., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The U.S. National Cotton Germplasm Collection – Its Contents, Preservation, Characterization, and Evaluation
- Author
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Percy, Richard G., Frelichowski, James E., and Arnold, Mark D.
- Subjects
Medical / Genetics - Abstract
The U.S. National Cotton Germplasm Collection – Its Contents, Preservation, Characterization, and Evaluation
- Published
- 2014
5. Registration of CA 4005 and CA 4006 Cotton Germplasm Lines with Partial Resistance to Feeding Injury from Thrips
- Author
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Wann, Dylan Q., Dever, Jane K., Arnold, Mark D., Parajulee, Megha N., and Elkins, Heather D.
- Abstract
Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are common pests of cotton (Gossypiumspp.) worldwide, typically causing economic damage within the first few weeks after planting of a cotton crop. With the loss of granular aldicarbs and resistance development to other insecticides in recent years, host plant resistance could play an important role in the integrated management of thrips. Two breeding lines originally developed for cold tolerance in the Texas A&M AgriLife Research cotton improvement program at Lubbock, TX, exhibited characteristics associated with thrips tolerance. These G. hirsutumlines, CA 4005 (Reg. No. GP‐1023, PI 681593) and CA 4006 (Reg. No. GP‐1024, PI 681594), are germplasm lines that were subsequently evaluated for potential resistance to thrips feeding injury. Both lines were evaluated in field and greenhouse tests from 2012 to 2014. CA 4005 and CA 4006 consistently displayed greater resistance to thrips feeding injury than the commercial and susceptible checks at the field level. Greenhouse evaluations, however, revealed that these lines are only partially resistant and can be overcome at high thrips densities. Yield potential, high‐volume instrument (HVI) fiber quality, and other agronomic characteristics of CA 4005 and CA 4006 were comparable to the evaluated commercial checks. These germplasm lines exhibited improved thrips resistance and competitive agronomic potential for the Texas High Plains and would be valuable sources of partial thrips resistance in adapted G. hirsutumgermplasm.
- Published
- 2018
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6. Dispersal of Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Cotton Modules Before Ginning
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Sappington, Thomas W., Arnold, Mark D., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Knutson, Allen E., Norman, John W., Jr., Sappington, Thomas W., Arnold, Mark D., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Knutson, Allen E., and Norman, John W., Jr.
- Abstract
We characterized the level of risk of boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, reintroduction to an eradication zone posed by dispersal from cotton modules during and after transport to the gin. Mark-release-recapture experiments in August and September in Texas indicated that most weevils disperse rapidly from the module surface, temperature permitting, unless confined under a module tarp, where most died. Nevertheless, 1-5% of released weevils were recovered alive after 24 h on the side and top surfaces of modules, representing potential dispersants. Mortality of boll weevils caged on the top surface of a module was 95-100% after 1-4 d when maximum air temperatures were ≥33°C and 72-100% when minimum temperatures were -7°C or lower, but a few survived even after experiencing a minimum daily temperature of -12°C. Under warm(daily maximum temperatures ≥25°C) and cold (daily minimum temperatures ≤0°C) weather conditions, survival was higher under the tarp than on the open surface of the module (20 versus 7% and 42 versus 26%, respectively), but mortality was 100% in both locations when temperatures reached 34°C. Our results indicate that although the threat to an eradication zone posed by boll weevil dispersal from an infested module is very low under most environmental conditions, it is probably greatest when 1) a module is constructed and transported from an infested zone during weather too cool for flight, followed by warm weather favorable for flight at the gin yard; or 2) such a module is transported immediately after construction in moderate-to-warm weather.
- Published
- 2006
7. Simple and Effective Method for Evaluating Cotton Seedlings for Resistance to Thrips in a Greenhouse, and a Thrips Species Composition on the Texas High Plains
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Arnold, Mark D., primary, Dever, Jane K., additional, Parajulee, Megha N., additional, Carroll, Stanley C., additional, and Flippin, Heather D., additional
- Published
- 2012
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8. Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Survival Through the Seed Cotton Cleaning Process in the Cotton Gin
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Sappington, Thomas W., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Arnold, Mark D., Baker, Roy V., Sappington, Thomas W., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Arnold, Mark D., and Baker, Roy V.
- Abstract
There is concern that gins located in boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, eradication zones may become points of reintroduction when they process cotton grown in a neighboring infested area. We estimated boll weevil survival through two typical machine sequences used in commercial cotton gins to clean and dry the seed cotton in advance of the gin stand, as well as separately through two incline cylinder cleaners or one or two tower dryers operating at different temperatures. Large numbers of laboratory-reared adult boll weevils were marked with fluorescent powder, fed into the test system, and recovered with the assistance of blacklights. We found no evidence of survival through the seed cotton cleaning systems even when the dryers were not heated, or when passed separately through the two incline cleaners alone. Upper conÞdence limits (95%) were calculated for the observed zero recoveries based on sample size and the binomial distribution, and these represent the statistical worst-case (i.e., highest) survival potential. Survival through heated tower dryers declined rapidly to zero at higher temperatures, especially when two dryers were running. Although we conclude that the potential for survival of weevils in the seed cotton to the gin stand is zero or close to zero, a small percentage of live weevils was recovered in the green boll/rock trap, which may represent the greatest threat of reintroduction at the gin. Escape of live weevils with the gin trash is also possible, and studies addressing this issue will be presented elsewhere.
- Published
- 2004
9. Potential for Escape of Live Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) into Cottonseed, Motes, and Cleaned Lint at the Cotton Gin
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Sappington, Thomas W., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Arnold, Mark D., Baker, Roy V., Sappington, Thomas W., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Arnold, Mark D., and Baker, Roy V.
- Abstract
Reintroductions of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, into areas of the United States where it has been eradicated or suppressed are very expensive to mitigate. There is concern that a cotton gin in an eradication zone may serve as a site of boll weevil reintroductions when processing cotton harvested in a neighboring infested zone. Similarly, there is a question whether weevil-free areas can safely import gin products, such as cottonseed and baled lint, from infested areas without risking an introduction. Many countries require fumigation of imported U.S. cotton bales to protect against boll weevil introductions, costing the U.S. cotton industry millions of dollars annually. In previously reported experiments, we quantified the potential for boll weevils to survive passage through precleaning machinery in the gin. In this study, we quantified survival potential of boll weevils passing through the gin stand and segregating into the cottonseed, mote, or lint fractions. We also examined boll weevil survival when passed with ginned lint through a lint cleaner. We present a flow chart of experimentally determined survival potentials of boll weevils passing through the various subprocesses of the gin, from which one can calculate the risk of a live boll weevil reaching any point in the process. Our data show that there is virtually no chance of a boll weevil being segregated alive into the cottonseed or of one surviving in the lint to approach the bale press. Therefore, quarantine or fumigation of cottonseed and cotton bales to guard against boll weevil introductions is unnecessary.
- Published
- 2004
10. Potential for Transport of Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to the Cotton Gin within Cotton Modules
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Sappington, Thomas W., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Arnold, Mark D., Norman, John W., Jr., Knutson, Allen E., Sappington, Thomas W., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Arnold, Mark D., Norman, John W., Jr., and Knutson, Allen E.
- Abstract
There is concern that cotton gins located in boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, eradication zones serving customers in adjacent infested zones may serve as a site for boll weevil reintroductions if weevils are transported alive inside cotton modules. We surveyed fields in three distinct areas of Texas and found that weevils can be present in large numbers in cotton fields that have been defoliated and desiccated in preparation for harvest, both as free adults and as immatures inside unopened bolls. Harvested cotton taken from module builders indicated that ∞100-3,700 adult boll weevils were packed inside modules constructed at the sampled fields. Marked weevils were forced through a laboratory field cleaner (bur extractor) commonly mounted on stripper-harvesters, and 14% were recovered alive in the seed cotton fraction and lived at least to 24 h. Survival of weevils placed inside modules declined over time up to 7 d, but the magnitude of the decline varied with experimental conditions. In one experiment, 91% of the weevils survived to 7 d, whereas under harsher environmental conditions, only 11% survived that long. Together, our results indicate that when cotton is harvested in an infested area, boll weevils likely will be packed alive into cotton modules, and many will still be alive by the time the module is fed into the gin, at least up to 7 d after the module's construction.
- Published
- 2004
11. Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Survival through Cotton Gin Trash Fans
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Sappington, Thomas W., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Arnold, Mark D., Baker, Roy V., Sappington, Thomas W., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Arnold, Mark D., and Baker, Roy V.
- Abstract
There is concern that cotton gins may serve as loci for reintroduction of boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, to eradicated or suppressed zones when processing weevil infested cotton from neighboring zones. Previous work has shown that virtually all weevils entering the gin in the seed cotton will be removed before they reach the gin stand. Those not killed by the seed cotton cleaning machinery will be shunted alive into the trash fraction, which passes through a centrifugal trash fan before exiting the gin. The objective of this study was to determine survival potential of boll weevils passed through a trash fan. Marked adult weevils were distributed in gin trash and fed through a 82.6-cm (32.5-in.) diameter centrifugal fan operated across a range of fan-tip speeds. A small number of boll weevils were recovered alive immediately after passage through the fan, but all were severely injured and did not survive 24 h. In another experiment, green bolls infested with both adult- and larval-stage weevils were fed through the fan. Several teneral adults survived 24 h, and there was no evidence that fan-tip speed affected either initial survival of weevils, or the number of unbroken boll locks that could harbor an infesting weevil. Thus, designating a minimum fan-tip speed for ensuring complete kill is not possible for the boll weevil. Experiments suggest that a device installed in a gin that partially crushes or cracks bolls open before entering a trash fan will increase mortality, possibly enough that further precautions would be unnecessary.
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- 2004
12. Dispersal of Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Cotton Modules Before Ginning
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Sappington, Thomas W., primary, Arnold, Mark D., additional, Brashears, Alan D., additional, Parajulee, Megha N., additional, Carroll, Stanley C., additional, Knutson, Allen E., additional, and Norman, John W., additional
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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13. Potential for Escape of Live Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) into Cottonseed, Motes, and Cleaned Lint at the Cotton Gin
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Sappington, Thomas W., primary, Brashears, Alan D., additional, Parajulee, Megha N., additional, Carroll, Stanley C., additional, Arnold, Mark D., additional, and Baker, Roy V., additional
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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14. Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Survival Through the Seed Cotton Cleaning Process in the Cotton Gin
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Sappington, Thomas W., primary, Brashears, Alan D., additional, Parajulee, Megha N., additional, Carroll, Stanley C., additional, Arnold, Mark D., additional, and Baker, Roy V., additional
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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15. Potential for Transport of Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to the Cotton Gin within Cotton Modules
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Sappington, Thomas W., primary, Brashears, Alan D., additional, Parajulee, Megha N., additional, Carroll, Stanley C., additional, Arnold, Mark D., additional, Norman, John W., additional, and Knutson, Allen E., additional
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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16. DEVELOPMENT OF A THRIPS RESISTANT, ADAPTED COTTON CULTIVAR FOR THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS: SCREENING, CROSSING AND FIELD TRIALS.
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Arnold, Mark D., Dever, Jane K., Elkins, Heather D., and Sheehan, Monica A.
- Abstract
An ongoing experiment to develop a cotton cultivar resistant to the West Texas thrips complex is being conducted. Numerous resistant cottons have been identified. The best of these was crossed to breeding program elites and tested under field conditions. A 2009 field trial indicates that the resistance was inherited. Selections were made to allow development to continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
17. PHENOTYPIC DOCUMENTATION OF GOSSYPIUM SPECIES FROM THE U.S. COTTON GERMPLASM COLLECTION USING DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY.
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Sheehan, Monica A., Dever, Jane K., and Arnold, Mark D.
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Over 500 cottons from the various collections around the world were characterized using descriptors of morphological traits and digital photography. This information will eventually be incorporated into a database for use by fellow scientists when selecting traits in a breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
18. BOLL WEEVIL ERADICATION UPDATE - ARKANSAS, 2008.
- Author
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Chen Chen, Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., and Arnold, Mark D.
- Abstract
The Arkansas Boll Weevil Eradication Program (ABWEP) was initiated in 1997 to rid the state of the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman. The Arkansas program began in the Southwest zone in 1997 with the diapause phase, followed by season-long phases in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, and season-long maintenance phases in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The seasonal mean number of boll weevils captured per trap per week in 2008 was significantly less than in 1998. The mean in 2008 was 0.0 weevils per trap per week, and in 1998 it was 3.99, a reduction rate of 100%. Insecticide applications in 2008 for boll weevils were reduced by 100.0%, compared to 1998. The program expanded into the Southeast zone in 1999 with the diapause phase, followed by season-long phases in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and season-long maintenance phases in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The seasonal mean number of boll weevils captured per trap per week in 2008 was significantly less than in 2000. The mean in 2008 was 0.000771, and in 2000 it was 5.54, a reduction rate of 99.986%. Insecticide applications made by the program in 2008 were less than in 2000 by 98.05%. The program expanded into the Central zone in 2000 with the diapause phase of the program followed by a seasonlong phase in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, and season-long maintenance phases in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The seasonal mean number of boll weevils captured per trap per week in 2008 was significantly less than in 2000. The mean in 2008 was 0.0, and in 2000 it was 15.66, a reduction rate of 100.0% in 2008 when compared with 2000. Insecticide applications made by the program in 2008 were less than in 2000 by 100.0%. The program expanded into the Northeast Ridge zone in 2001 with the diapause phase, followed by a season-long phase in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2005, and season-long maintenance phase in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The seasonal mean number of boll weevils captured per trap per week in 2008 was significantly less than in 2001. The mean in 2008 was 0.0, and was 8.70 in 2001, a reduction rate of 100.0%. Insecticide applications made by the program in 2008 were less than in 2002 by 100.0%. The program expanded in the Northeast Ridge Zone to include Eastern Poinsett in 2002 with the diapause phase, followed by a season-long phase in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006, and season-long maintenance phase in 2007 and 2008. The seasonal mean number of boll weevils captured per trap per week in 2008 was reduced when compared to the trapping program in 2001. The mean in 2008 was 0.0, and was 11.79 in 2001, a reduction of 100.0%. The program expanded into the Northeast Delta Zone in 2003 with the diapause phase, followed by a season-long phase in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007, and season-long maintenance phase in 2008.… [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
19. HOST PREFERENCE SURVEY OF STINK BUGS ON TEXAS HIGH PLAINS COTTON, ALFALFA AND PREVALENT WEEDS.
- Author
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Carroll, Stanley C., Parajulee, Megha N., and Arnold, Mark D.
- Abstract
Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are normally classified as occasional pests of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the Texas High Plains (THP) region. Understanding where cotton arthropod pest species, such as stink bugs (SB), feed, and possibly more importantly, where these pests reproduce can be useful in creating insect management strategies for the THP and other areas. A study was conducted during the February to November periods of 2004 and 2005 to determine the seasonal abundance and reproduction of SB species on cotton, alfalfa, and over 20 prevalent THP weed species. Over the 2-year study period, a total of 224,509 plant sweeps yielded 5,794 SB adults and 362 nymphs. These specimens were placed into one of two groups: Green Stink Bugs (GSB) is comprised of two species, [green SB, Acrosternum hilare (Say); southern green SB, Nezara viridula (L.)] while the second group, referred to as the Brown Stink Bugs (BSB), contains only one species [brown SB, Euschistus servus (Say)]. For each of five 2-month sampling periods (Feb/Mar, Apr/May, Jun/Jul, Aug/Sep, Oct/Nov), the plant species which yielded the highest numbers of adult and immature stink bugs are discussed. Based upon selected SB species groupings (GSB and BSB), it does not appear that the compositions of these groupings vary greatly across study year or the north/south geographical gradient. During the first four sampling periods (February-September) the GSB group dominated (ca. 75:25 ratio) the overall SB population, whereas during the Oct/Nov sampling period we observed increasing number of BSB (ca. 50:50 ratio). Knowledge related to stink bugs and their preferred THP 'hosts' will hopefully result in quicker development of management strategies for areas experiencing problems with stink bugs on cotton or other crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
20. LYGUS SURVEY IN THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS: SPECIES COMPOSITION AND HOST-PLANT SEQUENCING.
- Author
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Carroll, Stanley C., Parajulee, Megha N., and Arnold, Mark D.
- Abstract
An on-going survey for Lygus bugs was conducted in the Texas High Plains in 2004. Cotton and 21 potential non-cotton hosts were surveyed using a heavy-duty sweep net (100-150 sweeps/habitat/site) in three counties representing northern (Hale), central (Lubbock), and southern (Dawson) areas of this intensive cotton-growing region. Numerically dominant wild hosts found in roadside ditches and in and around cultivated fields were surveyed throughout the study period. Sampling was conducted on a weekly basis beginning in early February for wild hosts and in early July for cotton. As of November 2004, totals of 87,134 and 17,950 sweeps were taken in non-cotton hosts and cotton, respectively. A total of 19,148 adult Lygus and 7,628 nymphs have been captured to date. An overall sex ratio of 50.7:49.3 (M/F) was found for the Lygus adults. Wild mustards and alfalfa harbored the highest numbers of Lygus in the early and late season periods. Some important mid-season wild hosts included alfalfa, pigweed, ragweed, Russian thistle, smartweed and yellow sweetclover. The similar host-plant preference ratings between adults and nymphs suggest a strong positive correlation between adult population levels and the amount of reproduction within individual host-plant species. Lygus numbers in cotton were uniformly low relative to many non-cotton hosts, indicating that cotton is not a preferred feeding or breeding host. To date in 2004, the overall species complex observed in non-cotton hosts consisted of 96.5, 1.8, and 1.7% L. hesperus Knight, L. elisus Van Duzee, and L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), respectively, while in cotton the complex consisted of 91.8% L. hesperus with only two specimens each of L. elisus and L. lineolaris retrieved from cotton samples. With the exception of pigweed and ragweed, all other preferred host-plants and cotton showed L. hesperus percentages ranging from 90.3 to 100%. This comprehensive survey supports reports in the literature that Lygus are strongly polyphagous, based on the detection of Lygus throughout the season on available non-cotton hosts. This ability to utilize a succession of common non-cotton hosts allows Lygus to build large populations in wild hosts and invade cotton if conditions are favorable. Sampling is still continuing though 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
21. SEASONAL ABUNDANCE PATTERNS OF THRIPS AND FLEAHOPPERS IN TEXAS HIGH PLAINS COTTON.
- Author
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Shrestha, Ram B., Parajulee, Megha N., Cranmer, Andy M., Bommireddy, Padma L., Carroll, Stanley C., and Arnold, Mark D.
- Abstract
The study was conducted at the AG-CARES farm in Lamesa, Texas to quantify the seasonal activity patterns of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and cotton fleahoppers, Pseudatomoscelis senates (Reuter). Thrips infestation started from cotyledon stage. Thrips showed two distinct peak populations, one at 1-2 true leaf stage (20 DAP) and another at flowering stage (82-96 DAP). In the first peak, thrips numbers reached up to 6.1 total thrips per plant and the number slowly declined as the plant matured and began squaring. However, once cotton started flowering (75 DAP), thrips population began to grow and attained the second peak in the second week of August (96 DAP); the second peak was larger than the first peak. Fleahopper activity began 44 days after planting and showed only one peak in early square stage (103 DAP). Seasonal average fleahoppers were found significantly higher in late-planted cotton (2705 per acre) compared with that in timely planted cotton (1118 per acre). The tillage system and variety did not have a significant influence on abundance pattern of thrips or fleahoppers. Visual sampling method detected the highest abundance of fleahoppers (37,851 per acre) followed by beat bucket (17,086 per acre), drop cloth (8,378 per acre), vacuum (951 per acre), and sweepnet (798 per acre) sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
22. MODULES, GINS, AND THE THREAT OF BOLL WEEVIL INTRODUCTIONS: WHAT WE KNOW SO FAR.
- Author
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Sappington, Thomas W., Brashears, Alan D., Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., Arnold, Mark D., Norman, Jr., John W., Knutson, Allen E., and Baker, Roy V.
- Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine the potential threat of boll weevil transport on or in cotton modules constructed in infested areas to gins in weevil-free areas. Surveys in three areas of Texas indicated that live weevils are usually present in defoliated fields just before harvest and one can expect live weevils to he packed into modules. Most weevils dispersed rapidly from untarped module surface when temperatures were warm enough for flight, but a small percentage remained at least to 24 h. Most weevils trapped on the surface under the tarp died from high temperatures . Survival of weevils inside modules was high after 1 and 3 d, but had declined dramatically by 7 d. The greatest threat of reinfestation by weevils dispersing from a module would occur when a module is constructed and transported during cool, cloudy weather, followed by warm weather favorable for flight at the gin yard. Other experiments were conducted to determine boll weevil mortality in various subprocesses in a cotton gin by introducing known numbers of weevils at various points in the system and estimating survival. We found no evidence that weevils can survive in the seed cotton to the gin stand or beyond. The greatest threat for weevil survival and escape from the gin occurs soon after entry, with chances of survival diminishing rapidly the further the weevils progress through the different ginning processes . Small numbers of live weevils can he expected to escape into the rock trap, either as free adults or in infested bolls (Brashears et al. 2003). Thus, it is important that at-risk gins either destroy the trash collected in the rock trap immediately or collect it in a container that will not permit weevil escape. Weevils protected inside unopened bolls can escape alive with the gin trash later in the cleaning process even when passed through a high-speed trash fan. If a mechanical device can he designed and installed to slightly crack open bolls as they move to the fan, this latter problem can he mitigated to a great extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
23. Indirect Grammatical Pressure Driving Language Change
- Author
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Arnold, Mark D., primary
- Published
- 1998
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24. WHEN IS A COTTON BOLL SAFE FROM LYGUS HESPERUS DAMAGE?
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Cranmer, Andy M., Leser, James F., Parajulee, Megha N., Arnold, Mark D., and Carroll, Stanley C.
- Abstract
Western tarnished plant bug (WTPB) damage to cotton bolls decreased as bolls aged. As heat units accumulated past white flower, the number of external lesions as well as internal carpel wall warts decreased. Bolls that had only accumulated 150 heat units past white flower sustained the greatest amount of damage, while bolls accumulating 450 to 550 HU received the least. Results indicate that once have accumulated 350 HU past white flower they are relatively safe from internal injury caused by WTPB. A homemade penetrometer was constructed in order to be able to measure the resistance to penetration of a cotton boll carpel wall at different boll ages. This would permit measurements of differences due to factors such as irrigation and variety without actually having to repeat caged bug studies. Boll age was categorized using accumulated heat units, and bolls were tested for toughness as they aged. The pressure required to puncture a boll at all locations (the side, top or bottom) increased with increasing maturity. Results indicate that the side of the boll is the easiest to penetrate, therefore the most susceptible to WTPB damage. If a reliable tool to measure boll hardness was available, and the information obtained in this study used, a threshold to predict when a cotton boll is safe from WTPB injury could be established for bolls from different varieties and grown under different cultural practices. This would allow crop managers to avoid unnecessary late season plant bug applications after yield is no longer threatened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
25. EFFECT OF PIGWEED ON BEET ARMY WORM ACTIVITY IN COTTON.
- Author
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Carroll, Stanley C., Parajulee, Megha N., and Arnold, Mark D.
- Abstract
Texas High Plains cotton losses due to beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), have increased over the last ten years. This study was conducted in 2002 and 2003 to determine the influence of cotton planting date window (timely vs. late) and level of pigweed infestation (pigweed-infested vs. non-infested) on beet armyworm population abundance in Texas High Plains cotton. In both 2002 and 2003, planting date window did not influence seasonal differences in beet armyworm infestation. For both years, the presence or absence of pigweed contributed significantly to differences in seasonal beet armyworm activity in nearby cotton. In 2002, pigweed-infested cotton was observed to have a seasonal average of 3,240 larvae per acre compared with a significantly lower count of 1,015 larvae per acre in the clean-tilled non-infested cotton. Under lighter beet armyworm population levels in 2003, a seasonal average of 1,065 worms/acre was observed in pigweed-infested plots while only 195 worms/acre were detected in the plots without pigweed. The results of this study suggest that cotton fields infested with a preferred wild host, such as pigweed, have an increased risk for beet armyworm colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
26. CULTURAL PRACTICES AFFECTING SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF SELECTED COTTON ARTHROPOD PREDATORS.
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Arnold, Mark D., Parajulee, Megha N., and Cranmer, Andy M.
- Abstract
Cotton planting date and cultivar were tested in 2002 and 2003 for their effect on populations of arthropod predators in cotton in the Texas High Plains. Timely and late cotton plantings were made, and four of the most common adapted stripper cultivars were used. Predators were sampled using five methods which were also evaluated for effectiveness. Seasonally, timely planted cotton had more total predators per acre in 2003, while cultivar ST 2454R had more total predators (also in 2003). In both years, the beat bucket was the most effective of the sampling methods tested, while the sweep net and vacuum sampler were the poorest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
27. BEET ARMYWORM POPULATION ABUNDANCE IN COTTON AS AFFECTED BY PIGWEED.
- Author
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Carroll, Stanley C., Megha N. Parajulee, Shrestha, Ram B., and Arnold, Mark D.
- Abstract
Texas High Plains cotton losses due to beet armyworms have increased greatly over the last ten years. This study is being conducted to determine the influence of cotton planting date window (timely vs. late) and level of pigweed infestation (pig- weed-infested vs. non-infested) on beet armyworm population abundance in Texas High Plains cotton. Planting window and level of pigweed infestation both contributed to differences in seasonal beet armyworm activity. Significantly higher numbers of beet armyworm larvae were observed in the timely (10 May) planted cotton than in the late (14 June) planted cotton, with seasonal averages of 2579 and 1676 larvae per acre in the May and June planted cotton, respectively. Pigweed-infested cotton was observed to have a seasonal average of 3240 larvae per acre compared with a significantly lower count of 1015 larvae per acre in the clean-tilled non-infested cotton. Preliminary results suggest that cotton fields infested with a preferred wild host, such as pigweed, could have an increased risk for beet armyworm colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
28. EFFECT OF IRRIGATION REGIMES ON INSECT POPULATIONS IN TEXAS HIGH PLAINS COTTON.
- Author
-
Bommireddy, P. Latha, Parajulee, Megha N., Porter, Dana O., Shrestha, Ram B., Cranmer, Andy M., Arnold, Mark D., and Carroll, Stanley C.
- Abstract
Influence of irrigation application rates and irrigation application methods on cotton insect populations were studied in Texas High Plains during 2002. Cotton pests, including Lygus bugs and cotton fleahoppers, and beneficial arthropods were sampled. Three irrigation application rates, 50%, 75% and 100% evapotranspiration (ET) replacements, were evaluated. The two irrigation application methods evaluated were low energy precision application (LEPA) system and low elevation spray application (LESA) system. Four commercial cotton cultivars, ST2454R, PM2326RR, ST4793R and DPS41SRR were evaluated. Insect populations were sampled using a vacuum sampler. Insect numbers were higher in LEPA irrigated plots than in LESA irrigated plots. Overall, insect numbers were higher at 75% ET replacement followed by 100% and 50%, respectively. The cultivar PM2326RR had the highest Lygus and fleahopper numbers and lowest predators compared with the other three cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
29. CLIMATIC DATA-BASED ANALYSIS OF LYGUS HESPERUS PREFERENCE ON SELECTED HOST PLANTS.
- Author
-
Chen Chen, Parajulee, Megha N., Carroll, Stanley C., and Arnold, Mark D.
- Abstract
Based on data collected from a two-year Texas High Plains field survey of Lygus and their associated crop and weed hosts, three different kinds of regression models (simple linear regression, polynomial regression and Logistic Growth Curve regression) were constructed to quantify the Lygus preference caused by four selected host plants, plant growth stage and geographical location. Weather data were also regressed on Lygus counts. The results produced models with some significant trends, but very poor fits, indicating a much more complex dataset with more regressor variables will be required to produce good predictive models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
30. INFLUENCE OF COTTON CULTIVAR AND PLANTING DATE ON FLEAHOPPER AND LYGUS POPULATIONS IN THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS.
- Author
-
Cranmer, Andy M., Parajulee, Megha N., Leser, James F., Bommireddy, Padma L., Shrestha, Ram B., Carroll, Stanley C., and Arnold, Mark D.
- Abstract
Seasonal abundance of fleahoppers and Lygus varied with cotton cultivar as well as the planting date window. Paymaster 2326RR had the most fleahoppers and Lygus compared with Stoneville 2454R, Paymaster 2145RR, and Paymaster 2167RR. Late-planted cotton attracted significantly more of both species compared with the timely planted cotton. Sampling methods varied in their efficiency to capture fleahoppers and Lygus. The beat bucket method captured significantly more Lygus, while the visual method accounted for the most fleahoppers compared with other sampling methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
31. Boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) survival through cotton gin trash fans.
- Author
-
Sappington TW, Brashears AD, Parajulee MN, Carroll SC, Arnold MD, and Baker RV
- Subjects
- Agriculture standards, Animals, Gossypium parasitology, Agriculture instrumentation, Insect Control methods, Weevils
- Abstract
There is concern that cotton gins may serve as loci for reintroduction of boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, to eradicated or suppressed zones when processing weevil-infested cotton from neighboring zones. Previous work has shown that virtually all weevils entering the gin in the seed cotton will be removed before they reach the gin stand. Those not killed by the seed cotton cleaning machinery will be shunted alive into the trash fraction, which passes through a centrifugal trash fan before exiting the gin. The objective of this study was to determine survival potential of boll weevils passed through a trash fan. Marked adult weevils were distributed in gin trash and fed through a 82.6-cm (32.5-in.) diameter centrifugal fan operated across a range of fan-tip speeds. A small number of boll weevils were recovered alive immediately after passage through the fan, but all were severely injured and did not survive 24 h. In another experiment, green bolls infested with both adult- and larval-stage weevils were fed through the fan. Several teneral adults survived 24 h, and there was no evidence that fan-tip speed affected either initial survival of weevils, or the number of unbroken boll locks that could harbor an infesting weevil. Thus, designating a minimum fan-tip speed for ensuring complete kill is not possible for the boll weevil. Experiments suggest that a device installed in a gin that partially crushes or cracks bolls open before entering a trash fan will increase mortality, possibly enough that further precautions would be unnecessary.
- Published
- 2004
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