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During the last few years, patchy colloidal dispersions have emerged as ideal candidates of glass-formers of systems composed of particles that interact with non-isotropic potentials. However, from the computational point of view, the characterization of their dynamical properties close to the glass transition via any kind of molecular dynamics simulation technique can be very difficult due to the slowing down of both the rotational and translational dynamics. Although a plethora of dynamical techniques have been developed to account for the dynamics of patchy colloids, new and complementary simulation techniques are required to explore, much faster and more efficiently, the dynamical arrest transition of patchy colloidal dispersions when computer simulation consists of a large number of particles and, due to the slow particle dynamics at the glass transition, an extended time window is explicitly required. Then, in this contribution, by means of the so-called dynamic-Monte Carlo method, we report on the dynamical arrest transition, both rotational and translational, of a bidisperse patchy colloidal dispersion, following three different paths along the density-temperature plane, including high densities and low temperatures. Although this method has not been extensively tested at extreme thermodynamic conditions, we show that even at the dynamical arrest transition, it allows us to extract good dynamical data from a complex system. Therefore, it turns out to be a promising technique to explore the onset of vitrification of anisotropic colloidal particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What causes adverse policing outcomes, such as excessive uses of force and unnecessary arrests? Prevailing explanations focus on problematic officers or deficient regulations and oversight. We introduce an overlooked perspective. We suggest that the cognitive demands inherent in policing can undermine officer decision making. Unless officers are prepared for these demands, they may jump to conclusions too quickly without fully considering alternative ways of seeing a situation. This can lead to adverse policing outcomes. To test this perspective, we created a new training that teaches officers to consider different ways of interpreting the situations they encounter. We evaluated this training using a randomized controlled trial with 2,070 officers from the Chicago Police Department. In a series of lab assessments, we find that treated officers were significantly more likely to consider a wider range of evidence and develop more explanations for subjects' actions. Critically, we also find that training affected officer performance in the field, leading to reductions in uses of force, discretionary arrests, and arrests of Black civilians. Meanwhile, officer activity levels remained unchanged, and trained officers were less likely to be injured on duty. Our results highlight the value of considering the cognitive aspects of policing and demonstrate the power of using behaviorally informed approaches to improve officer decision making and policing outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ignition interlock devices installed after conviction for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) have been shown to reduce subsequent DUI arrests (specific deterrence). However, there is little evidence on how interlock-device penalties might affect general deterrence, that is, deterring people from driving after consuming alcohol prior to a DUI conviction. A discrete choice experiment was conducted and data were analyzed in 2023 with 583 U.S.-based adults who consume alcohol at least once in the past week to assess the deterrent effects of five different penalties (fine, jail time, interlock device, license suspension, alcohol treatment) for alcohol-impaired driving under randomized sequential scenarios of high (20% chance of being caught) and low (1%) police enforcement. Participants resided in 46 states. Deterrent effects of an interlock penalty, operationalized as having to install an interlock device for 1 year, are large and on par with a 20-fold increase in police enforcement activity (from 1% chance of being caught to 20%), or a $2,000 increase in the DUI fine under the status quo enforcement regime. On average, a 1-year interlock penalty had the same deterrent effect as a 10-day increase in jail time. Wider use of interlock devices as a DUI penalty could have large deterrent effects, independent of their ability to physically prevent the motor vehicle of an intoxicated driver from starting. The deterrent effect documented here adds to evidence on interlock devices' overall effectiveness as well as their potential to shift DUI penalties away from criminalization (jail time) and toward immobilization and rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purges and high‐profile political cases were constantly, though with varying degrees of intensity, brought down on Soviet functionaries in the 1920s–1950s. However, judging by the latest research, repressions did not completely stop the stabilization and formation of corporate cohesion within the nomenklatura, convincing signs of which already had appeared under Stalin. This trend, which in many ways determined the nature of the Soviet system's development, is significant. However, its study requires considerable effort, including analyzing new sources reflecting the practices of the nomenklatura's resistance to repressive pressure from above. This article addresses this problem through the prism of a well‐known phenomenon: the purges of NKVD officers, who themselves conducted mass repressions in 1937–38. Newly available archival documents make it possible to investigate several critical interrelated questions. First, what was the situation of convicted Chekists in the camps? Second, what were the mechanisms for the early release of former officers? Third, what were the subsequent trajectories of restoring the Chekists' social status? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous studies report that individuals with higher levels of grit are more likely to experience positive life outcomes, much less is known about whether grit can be used to understand individual differences in criminal justice involvement. This study addresses this gap by analyzing self-report data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) to assess the longitudinal relationship between grit, first-time arrest, and re-arrest in young adulthood. Results from a series of multivariate logistic regression models reveal that higher levels of grit are associated with decreased odds of both first-time arrest and re-arrest. The reported findings are some of the first to indicate that grit is an individual-level factor worthy of further empirical investigation in criminal justice and criminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey of a national Canadian sample examines the associations between individual- and community-level factors with arrest by police. Indigenous Peoples were more than twice as likely to have been arrested than White people. Indigenous Peoples living in Indigenous enclaves were nearly five times as likely to be arrested than White people in similar communities. And Indigenous females who lived in Indigenous enclaves were nearly 20 times more likely to be arrested than otherwise similar, White females. Indigenous males in these communities were also disadvantaged relative to their White counterparts. These findings strongly suggest that over-policing contributes to the overrepresentation of Indigenous Peoples across the Canadian criminal legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments relied on the police to enforce COVID-19 rules. However, little is known about police enforcement of these norms and use of discretion in this process. The current study draws on a sample of 3,866 police officers from 10 countries across the globe and examines officers’ use of discretion when encountering violations of COVID-19 rules. We assess the relative significance of factors such as the perceptions of community adherence to COVID-19 rules, assessments of the police agency’s support to deal with the pandemic, evaluations of COVID-19 seriousness, and psychological adjustments to the pandemic on police officers’ willingness to react when observing a COVID-19 violation. Our findings highlight the complexity of officer responses to violations of rules, which include not only enforcement actions such as giving advice and warning, issuing tickets, and making arrests, but also non-actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many police agencies – especially large police agencies – employ helicopter units as part of their operations. Helicopter units exhibit the potential to impact an array of policing outcomes, including efficiency and effectiveness. Helicopter units, however, have received only scant attention among scholarly literature. Drawing upon data from two different police agencies in the U.S.A., I provide an empirical snapshot of helicopter units as they operate in frontline policing. My analyses reveal that helicopter units engage in a variety of different activities, most of which are related to crime control, and contribute to a variety of different policing outputs, such as arrests and recoveries of stolen vehicles. My analyses also reveal that approximately half of calls for service handled by helicopter units are classified as crime-specific call-types and that helicopter units are generally quick to arrive at calls once dispatched. I discuss my findings with respect to both policing research and policing practice. I also use my findings to call for future research regarding the use of helicopter units in contemporary policing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PRACTICE IMPACT STATEMENTWhereas studies have operationalised sexual recidivism as a new arrest/charge or conviction, it is known that this definition underestimates the actual rate of reoffending. By utilising a sample of persons who were found to not meet the legal criteria for commitment under Wisconsin’s Sexually Violent Persons Law (N = 755), this study explored the extent to which three different definitions of sexual reoffending affected recidivism rates. The first level of analysis operationalised sexual reoffending as a new arrest/charge and/or conviction. The second level defined recidivism as a new arrest/charge and/or conviction but included supervision rule violations that could have been charged as a new sexual offence. The third level was comprised of the same elements as the first two with the addition of offence paralleling behaviours. Findings indicate that as the definitions of recidivism are expanded, the concomitant recidivism rates increase.This study provided empirical information demonstrating the effect that different definitions of sexual recidivism have on risk estimates. Given this association, it is important that evaluators conducting risk assessments inform the trier of fact that the derived reported estimates are influenced by and contingent upon how sexually offending behaviours are defined. Moreover, it is suggested that recidivism risk assessments provide a range of estimated risk based upon differing definitions typically used within the applicable local jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMore than two-thirds of jail inmates are unconvicted—i.e. detained pretrial. Detention status has been shown to have substantial downstream effects on criminal case processing, ranging from the likelihood of conviction to sentence outcomes. Yet, most sentencing studies lack information on detention status, leading to concerns of omitted variable bias as a possible explanation for any observed racial disparity. This study seeks to determine the extent to which pretrial status accounts for racial differences in sentencing. In addition to the standard release files from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing, we incorporate supplemental data on bail decisions to determine whether—and why—defendants were detained pretrial. We use general linear models decomposition to determine the degree to which pretrial status differences and the differential impact of pretrial status across groups account for observed differences between Black, White, and Hispanic defendants’ likelihood of incarceration and departure and incarceration length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of pretrial incarceration is not punishment. Yet, research demonstrates that pretrial detention elicits similar consequences as punishment. The goal of this study is to advance theory and policy discussions by enumerating the experiences and harms that emerge during pretrial detention and how closely they align with punishment. The analyses use the National Inmate Survey, 2011–2012 to compare the experiences of those held in pretrial detention to those incarcerated in jail or prison after a conviction. Individuals in pretrial detention report more disorderly environments than people in prisons, but also report more access to external social support and better views of staff legitimacy. The self-reported experiences of people in pretrial detention and those in jail as punishment are generally indistinguishable. The results provide considerable support for the argument that pretrial detention is inextricably punitive and, especially at its current scale, likely undermines system objectives of justice and public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the George Floyd effect on depolicing. Police misdemeanor and felony arrests by the Houston Police Department (HPD), with these police actions serve as the primary measures of law enforcement behavior. Specifically, we break down police misdemeanor and felony arrests among Hispanic, Black, and White residents. An Interrupted Time Series Analysis model is used in the analysis. The primary findings suggest that there was an initial steep drop of police arrests immediately after the Floyd incident for both misdemeanor and felony arrests. The long-term effect, however, remains present in only misdemeanant arrests. Police felony arrests went back to pre-incident levels within a short period of time. In addition, it is noted that the pattern of arrests between Blacks and Hispanics is similar. Some policy implications and the limitations of the study are discussed in a concluding section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marcel Carné directed Les Visiteurs du soir (1942), employing Jewish actors who were under sustained threat of arrest by undercover Gestapo agents. Correctly attributing thoughts and intentions to others, recognizing and inventing lies in these dangerous circumstances became survival skills. It is perhaps not surprising, then, that Theory of Mind is a central concern of the film, articulated from the beginning during the "Démons et merveilles" scene, which establishes Anne's cognitive flexibility in contrast to the Devil's predeterminism, and suggests that reading people and situations is an essential skill in a world infiltrated by the diabolical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provisions of Articles 1 and 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine define the priority duty of the state to ensure and realize the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, and therefore one of the most important aspects of the formation of a legal social state is the creation of effective national mechanisms for regulatory and legal protection of the right to health care of individuals, who are serving prison sentences, as well as effective law enforcement (implementation of legal norms) in the field of penitentiary medicine. The article is devoted to one of the actual practice-oriented problems of modern criminal-executive law of Ukraine - the analysis of the state of implementation of European standards regarding the provision of medical care to persons sentenced to imprisonment. The authors dwell on some problems of the right to a proper and sufficient level of medical and sanitary support for convicts serving a prison sentence. In particular, attention is drawn to the state of legality and discovered by the prosecutor's office violations of the constitutional rights of those sentenced to imprisonment for health care and proper medical care, which lead to a threat to the health and life of the patients themselves and to the threat of infection with infectious diseases of other convicts serving their sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty in one correctional institution of the State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine, which are equated according to Article 3 of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms to tort ure and inhuman treatment. On the other hand, a number of problems remain unsolved in the field of health care of prisoners sentenced to imprisonment, who are serving their sentences in correctional colonies and pretrial detention centers of the State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine. An indisputable positive achievement of domestic penitentiary medicine is the tendency to bring national mechanisms of legal regulation of criminal-executive relations in the field of health care of prisoners to accordance with European standards and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Earth system components are at a high risk of undergoing rapid, irreversible qualitative changes or "tipping" with increasing climate warming. It is therefore necessary to investigate the feasibility of arresting or even reversing the crossing of tipping thresholds. Here, we study feedback control of an idealized energy balance model (EBM) for Earth's climate, which exhibits a "small icecap" instability responsible for a rapid transition to an ice-free climate under increasing greenhouse gas forcing. We develop an optimal control strategy for the EBM under different forcing scenarios to reverse sea-ice loss while minimizing costs. Control is achievable for this system, but the cost nearly quadruples once the system tips. While thermal inertia may delay tipping, leading to an overshoot of the critical forcing threshold, this leeway comes with a steep rise in requisite control once tipping occurs. Additionally, we find that the optimal control is localized in the polar region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary Policy Implications Pretrial reform is driving criminal justice policy debates across the nation. The In re Humphrey decision required the San Francisco County criminal court to set bail levels based on defendant ability to pay rather than the county bail schedule. Under this new policy, the rate of pretrial detention fell by 11%. We find defendants released pretrial were less likely to be convicted (a decline of 3 percentage points) in the post‐Humphrey period. This decline in conviction rates was driven primarily by a reduction in the likelihood of plea bargaining. These case outcome results are robust to an alternative strategy using propensity score matching and a difference‐in‐difference estimator to estimate effects for those most likely to be affected by the policy change. There was no consistent, statistically significant change in subsequent arrests or convictions post‐Humphrey across the estimation strategies.Although the Humphrey decision originally applied only to San Francisco, a state supreme court decision in March 2021 extended the ruling to courts throughout California. The results also have implications for other states engaged in bail reform. These findings suggest that requiring bail to be set at affordable levels increases pretrial releases overall, specifically releases to pretrial supervision programs, with improvements in case outcomes and no apparent increase in subsequent criminal justice system contact. Counties or states without robust pretrial service options may not experience the same change in releases or other outcomes. Further, jurisdictions that detain people booked on lower level offenses at higher rates than San Francisco may experience a greater response to a policy change like Humphrey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the extent to which cases of intimate partner violence were cleared by arrest, remained open, or closed by exceptional clearance. Incident and state-level factors associated with each outcome were examined for incidents submitted to the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) from 2000 to 2009. Using the 10 years of data, comprising 5,481 jurisdictions in 36 states and the District of Columbia, findings show exceptional clearance is more likely to occur in residences, incidents of lower severity, and with same-sex couples, while being less likely in states with preferred and mandatory arrest laws. Research and policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates factors related to the decision to (a) arrest or (b) mediate in domestic violence (DV) situations—nonmutually exclusive but highly differing decisions chosen a priori as being outcomes of interest. The sample included three types of professionals handling domestic violence cases in China: (a) Women's Federation (WF), (b) police, and (c) judicial personnel. The participants (n = 817) responded to a vignette describing a DV incident. Logistic regression revealed that legal, organizational, and attitudinal factors were associated with decision-making and varied by group. The findings suggest training and detailed instructions on handling DV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine whether two well-known risk factors for recidivism, criminal thinking and prior criminal arrests, were capable of achieving a combined effect, and if so, whether this effect was additive, interactive, or both. This hypothesis was tested in a group of 226 males incarcerated in a medium security federal prison who had participated in a criminal thinking intervention prior to their release from prison. The two main variables, criminal thinking (Exp(b) = 1.016 [1.007,1.024]) and prior arrests (Exp(b) = 1.062 [1.024, 1.102]), and their interaction (Exp(b) = 1.264 [1.002, 1.595]) were statistically significant according to the results of a Cox regression analysis. Moreover, the combined score displayed a small incremental increase in the area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic analysis (.660 [.583,.737]), whereas adding the interaction to the two-variable combination improved the AUC further (.668 [.592,.743]). These results suggest that risk factors for recidivism not only add predictive variance to a risk assessment they may also be capable of forming specific interactive effects with other risk factors, although the effects observed in the current study were small and in need of further evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brief Jail Mental Health Screen (BJMHS) is one of the most well-known and frequently used tools to conduct routine mental health screening at jail intake. In prior research, the BJMHS results typically have been evaluated overall (i.e., yes/no positive screen). However, there is heterogeneity in symptom presentation and treatment histories among people with serious mental illness, and there are potential consequences of this heterogeneity for mental health administration and policy in jails. We conducted a latent class analysis of BJMHS item-level results using administrative data for 37,998 people booked into a southeastern, metropolitan, U.S. county jail over a 3.5-year period. A 4-class solution provided the best fitting and most interpretable model. The largest class (89.5%) comprised people unlikely to report symptoms or treatment histories (limited symptoms). The next class comprised people who were unlikely to report ongoing symptoms but reported medication and hospitalization (managed symptoms). The third class (2.5%) included people likely to report feeling useless/sinful, prior hospitalization, and current psychiatric medication (depressive symptoms). The fourth class (1.0%) comprised people likely to report thought control, paranoia, feeling useless/sinful, medication, and hospitalization (psychotic symptoms). Controlling for sociodemographic and booking characteristics, people in the managed, depressive, and psychotic symptoms classes had significantly longer jail stays compared to those in the limited symptoms class. People in the managed and depressive symptoms classes were at heightened risk of re-arrest compared to the limited symptoms class. Findings can inform case prioritization and the allocation of resources to support efficient and effective jail-based mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Accumulating research finds that immigrants are less likely to offend compared to their native-born counterparts in the United States. Less understood are the factors that help account for this disparity in offending. Because there are reasons to believe that immigrants weigh the costs and benefits of crime differently than their U.S.-born peers, we explore the utility of a rational choice perspective to explain the disparity in offending across immigrant generations. Methods: Utilizing data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, multilevel mixed effects models are employed to assess if perceptions of rewards and costs of crime help explain differences in offending trajectories and desistance across immigrant status. Results: Rational choice-related variables emerge as significant predictors of offending and help to explain, in part, why first-generation immigrants are less likely to offend. In particular, the perceived risk of arrest appears to play a key role and interacts with immigrant status. Conclusions: The results from this research suggest that first-generation immigrants with a higher perceived risk of arrest reported lower offending compared to second- and third-plus-generation youth. We consider the theoretical implications of the rational choice perspective to explain the divergence in offending across immigrant generation groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a large literature interrogates the causes and consequences of declining political trust in democracies, considerably less work has considered the everyday leadership strategies that might arrest this trend. I tackle this gap as I ask: what can politicians do to build trust? Going beyond the performance perspective current in political science, I suggest that all politicians can build trust by (1) increasing occasions for political contact and (2) utilising authentic political communication. These arguments are developed out of interviews with national politicians in five democracies (N = 51) and tested empirically with observational and experimental survey data gathered from a longitudinal sample of the UK public (N = 705). Attesting to academic work on the contact hypothesis and 'authentic trust', as well as the testimony of politicians themselves, these analyses suggest that both strategies carry appraisive potential. These findings contribute conceptually and practically to our understanding of both trust and leadership in politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite substantial legal and policy debates, whether immigrant arrest rates changed during the Trump presidency remains surprisingly understudied. This is partially because immigration status is rarely available in crime data. We address this gap by applying difference-in-differences (DD) and difference-in-difference-in-differences (DDD) estimations to detailed arrest data from Texas and California from 2015 to 2018. We find little evidence, descriptive or otherwise, to suggest that the transition from the Obama to the Trump administration had a meaningful impact on immigrant arrests, whether measured as violence, property, drug, or traffic offenses. These results suggest that the immigration enforcement initiatives under President Trump did not deliver on their crime reduction pledges, but they also provide little evidence of over-policing of immigrants in discretionary actions such as traffic arrests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recruiting ethnic minority police officers is widely seen as a way to improve police effectiveness and police/public relations, and systematic reviews are often commended as the most robust way to evaluate such policies. We argue that the tenets of classic systematic review are, however, inadequate to that task, and that a more inclusive methodological palette would advance our understanding of this and other important policing policies. Our principal empirical example is a systematic review we conducted that examined whether ethnic minority recruitment has beneficial effects on arrest rates and public satisfaction with police. After evaluating 10,791 studies, eleven satisfied methodological inclusion criteria, but they could not offer conclusive evidence on the effects of minority recruitment on arrest rates or public satisfaction. The example illustrates the obstacles to systematic reviews in contemporary police research. We then profile recent studies that benefit cumulative understanding of the effects of minority recruitment by employing more diverse methodologies, with each study addressing a distinct component that coheres around a logic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on police procedural justice shows that observed assessments of police behaviour, for example through systematic social observation, are not strongly correlated with citizen perceptions of the same police behaviour. There is a growing body of knowledge about how people form their perceptions of police behaviour and how personal and situational characteristics are associated with specific judgements about procedural justice. However, we know little about how this works for people who most frequently interact with the police and criminal justice system, such as offenders or arrestees. The present study uses data from the Prison Project to examine to what extent individual and situational characteristics relate to perceptions of encounter-specific police procedural justice among Dutch detainees. Male adults in pre-trial detention (N = 1380) were surveyed on how they perceived procedural justice during their arrest, which occurred approximately three weeks prior. In addition to individual characteristics (demographics, attitudes, psychosocial characteristics and criminal history), we measured characteristics that reflect the situation during arrest, such as location, police verbal abuse and unnecessary use of force. This allowed us to examine the relationship between situational factors and detainee perceptions, net of individual characteristics. Regression analyses show that next to pre-existing general attitudes towards the police, several situational characteristics (i.e. perceptions of use of force and verbal abuse, anger and outcome fairness) were strongly associated with encounter-specific procedural justice perceptions. Our results indicate that, beyond (pre-existing) individual characteristics, situational factors of the arrest play an important role in forming specific procedural justice perceptions of the police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamical clustering is a key feature of active matter systems composed of self-propelled agents that convert environmental energy into mechanical motion. At the micron scale, where overdamped dynamics dominate, particles with opposite motility can obstruct each other's movement, leading to transient dynamical arrest. This arrest can promote cluster formation and motility-induced phase separation. However, in macroscopic agents, where inertia plays a significant role, clustering is heavily influenced by bounce-back effects during collisions, which can impede cluster growth. Here we present an experiment based on active granular particles, in which inertia can be systematically tuned by changing the shaker frequency. As a result, a set of phenomena driven and controlled by inertia emerges. Before the suppression of clustering, inertia induces a transition in the cluster's inner structure. For small inertia, clusters are characterized by the crystalline order typical of overdamped particles, while for large inertia clusters with liquid-like order are observed. In addition, in contrast to microswimmers, where active particles wet the boundary by primarily forming clusters attached to the container walls, in an underdamped inertial active system, walls do not favor cluster formation and effectively annihilate motility-induced wetting phenomena. As a consequence, inertia suppresses cluster nucleation at the system boundaries. Active matter systems composed of self-propelled agents exhibit dynamical clustering. In this work, the authors demonstrate that inertia induces a solid-liquid transition within the cluster structure and suppresses wetting phenomena at the container boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research summary Policy implications This study provides a rigorous assessment of the public safety benefits of pretrial detention by estimating the criminogenic and punitive effects of spending at least 1 week in pretrial detention across three jail systems in two states. We use a doubly robust difference‐in‐differences design to show that pretrial detention increases the odds for someone to miss a court appearance or be arrested by roughly 50% and increases the odds of convictions by 36%. This evidence was support by a series of supplemental analyses demonstrating that spending more than 1 day and spending more than 3 days in pretrial detention increased the odds of negative pretrial outcomes compared to someone who was booked and released from jail. The findings of this study provide evidence that pretrial detention can be counterproductive to public safety in that it leads to increased likelihood that individuals will miss court and be arrested for new crimes.Jails are a unique criminal justice contact point because they hold individuals at different stages of case processing, including individuals awaiting trial, and those serving shorter sentences or waiting to be transferred to prison. Pretrial release is arguably one of the most consequential decisions in case processing for an individual. Combining our findings with the punitive and collateral effects of time spent in pretrial detention signals a need for policies to identify effective methods of release that maximize liberty, safety, and equity and minimize the criminogenic effects of pretrial detention. Jails are inhabited with pretrial detainees, detention makes outcomes worse for these detainees, and detention does not deliver on public safety as intended. We argue that a more limited and targeted use of pretrial detention is needed and more research attention on alternatives to pretrial detention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying effective strategies to combat firearm-related crimes is a growing priority in the United States. The crime gun intelligence (CGI) framework, centered on evidence-based approaches, is a key approach to accomplish this. This article explores the relative contributions of various evidence types to case clearance. We examine gun-related crimes investigated by the Manchester Police Department (MPD) in New Hampshire from 2017 to 2022 to see how the use of NIBIN, e-Trace, firearm recovery, physical evidence, social media, and video evidence impacted the likelihood of arrest. Results suggest that recovering firearms and having video evidence are key elements for increasing the likelihood of an arrest. CGI-related evidence and other evidence types were typically predicted to have no significant effects. NIBIN and physical evidence were associated with negative effects on arrest in some instances. The practical implications of these findings, as well as their limitations and directions for future research, will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selahattin Demirtaş, head of the left‐wing pro‐Kurdish People's Democratic Party (HDP) in Turkey, was arrested in 2016; his detention stemmed from fabricated charges, allegedly originating from his speeches, political statements, and purported involvement in the Kurdish riots of October 2014, known as the Kobani Protests, across northern Kurdistan. The following excerpts are derived from Demirtaş's extensive testimony before the Turkish court, spanning nine days between December 2023 and January 2024. He and his legal representatives facilitated the compilation of these statements and the subsequent exchange of edited copies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Taken together, prior publications on the association between symptoms of depression and anxiety and contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) suggest a bi‐directional relationship, but all the studies only focus on one direction in this relationship. Aims: To examine, in longitudinally collected data, period‐specific within‐individual change in anxiety and depression measures preceding arrest measurement and, separately, following arrest measurement. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997, a nationally representative sample of people born between 1980 and 1984 and first interviewed between ages 12–17 and a publicly accessible database. Our focus was on data for the 11 years 2000–2010. Using whole sample data, we tested for a reciprocal association between depression and anxiety during each 2‐year period and arrests during the following year, and vice versa, allowing for relatively fixed characteristics such as sex, age and socio‐economic indicators. We used period‐specific change modelling to test relationships. Results: We found that within‐individual increases in depression and anxiety scores over short periods (2‐year periods) of time was associated with an increase in the number of arrests subsequent over the following year, consistently throughout the whole of the 10 years studies. The reciprocal association was also observed, albeit the magnitude of the effects was much smaller. Conclusion: This study adds to the literature on the association between mental health and CJS contact by showing that they may be reciprocally associated. This suggests that facilitating co‐working or even formal partnerships between community mental health services and justice‐related services could be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretrial detention is a massive societal problem. The size of the jail population has doubled in the last thirty years despite historically low crime and arrest rates. People are detained and suffer employment, family, and personal harms when there is little empirical evidence of benefits in terms of deterrence or increased public safety. There is widespread agreement that pretrial incarceration is a societal muddle, but no agreement on how to tackle the overwhelming task of dismantling it. Indeed, in the last ten years of reform efforts aimed at reducing pretrial detention, hundreds of jurisdictions have proposed and enacted a variety of pretrial reform schemes. The four prevailing types of bail reforms include one focused on releasing low-risk offenders; one on supervising those released; another on eliminating cash bail; and yet another on demarcating release for those charged with low-level offenses. Yet all four prevailing bail reform schemes are irredeemably flawed. Indeed, all these schemes fail in reducing detention rates and actually increase recidivism, danger to the public, and unnecessary negative consequences for the accused. These approaches also fail to effectuate Supreme Court dictates that detention should remain a carefully circumscribed exception before trial. While some might advocate incremental reform before anything drastic like abolition, this Article proposes that near-total elimination of pretrial detention is the only viable solution to our national bail problem. This Article articulates a statutory path toward eliminating pretrial detention, proposing drastic changes to both federal and state pretrial detention. It reviews the flaws of current reform approaches and proposes that instead, the vast number of accused must remain free before trial. This new statutory model proposes to release around 90% of defendants and detain a small number in a move that will actually improve public safety. In what is referred to as a "detention net" scheme, this Article proposes that a statutory release target of 90% can help jurisdictions effectuate abolition by holding judges accountable to higher rates of release. It provides empirical backing to the proposal that supports releasing 90% of defendants before trial, essentially eliminating the need for pretrial detention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using echocardiography to assess right ventricular (RV) function after cardioplegic arrest is challenging. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is a superior alternative, with the feature tracking technique enabling quantitative assessment of myocardial deformation. This single-centre, prospective study from 2020 to 2022 assessed RV function in 42 patients who underwent open heart surgery with cardioplegic arrest. CMR data were collected preoperatively, one week postoperatively, and at follow-up (6–12 months after surgery), and assessed using the CMR feature tracking technique. Postoperatively, there was no significant change in RV end-diastolic volume, but RV end-systolic volume significantly decreased, leading to a notable increase in RV ejection fraction. By follow-up, both RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes had significantly reduced compared with the preoperative values. Right ventricular longitudinal contractility decreased after surgery but recovered to the preoperative values by follow-up, while RV circumferential contractility improved postoperatively and remained superior to the preoperative levels at follow-up. On CMR imaging, significant changes in RV systolic motion were observed after cardioplegic arrest, with decreased longitudinal but increased circumferential contractility. At follow up, these changes had reverted to the preoperative patterns by the mid-term (6−12 months). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case: A pediatric patient with focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia (FFCD) developed angular deformity and growth arrest despite standard guided growth management. The patient underwent implant-mediated guided growth for proximal tibia varus deformity which recurred; subsequently, a physeal bar of the medial proximal tibia was diagnosed, which progressed to physeal arrest. Conclusion: Treatment options for FFCD-associated angular deformity include observation and guided growth. This case highlights the risk of complete physeal arrest in FFCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VemP is a secretory protein in the Vibrio species that monitors cellular protein-transport activity through its translation arrest, allowing expression of the downstream secD2-secF2 genes in the same operon, which encode components of the protein translocation machinery. When cellular proteintransport function is fully active, secD2/F2 expression remains repressed as VemP translation arrest is canceled immediately. The VemP arrest cancellation occurs on the SecY/E/G translocon in a late stage in the translocation process and requires both trans factors, SecD/F and PpiD/YfgM, and a cis element, Arg-85 in VemP; however, the detailed molecular mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate how VemP passing through SecY specifically monitors SecD/F function. Genetic and biochemical studies showed that SecY is involved in the VemP arrest cancellation and that the arrested VemP is stably associated with a specific site in the protein-conducting pore of SecY. VemP-Bla reporter analyses revealed that a short hydrophobic segment adjacent to Arg-85 plays a critical role in the regulated arrest cancellation with its hydrophobicity correlating with the stability of the VemP arrest. We identified Gln-65 and Pro-67 in VemP as novel elements important for the regulation. We propose a model for the regulation of the VemP arrest cancellation by multiple cis elements and trans factors with different roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The importance of the research is conditioned by conflicts in the current legislation, which has a considerable adverse impact on law enforcement practice. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to analyse the criminal legislation of Kazakhstan in the context of investigating the system of execution of punishments. For this purpose, such methods as dogmatic, logical analysis, legal hermeneutics, deduction, induction, formal legal, and other methods were used. The study revealed that the number of registered criminal offences in Kazakhstan has decreased by half from 2018 to 2022, but the figures are still quite high. The study analysed the Criminal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, and Penal Code, as well as other regulations of criminal law of Kazakhstan. This provided an opportunity to characterise the current types of penalties in Kazakhstan. It was found that arrest is often used as an alternative punishment, despite being the main punishment. It was noted that there is a conflict between the Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code, and Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 261-IV "On enforcement proceedings and the status of bailiffs", which leads to incorrect application of the norms by private executors in the context of the execution of punishment in the form of a fine. The practical significance of the findings lies in the provision of recommendations that will eliminate the current conflicts in the criminal law of Kazakhstan, solve the problems of law enforcement practice and increase the level of effectiveness of the execution of punishment, which will contribute to the reduction of crime rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The RECOVER guidelines (2012) on veterinary cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) suggest refresher training every 3-6 months. This audit was undertaken to see if this can impact veterinary professionals' psychomotor skills and knowledge retention. Since June 2022, within Hale Veterinary Group small animal hospital, a VetPartners practice in the UK, staff members' knowledge was audited using a multiple-choice questionnaire (MCQ) and their skills were assessed using a CPR training cube to monitor compression rate and recoil. Aims and objectives: To see over what time period psychomotor skills and knowledge of CPR are most commonly lost. Background: Aiming to improve the knowledge and psychomotor skill retention of veterinary professionals, as well as frequency of training. Following RECOVER guidelines (2012) suggestion of refresher training, looking at NHS training suggestions and audits, to improve knowledge and skill retention. Methods: To measure knowledge retention a MCQ was created, based on the RECOVER basic life support and advanced life support components. Looking at similar MCQs within human medicine, the decision was made to keep the MCQ anonymous but to categorise participants into job roles. To measure psychomotor skills a device (cprCUBE PRO) was bought by the practice to monitor compression rate and recoil abilities. Results: Results showed that veterinary surgeon and registered veterinary nurse knowledge and skill retention is best maintained with refresher training every 6 months to 1 year. Implementation of changes (team discussion & changes made): Training to be offered every 3 months, clinical staff to attend training every 6 months to 1 year. Re-audit: The initial training session was held over one day. Following the results of the audit, the subsequent September 2022 training session was held over two days in an attempt to improve attendance. This session was then audited. Application: Clinical staff must attend a training session within the year, new members of staff to attend the soonest possible training session. Other practices would benefit from having training and implementing frequent refresher training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We retrospectively reviewed 41 Manske type IIIB and IV hypoplastic thumbs reconstructed with non-vascularized fourth metatarsal transfers with a mean age of 3.1 years (range 2–7) at the time of operation. These patients were observed for at least 5 years postoperatively. Of the 41 hands, 13 developed complications: type IV patients had significantly more complications (p = 0.014) although using an additional cerclage wire for bony fixation significantly reduced the complication rate (p = 0.045). Of the 31 hands examined with regard to growth, eight exhibited early physeal arrest of bone graft within 5 years postoperatively. The growth rate of the reconstructed first metacarpal bone was significantly lower than that of the second metacarpal bone 10 years after surgery (p = 0.041). Transfer of the non-vascularized fourth metatarsal remains an alternative for type IIIB and IV hypoplastic thumbs if parents desire to keep a five-fingered hand. Level of evidence: III [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plume merger has been the subject of a number of recent theoretical studies that employ turbulent plume theory (including Taylor's entrainment hypothesis) with ambient fluid external to the plume described using potential flow theory. Notwithstanding this effort, important questions remain as to the rate at which a merged plume formed from two adjacent sources relaxes in the far-field. In this theoretical work, the process of relaxation is examined with respect to the shape of the plume perimeter (as compared against a circle) and the plume volume flux, Q ¯ (as compared against the volume flux predicted from self-similarity). Using these metrics, we find that merging plumes assume a nearly circular cross-sectional shape before Q ¯ realizes its corresponding self-similar value. The discrepancy is especially large when the ambient is stratified. Herein, we consider three different stratification scenarios: uniform ambient, linear stratification and two-layer stratification featuring a thick interface. In each case, the vertical evolution of the plume is modeled using as additional benchmarks the height of first contact between the merging plumes, the height of full merger and, where applicable, the height of neutral buoyancy. Our theoretical model thereby allows us to track the dynamical evolution of the plume and shows, for example, that a merging plume rising through a linearly stratified ambient will almost always spread laterally before completing the process of relaxation. Finally, we highlight some of the open mathematical challenges in extrapolating our two-source model to a situation involving three or more (colinear) sources. Article highlights: The merger of adjacent plumes impacts plume growth by the entrainment of external ambient fluid. The process of plume merger can be tracked by measuring or calculating the plume shape and its variation with height. Plume merger is impacted by ambient density stratification; strong density variations may arrest merging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of National University of Defense Technology / Guofang Keji Daxue Xuebao is the property of NUDT Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractDespite significant public concern, previous research on hate crimes has been limited and inconclusive regarding whether police discriminate against racial minority victims when clearing hate crimes through arrests. To address this gap, we analyzed the 1992–2019 data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System, measuring victim race by both the actual and targeted races in anti-race offenses. When using the latter measure, our findings reveal significant results: the arrest rate was generally higher in inter-racial cases, where offenders targeted a race different from their own, than in intra-racial cases, where they targeted the same race as their own. However, the arrest rate was lower, not higher, when white offenders committed a non-index anti-black offense than when they committed a non-index anti-white offense, which may suggest the possibility of racial discrimination in police arrests that extends beyond mere racial disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-1990s, efforts to identify the Unabomber brought HSS and the FBI into a brief collaborative relationship until the 1996 arrest of Theodore Kaczynski. This article explores this strange syzygy of organizations and individuals. In doing so, it considers Kaczynski's own writings about science and technology—most notably, his 1995 manifesto "Industrial Society and Its Future"—and places this against a backdrop of scholarly and popular writings, as well as the so-called Science Wars of that era. While uncomfortable to consider, Kaczynski's manifesto is one of the most widely read documents about modern science and technology. One might even go so far as to say that Kaczynski was the most-read science and technology studies (STS) author of the 1990s. We also consider HSS's collaboration with the FBI as well as the social responsibilities of historians of science then and now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of therapeutic community programming and aftercare treatment completion on rearrest rates in the Southwest United States across 25 years. The asymptote of rearrest trajectories did not occur until 10 years post-release, although this varied by risk classification. Treatment receipt was not related to 25-year rearrest trajectories. However, people classified as higher risk were more likely to be rearrested than those classified a low risk while controlling for treatment receipt. Aftercare completion extended the time to arrest; individuals completing an aftercare program were less likely to be arrested, and high-risk participants that completed aftercare showed a similar rearrest trajectory as low-risk participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restorative justice diversion aligns with youths' developmental needs more than traditional approaches. However, there is a research gap regarding its effectiveness among diverse youth, and when initiated by police. This study evaluated misdemeanor cases that occurred in Minneapolis between September 2014 and December 2018 finding that youth who participated in restorative justice diversion after arrest were less likely to experience re-arrest in the following year compared to those processed traditionally. Positive program impacts for Black and American Indian youth demonstrate RJ diversion can be effective with diverse youth while differences in rates of successful diversion by participating community agency highlight opportunities for further study. This study demonstrates the importance of continuing to understand and expand restorative justice diversion with youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goal of this study is to examine how the age-crime distribution in South Korea has shifted over time and the role of cohorts in driving this shift. This study highlights the impact of social change and historical events on cohort effects, potentially leading to shifts in the age-crime distribution.. Methods: Age-Period-Cohort-Interaction (APC-I) models are estimated on age-specific-arrest statistics for offenses in South Korea from 1967 and 2011. The APC-I models take into account the interdependence of age, period, and cohort, thus permitting the identification of inter-and intra-cohort differences in crime over the life course. Results: The age-crime distribution in South Korea has changed over time to an older peak age of arrest. Korean baby boomers born between 1955 and 1963 have a higher risk of arrest earlier in life than other cohorts, perpetuating an overall increased risk over the life course. Conclusion: Changes in socio-historical conditions differentiate crime trajectories across cohorts over the life course. Thus, this study suggests that social change and historical events impact the age-crime dynamics in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory experiments suggest that the evolution of in-plane shear rupture along an interface separating two elastic blocks typically shows a transition from slow to fast slip. In contrast to the commonly used continuum mechanics-based approaches, here we study the shear rupture process along a weak interface using the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method. We incorporate a slip-weakening constitutive friction law to simulate the initiation and propagation of shear rupture under external conditions of a constant normal load and a steadily increased shear load. As the shear load increases, our modeling results reveal a sharp transition from episodic expansion and arrest to unstable runaway rupture, consistent with previous experimental results. In the stage of dynamic runaway, rupture velocity is limited by the Rayleigh wave velocity. We further investigate the effects of external loading conditions including load point velocity and normal stress on rupture behavior. We find that the dynamic rupture velocity increases with load point velocity and normal stress, also consistent with previous studies. Our results indicate that the DDA method can well capture some of the general characteristics of shear rupture process and, hence, can be applied to study other aspects of dynamic shear ruptures. Highlights: The slip-weakening friction law is incorporated into DDA to simulate shear rupture processes along a weak interface. Under the DDA model, rupture evolution is characterized by episodic expansion and arrest, followed by a sharp transition to dynamic runaway. The DDA model reproduces a suite of shear rupture behavior, consistent with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the conclusions of a workload-based assessment of patrol staffing needs conducted at a Canadian police force between 2012 and 2016, this article highlights the importance of capturing time spent on components of calls for service (CFS) that result in an incident report for police allocation and deployment analyses. Initial Computer-Aided Dispatch System (CAD) data analysis suggested that CFS that results in an incident report have a significantly higher completion time than other types of calls. In order to account for CFS handling phases that were not captured by CAD data, a survey was conducted to measure the time spent on the scene, the time spent by backup units on the call, the time spent with the person arrested or taken in charge and time spent on subsequent administrative duties. Research findings suggest that CFS that require the completion of an incident report generate most of the reactive workload of patrol officers, even if they frequently constitute a minority of calls. Results also reveal that the use of supplemental data to assess the workload generated by incidents reports may allow the use of a workload-based approach in police agencies that record less than 15 000 citizen-initiated calls for service per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]