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2. List of contributors

Author

Achur, Rajeshwar, primary, Adhikary, Krishnendu, additional, Ahire, Eknath D., additional, Akhila, A., additional, Alekhya, Kella, additional, Anousakis, Ch., additional, Ansar, Waliza, additional, Aranha, Ivan, additional, Aravind, Vulli, additional, Arora, Naina, additional, Badgaiyan, Rajendra D., additional, Bagchi, Debasis, additional, Bahekar, Triveni Nilkanth, additional, Balekundri, Amruta, additional, Banerjee, Priyanka, additional, Banerjee, Ritam, additional, Banerjee, Pradipta, additional, Banik, Samudra P., additional, Bansal, Suraj, additional, Baral, Tejaswini, additional, Barh, Debmayla, additional, Baron, David, additional, Batabyal, Nandita, additional, Benson, Ruby, additional, Bhattacharya, Subhrajit, additional, Bhattacharyya, Jhimli, additional, Biswas, Ayan, additional, Biswas, Pallabi, additional, Blanco, Tracey, additional, Blum, Kenneth, additional, Bowirrat, Abdalla, additional, Braverman, Eric R., additional, Chatterjee, Ananya, additional, Chaudhry, Anubha, additional, Chaurasia, Rameshwar Nath, additional, Chowdhury, Sumana Roy, additional, Dakshayini, P.N., additional, Damarasingu, Prasanth, additional, Darshan, J.C., additional, Das, Siddhartha, additional, Das, Arpita, additional, Dasari, Rajasekhar, additional, De, Shaoli, additional, Debnath, Anirban, additional, Dennen, Catherine, additional, Dharmamoorthy, G., additional, Dhavale, Raiu K., additional, Dhingra, Sameer, additional, Downs, B. William, additional, Ejaz, Laila, additional, Ejaz, Haris, additional, Elman, Igor, additional, Evangelou, E., additional, Favas, T.T., additional, Garg, Ravindra K., additional, Giordano, John, additional, Gogoi, Maya, additional, Gold, Mark S., additional, Gupta, Munesh Kumar, additional, Gupta, Ashim, additional, Gupta, Abhishek Amod, additional, Han, David, additional, Hanumegowda, Sujatha M., additional, Hati, Subrota, additional, Helan, K.P., additional, Hemachudha, Pasin, additional, Hemachudha, Thiravat, additional, Hossain, Ashfaque, additional, Hostert, Alyssa, additional, Iorio, E.L., additional, Jain, Pushpendra Kumar, additional, Jana, Sudipta, additional, Jawed, Junaid Jibran, additional, Johnson, Aieshel Serafin, additional, Kachave, Ramanlal N., additional, Karati, Dipanjan, additional, Keceli, T.M., additional, Keservani, Raj K., additional, Kesharwani, Rajesh K., additional, Kesharwani, Anuradha, additional, Keshri, Anand Kumar, additional, Khalsa, Jag, additional, Khona, Dolly K., additional, Kiritsakis, Apostolos, additional, Krishnamani, Madhu, additional, Kumar, Anand, additional, Kumar, Podilapu Manoj, additional, Kumar, Neeraj, additional, Kumar, Shivam, additional, Kumar, Nitesh, additional, Kumari, Reena, additional, Kurian, Shilia Jacob, additional, Lall, Neha, additional, Llanos, Luis Gomez, additional, Mahajan, Sunil K., additional, Majumder, Rajib, additional, Makwana, Mitali, additional, Malhotra, Hardeep Singh, additional, Malhotra, Kiran Preet, additional, Mandal, Supriya, additional, McLaughlin, Thomas, additional, Meenakshi, Sarasa, additional, Mehra, Parul, additional, Mendes, Odete, additional, Metkus, Jarred D., additional, Mitra, Mousumi, additional, Mitra, Sudeep, additional, Mohan, Aishvaryaa, additional, Muili, Fatima, additional, Mukherjee, Swarupananda, additional, Mukherjee, Priyanka, additional, Murti, Krishna, additional, Nandi, Dilip Kumar, additional, Narapaka, Pavan Kumar, additional, Njie Mbye, Ya Fatou, additional, Oh, Angela, additional, Ohia, Sunny E., additional, Okolie, Anthonia, additional, Opere, Catherine A., additional, Paliwal, Vimal Kumar, additional, Panda, Satyajit, additional, Parihar, Vipan Kumar, additional, Patil, Dhananjay M., additional, Patil, Sharangouda J., additional, Pattanayak, Sudeepta, additional, Prabhu, Vikas Vittal, additional, Prasad, P. Dharani, additional, Prasad, Amit, additional, Preethi, Pakala, additional, Premalatha, S.J., additional, Raina, Hansika Sanjay, additional, Ramírez, Yael Quiles, additional, Rawat, Suraj Singh, additional, Renuka Jyothi, S., additional, Robinson, Conrad, additional, Roy, Uddappanda Bopaiah, additional, Rupreo, Vibeizonuo, additional, S., Theertha, additional, S.S., Kiron, additional, Saha, Rudra P., additional, Saifeddine, Mohamad, additional, Saini, Ankit Kumar, additional, Samanta, Saptadip, additional, Sannaningaiah, Devaraja, additional, Sanyal, Saptarshi, additional, Saranya, K., additional, Sarkar, Riya, additional, Sen, Amartya, additional, Sengar, Pratishtha, additional, Shahidi, F., additional, Sharma, Swati, additional, Shelke, Akshay, additional, Sheth, Meet, additional, Shibu, Shalmy M., additional, Shivaprasad, H.N., additional, Shukla, Kuldeep, additional, Simpatico, Thomas A., additional, Singh, Abhilasha, additional, Singh, Anshul, additional, Singh, Varun Kumar, additional, Singh, Abhishek Kumar, additional, Singh, Manoj Kumar, additional, Singh, Meghna, additional, Soman, Sauparnika, additional, Sonal Sekhar, M., additional, Sonawane, Deepak D., additional, Sonawane, Vijayraj N., additional, Soni, Gaurav, additional, Sravani, T., additional, Srivastava, Nimish, additional, Srivastava, Chhitij, additional, Surana, Khemchand R., additional, Tejan, Nidhi, additional, Thanos, Panayotis K., additional, Tom, Annmaria, additional, Tsitsipas, Ch., additional, Udaya Kumar, V., additional, Uniyal, Ravi, additional, Urs, Vijeth L., additional, Veeranna, S., additional, Venkatappa, Manjula M., additional, Ward, D. Isum, additional, Wozniak, Lucyna A., additional, Yadav, Latika, additional, and Manasa, Goudicherla, additional

Published
2024
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4. The interplay of helminthic neuropeptides and proteases in parasite survival and host immunomodulation

Author

Kaur, Rimanpreet, Arora, Naina, Nair, Meera G, and Prasad, Amit

Subjects
Neurosciences, Infectious Diseases, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Infection, Inflammatory and immune system, Animals, Helminthiasis, Helminths, Host-Parasite Interactions, Immunomodulation, Mammals, Mice, Neuropeptides, Parasites, Peptide Hydrolases, helminth, immunomodulation, neuropeptide, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Abstract

Neuropeptides comprise a diverse and broad group of neurotransmitters in vertebrates and invertebrates, with critical roles in neuronal signal transduction. While their role in controlling learning and memory in the brains of mammals is known, their extra-synaptic function in infection and inflammation with effects on distinct tissues and immune cells is increasingly recognized. Helminth infections especially of the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurocysticercosis, induce neuropeptide production by both host and helminth, but their role in host-parasite interplay or host inflammatory response is unclear. Here, we review the neurobiology of helminths, and discuss recent studies on neuropeptide synthesis and function in the helminth as well as the host CNS and immune system. Neuropeptides are summarized according to structure and function, and we discuss the complex enzyme processing for mature neuropeptides, focusing on helminth enzymes as potential targets for novel anthelminthics. We next describe known immunomodulatory effects of mammalian neuropeptides discovered from mouse infection models and draw functional parallels with helminth neuropeptides. Last, we discuss the anti-microbial properties of neuropeptides, and how they may be involved in host-microbiota changes in helminth infection. Overall, a better understanding of the biology of helminth neuropeptides, and whether they affect infection outcomes could provide diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for helminth infections.

Published
2022

15. Taenia solium excretory secretory proteins (ESPs) suppresses TLR4/AKT mediated ROS formation in human macrophages via hsa-miR-125.

Author

Arora, Naina, Keshri, Anand K., Kaur, Rimanpreet, Rawat, Suraj S., Kumar, Rajeev, Mishra, Amit, and Prasad, Amit

Subjects
*TAENIA solium, *NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS, *MACROPHAGES, *HELMINTHIASIS, *NEGLECTED diseases, *PHAGOCYTOSIS, *HUMAN experimentation, DEVELOPING countries
Abstract

Background: Helminth infections are a global health menace affecting 24% of the world population. They continue to increase global disease burden as their unclear pathology imposes serious challenges to patient management. Neurocysticercosis is classified as neglected tropical disease and is caused by larvae of helminthic cestode Taenia solium. The larvae infect humans and localize in central nervous system and cause NCC; a leading etiological agent of acquired epilepsy in the developing world. The parasite has an intricate antigenic make-up and causes active immune suppression in the residing host. It communicates with the host via its secretome which is complex mixture of proteins also called excretory secretory products (ESPs). Understanding the ESPs interaction with host can identify therapeutic intervention hot spots. In our research, we studied the effect of T. solium ESPs on human macrophages and investigated the post-translation switch involved in its immunopathogenesis. Methodology: T. solium cysts were cultured in vitro to get ESPs and used for treating human macrophages. These macrophages were studied for cellular signaling and miR expression and quantification at transcript and protein level. Conclusion: We found that T. solium cyst ESPs treatment to human macrophages leads to activation of Th2 immune response. A complex cytokine expression by macrophages was also observed with both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in milieu. But, at the same time ESPs modulated the macrophage function by altering the host miR expression as seen with altered ROS activity, apoptosis and phagocytosis. This leads to activated yet compromised functional macrophages, which provides a niche to support parasite survival. Thus T. solium secretome induces Th2 phenomenon in macrophages which may promote parasite's survival and delay their recognition by host immune system. Author summary: This article discusses the research conducted on the effect of Taenia solium excretory secretory proteins (ESPs) on human macrophages and its role in the immunopathogenesis of Neurocysticercosis (NCC). NCC is a neglected tropical disease caused by larvae of T. solium, which infect humans and localizes in the central nervous system. The larvae cause NCC, a leading cause of acquired epilepsy in the developing world. The study found that T. solium ESPs induce a Th2 immune response in macrophages, which may promote parasite survival and delay their recognition by the host immune system. The research further showed that ESPs modulate macrophage function by altering host miR expression, leading to activated yet compromised functionality that provides a niche for parasite survival. This study provides insights into the interaction of ESPs with the host, revealing therapeutic intervention hot spots to manage NCC and other helminthic infections. In the absence of suitable animal model for NCC, our study elucidates important and novel finding of parasite mediated suppression of host immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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26. Immunoinformatic Approaches for Vaccine Designing for Pathogens with Unclear Pathogenesis.

Author

Arora N, Keshri AK, Kaur R, Rawat SS, and Prasad A

Subjects
Computational Biology, Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte, Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte, Molecular Docking Simulation, Vaccines, Subunit, Vaccines
Abstract

Designing a vaccine against a pathogen has been the toughest challenge to fight against any infectious diseases. To overcome this problem, use of artificial neural network with immuno-informatics is emerging as a front runner solution. For a successful designing of a potent vaccine, prediction of T-cell/B-cell epitopes, antigen processing and presentation analysis, antigenic potential analysis of epitopes, usages of linkers, population coverage, codon optimization, allergenicity assessment, toxicity prediction of construct, and finally protein-peptide docking for stability of vaccine are important steps. To achieve this, several bioinformatics software, tools and online web servers have been developed for each application, which have their own advantages and limitations. Scientists must evaluate these parameters and should take the decision to apply more suitable and precise servers for each analysis and prediction based on their accuracy, suitability, and robustness., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Published
2022
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