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Urbanization inevitably involves the replacement of native soils with impervious areas. Doing so reduces infiltration and thus the contribution of groundwater to stream baseflows. The use of infiltration-based Stormwater Control Measures (SCMs) is increasingly common to restore lost baseflows in urban areas, although there remains considerable uncertainty regarding the optimal arrangement of such measures in the landscape, along with the influence of site conditions on the path and fate of infiltrated stormwater. This study aimed to investigate how site conditions and arrangement of infiltration-based SCMs influence the water cycle and stream baseflows. To undertake this study, we used a modelling approach which combined the outputs from a stormwater model (MUSIC) with a 3D groundwater flow model (MIKE SHE). We simulated a range of plausible site conditions and spatial arrangements of SCMs for a hypothetical hillslope situated in two different locations in Australia—Gold Coast (sub-tropical climate) and Melbourne (temperate climate). The modelling results predicted that placing the SCMs in a centralized way at the bottom of the hillslope (End of the pipe approach) could deliver more stream baseflows compared with a distributed network of systems. Placing the SCMs in a distributed manner throughout the landscape was predicted to deliver local benefits such as enhanced evapotranspiration and augmented soil moisture. In addition, we found that soil hydraulic conductivity played a major role in the fate of infiltrated stormwater for all scenarios. Our results highlight the importance of placing infiltration-based SCMs appropriately in the landscape if the goal is baseflow restoration. They also point to the importance of understanding local site conditions before designing and siting stormwater infiltration systems. A mix of different SCM strategies (e.g. rainwater tanks with a dedicated baseflow outlet) will be required for sites with very low hydraulic conductivities.

The suitability of iron-based nanomaterials or composites for in-situ remediation hinges on their physicochemical stability. Introducing surface modifications like metal doping or polymer grafting can regulate interparticle forces, influencing particle stability. Thus, probing how grafting methods (i.e., pre- or post-grafting) tune material properties controlling interparticle forces, comprehend the synergistic effect of metal doping and polymer grafting, and evaluate stability under varying geochemical conditions are the way forward in designing sustainable remediation strategies. To this end, time-dependent sedimentation, dissolution, and aggregation of four synthesized iron-based nanoparticles (bare iron (Fe), copper doped bimetallic iron/copper (Fe/Cu), pre- and post-grafted Fe/Cu with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) – CMCpre-Fe/Cu and CMCpost-Fe/Cu, respectively) were carried out as a function of solution chemistry (i.e., pH – 5 to 10, ionic strength, IS – 0 to 100 mM NaCl, initial particle concentration, C0–20 to 200 mg.L−1) mimicking geoenvironmental conditions. CMCpre-Fe/Cu exhibited markedly higher particle availability (> 91 %) against sedimentation than others (bare Fe/Cu (11.28 %) > bare Fe (7.33 %) > CMCpost-Fe/Cu (6.09 %)) – suggesting the pivotal role of grafting method on particle stability. XDLVO energy profiles revealed pre-grafting altered magnetic properties favoring surface charge-driven electrostatic repulsion over magnetic attraction, thereby limiting aggregation-induced particle settling. In contrast, superior magnetic force overrides the electrostatic behavior for bare and post-grafted particles. Unlike bare and post-grafted nanoparticles, CMCpre-Fe/Cu aggregate size correlated positively with [H+] and IS, consistent with their settling behavior. Rise in C0 showed a visible negative effect on particle aggregation and, thereby, sedimentation except for CMCpre-Fe/Cu by facilitating particle collision through Brownian movement. Both acidic pH and

Nitrate pollution in aquifers is a global concern. Spain has developed a national strategy to recover nitrate polluted aquifers aligned with the European Union (EU) policies, specifically through the water planning under the EU Water Framework Directive. River basin management plans use PATRICAL model results to define the maximum nitrogen surplus in each polluted aquifer for the first time. The maximum nitrogen surplus allows to reach the good status in each aquifer and the model provides the number of years required. Around 30% of the aquifers in Spain is currently heavily polluted by nitrates. Model results show that 90% of these aquifers can be recovered in next 6-12 years by increasing nitrogen use efficiency and reducing nitrogen losses around 50%, which is in line with the EU Farm to Fork Strategy. The remaining aquifers require additional reductions to achieve the good status. In Spain this increase in nitrogen efficiency can be obtained with different measures including 30% reduction of current fertilization.

Moving from participatory approaches incorporating co-design to co-production in health research involves a commitment to full engagement and partnership with people with lived experience through all stages of the research process— start to finish. However, despite the increased enthusiasm and proliferation of research that involves co-production, practice remains challenging, due in part to the lack of consensus on what constitutes co-production, a lack of guidance about the practical steps of applying this approach in respect to diverse research methods from multiple paradigms, and structural barriers within academia research landscape. To navigate the challenges in conducting co-produced research, it has been recommended that attention be paid to focusing and operationalising the underpinning principles and aspirations of co-production research, to aid translation into practice. In this article, we describe some fundamental principles essential to conducting co-production research (sharing power, relational resilience, and adopting a learning mindset) and provide tangible, practical strategies, and processes to engage these values. In doing so, we hope to support rehabilitation researchers who wish to engage in co-production to foster a more equitable, ethical, and impactful collaboration with people with lived experience and those involved in their circle of care.