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Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) is a key engineering material; its mechanical characterization is important for the safe use of the material. In this paper, the coupled effects of thermal degradation temperature and time on the tensile mechanical behavior of EPDM rubber were investigated. The tensile stress-strain curves of the aged and unaged EPDM rubber show strong nonlinearity, demonstrating especially rapid stiffening as the strain increases under small deformation. The popular Mooney–Rivlin and Ogden (N = 3) models were chosen to fit the test data, and the results indicate that neither of the classical models can accurately describe the tensile mechanical behavior of this rubber. Six hyperelastic constitutive models, which are excellent for rubber with highly nonlinearity, were employed, and their abilities to reproduce the stress-strain curve of the unaged EPDM were assessed. Finally, the Davis–De–Thomas model was found to be an appropriate hyperelastic model for EPDM rubber. A Dakin-type kinetic relationship was employed to describe the relationships between the model parameters and aging temperature and time, and, combined with the Arrhenius law, a thermal aging constitutive model for EPDM rubber was established. The ability of the proposed model was checked by independent testing data. In the moderate strain range of 200%, the errors remained below 10%. The maximum errors of the prediction results at 85 °C for 4 days and 100 °C for 2 and 4 days were computed to be 17.06%, 17.51% and 19.77%, respectively. This work develops a theoretical approach to predicting the mechanical behavior of rubber material that has suffered thermal aging; this approach is helpful in determining the safe long-term use of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of dipoles on gold nanoparticle surfaces provides the formation of chain-like nanoparticle assemblies in solution under ambient conditions. Here, we present studies on influencing and controlling the strength of the induced dipole by thiols. Aromatic thiols lead to enhanced surface dipoles, where electron-donating functions can further increase the interaction. Thereby, particle–particle distances and chemical environment at the particle interface were manipulated, which resulted in different tunneling resistances Rg in these 1D structures. Here, Rg seemed to be mostly dominated by the interparticle distance rather than the type of ligand. Temperature-dependent current–voltage measurements of thiol-bearing nanoparticle chains revealed two different transport mechanisms. For temperatures <170 K, a thermally activated electron tunneling takes place, which depends on the charging energy Ec. Whereas for higher temperatures, a transition to an electron hopping process occurs determined by the involved thiol and nanoparticle shape. For structures with strong interparticle electronic coupling, the conduction mechanism is almost temperature-independent, which makes them promising candidates for highly sensitive chemiresistor sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To target development of bioelectrochemical systems, we developed an advanced microfluidic method to identify reaction bottlenecks in the metabolic activity of a pure‐culture Geobacter sulfurreducens electroactive biofilm (EAB). The microfluidic system was devised to include perpendicular flow orientation for improved boundary layer uniformity and was combined with an embedded 3‐electrode system to accurately apply a constant potential during the entire experimental duration which lasted se. A 3‐sensor temperature control system provided the basis of accurate temperature pulsing, which modified the EAB metabolic activity over short time intervals relative to the bacterial doubling rate. The system, together with the unique ability to control hydrodynamic, electrochemical, and thermal conditions, was used as the basis for an Arrhenius approach to obtain activation energy barrier values at different growth times, acetate concentrations, and flow rates. The results indicated that bottlenecks in the overall metabolic activity after 1 month of growth time were related to electron transfer through extracellular cytochrome c. After the EAB further matured to 4 months old, the bottleneck appeared to switch to enzyme‐driven acetate oxidation. Based on this hypothesis, we observed after 4‐months, that strong increases in effective enzyme concentration were primarily obtained by increasing flow rate, and secondarily by increasing acetate concentration [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arrhenius energy of activation of unfolding Ea unfolding and Gibbs free energy of unfolding ΔG unfolding have been calculated utilizing DSC differential scanning calorimetry for 4 mAbs (1 biosimilar) in 3 formulations. DSC derived ΔTm melting temperature changes for each mAb domain (CH2, Fab, CH3) at calorimetric scan rates at 60 °C, 90 °C, 150 °C and 200 °C / hr. were utilized to calculate the kinetic Ea unfolding. The DSC derived Ea trend with observed aggregate formation and can be used to predict%HMW formation post 9-month storage at 5 °C and 40 °C for all formulations analyzed. Additionally, thermodynamic ΔG unfolding energies were also derived (Tm, ΔCp and ΔH measurements) for each mAb at every scan rate to observe scan rate dependence of ΔG and for extrapolation to 0 °C/hr. (to report ΔG at true equilibrium conditions). Both derived thermodynamic ΔG and kinetic Ea energies were combined to build full energetic landscapes for mAb unfolding and aggregation. Statistical multivariate analysis of kinetic (Ea CH2, Ea Fab, Ea CH3) energies, thermodynamic (ΔG 5 ° C and ΔG 40 ° C) energies and in-silico modeled surface properties was also performed. Analysis revealed key significant parameters contributing to aggregation. These parameters were utilized to build predictive aggregation models for 25 mg/mL mAb formulations stored 9-months at 5 °C and 40 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gotu cola leaf chips produced by the Women Farmers Group in the city of Pagar Alam, South Sumatra are packaged using polypropylene plastic packaging and the shelf life is not yet known, so a test is needed to estimate the shelf life of the gotu kola leaf chips produced by KWT. This research aims to determine the shelf life of gotu kola leaf chips in polypropylene packaging using the Arrhenius model ASLT (Accelerated Shelf Life Test). The study was structured descriptively with two replications. The chips made from gotu kola leaves were stored at temperatures of 30 C, 35 C, and 40 °C in polypropylene (PP) packaging.with a thickness of 0.08 mm for one month (28 days). Observations were made on the parameters of water content, free fatty acid levels, and sensory (color, aroma, and texture of gotu kola leaf chips) once a week, namely on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Determined the shelf life of gotu kola leaf chips using the ASLT model with Microsoft Excel 2010 software. The results showed that gotu kola leaf chips in polypropylene packaging at 30 °C had a shelf life of 76.67 days (2.57 months) on the zero order of the Arrhenius model ASLT method.

ABSTRAK Kukis merupakan jenisbiskuit denganbahan baku berupa tepung dan lemak. Lemak dalam kukis dapat mengalami oksidasi yang membuat mutu produk kukis menurun. Penurunan mutu produk kukis dapat mempengaruhi umur simpan produk, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pendugaan umur simpan pada kukis kecambah kedelai terelisitasi. Pada pendugaan umur simpan ini digunakan metode ASLT dengan model Arrhenius. Produk kukis akan disimpan pada suhu 35oC, 45oC dan 55oC, selanjutnya akan dilakukan pengujian kadar thiobarbituric acid(TBA) pada kukis sebagai parameter kritis selama penyimpanan setiap satu minggu sekali. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa produk kukis kecambah kedelai memiliki kadar awal TBA sebesar1.05 mgmalonaldehid/kg dan kadar akhirTBA 2.55 mg malonaldehid/kg sampel. Dari data kadar TBA selama penyimpanan dibuat plot Arrhenius dan didapatkan persamaan y = -4670.1x + 10.318dan energi aktivasi 38827.35 J/mol.Ksehingga diperoleh umur simpan kukis kecambah kedelai terelisitasi pada suhu 25oC adalah 10.60bulan. Kata kunci: Arrhenius, ASLT, Kukis, TBA, Umur simpan ABSTRACT Cookies are a type of biscuit whose raw materials are flour and fat. Cookies fat can undergo oxidation and reduce quality of cookie product. Decreasing quality of cookie products can affect the shelf life product, so this research aims to estimate shelf life of elicited soybean sprout cookies. To estimate shelf life, ASLT method with Arrhenius model was used. Cookies will be stored at temperatures 35oC, 45oC and 55oC, then the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) will be tested as a critical parameter during storage once every week. The test results showed that the soybean sprout cookie product had an initial TBA level of 1.05mg malonaldehyde/kg and final levelsTBA 2.55mg malonaldehyde/kg sample. From the data TBA levels during storage, an Arrhenius plot was made and an equation was obtainedy y = 4670.1x + 10.318and activation energy 38827.35 J/mol.K so that the shelf life of elicited soybean sprout cookies at temperature 25oC is 10.60 months. Keywords: Arrhenius, ASLT, Cookies, Shelf life, TBA

Objective: A coupled model for predicting tomato quality during short-term storage and transportation under extreme temperatures, utilizing the Arrhenius equation in conjunction with meteorological temperature data, to forecast the quality changes in tomatoes during the short-term storage and transportation processes under extreme weather conditions. Methods: Analyzing the meteorological temperature data for the year 2020 in Weifang, Baoding, and Daxing, 7 temperature points were selected to simulate the range of temperature variations for short-term storage and transportation of tomatoes. By utilizing the Arrhenius equation and integrating temperature with weight loss rate, hardness, color difference (ΔE), and sensory evaluation scores (SE), a coupled model was developed for predicting tomato quality. The model was validated by using temperatures of -10 ℃ and 12 ℃. Results: Within 48 hours of storage and transportation, Loss rate and ΔE of tomatoes gradually increased, while evaluation scores (SE) and hardness decreased gradually. The quality prediction coupling model based on the Arrhenius equation combined with meteorological temperature data was constructed. Under storage conditions from 0 to 36 ℃, changes in loss rate and SE were fitted with zero-order reactions, while changes in hardness and ΔE were fitted with first-order and half-order reactions, respectively. For storage conditions from -15 to 0 ℃, zero-order reaction fits were applied to model the changes in SE, ΔE, weight loss rate, and hardness. Validation of the predictive model revealed that, under 12 ℃ storage conditions, the relative errors for tomato weight loss rate, hardness, and SE were within 15%, except for the 48 hour prediction. Under -10 ℃ storage conditions, the relative errors for tomato hardness and SE were within 15%, excluding the 48 hour prediction. Conclusion: The coupled model for tomato quality prediction, constructed by integrating the Arrhenius equation with extreme meteorological temperature data, proves to be effective in forecasting the quality of tomatoes under extreme temperature conditions.

The Arrhenius equation is generally adopted for the application of accelerated aging in laboratory tests, and activation energy is one of the important parameters in the equation. In most cases, activation energy was determined by obtaining a series of viscosity data at different temperature, which was a complex process. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the correlation between activation energy for viscous flow (Eη) and molecular characteristics as well as rheological properties and obtain easily measurable properties that can be used to predict Eη. In this study, nine base asphalt binders were subjected to accelerated aging, and their viscosity, rheological properties, and molecular weight distribution were tested. Small molecule size (SMS) content was the most strongly correlated parameter with Eη for unaged asphalt binder compared with medium molecule size (MMS) content and large molecule size (LMS) content from the result of gray relation analysis. The correlation further weakened after considering aging, which indicated that the change in molecular distribution of asphalt binder may not be the decisive parameter in determining the change in Eη of asphalt binder. Single regression analysis showed a significant correlation between rheological performance parameters and Eη. It was feasible to predict Eη based on the failure temperature and obtain the modified Arrhenius equation. The modified equation could be used to calculate the accelerated aging factor and obtain the aging asphalt and accurate aging status of asphalt binders. By verification, the average error in predicting the Eη of the asphalt binder using the modified equation was less than 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to assess, characterize, and forecast the aging effects on the mechanical properties of a vegetable‐based polyurethane foam (PUF) derived from castor oil under elevated relative humidity conditions and at two distinct load orientations (aligned with the expansion direction and perpendicular to it). Ten specimens were subjected to temperatures of 60, 75, and 90°C, along with a relative humidity of 90%, for a duration of up to 60 days. Compression tests, following ASTM D1621‐16 standards and supplemented by 3D digital image correlation, revealed nearly isotropic behavior with marginally lower compression strength in the expansion direction. On the other hand, the strength of the foams at 90°C was higher in that direction. This led to a smaller activation energy (Ea) in this property, which ended up showing a shorter lifespan prediction considering the strength retention in this direction. The stiffness values were proportionally more similar in both directions than the strength ones and this was observed in the Ea for those curves. In contrast to several other foams and polyurethanes, the one examined in this study exhibited consistently higher Ea values for its mechanical properties, particularly in the transverse direction to expansion, surpassing 94 kJ/mol. This indicates a robust diffusion and chemical stability, suggesting its potential for prolonged utilization compared to conventional oil‐based foams. A prediction was made that this foam would lose 50% of its stiffness and strength in around 9.8 and 9.5 years at 20°C, respectively, considering the directions more sensitive to the aging process. This research offers valuable insights for predicting lifespan based on operating temperatures and property retention needs, contributing to the advancement of sustainable materials in structural applications. Highlights: Fifty specimens investigated for each of two directions.Evaluation of vegetable‐based PUF aging process unveils density changes.Unique behavior noted: different Ea values for each direction.High Ea values indicate enhanced mechanical stability over oil‐based foams.Lifespan prediction enhances material application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding OLED life characteristics is crucial towards implementation of OLED technology into automotive applications. The use of the Arrhenius equation together with the Inverse Power Law may be utilized to estimate the improvement in OLED life when automatic luminance control methods are utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to determine the effect of adding carrageenan and citric acid on the characteristics and shelf life of Moringa leaf jelly drinks. The experimental method was a completely randomized design with two factors: carrageenan concentrations (0.2%; 0.3% and 0.4%) and citric acid concentrations (0.1% and 0.2%). The parameters tested were crude fiber, total acid, antioxidant activity, mineral content, pH, viscosity, turbidity, color, and organoleptic (aroma, taste, texture, and color). The results showed that the interaction of the addition of carrageenan and citric acid had a significant difference in total acid, pH, mineral content, and viscosity but had no significant difference in crude fiber, antioxidant activity, turbidity, and organoleptic properties. The addition of 0.4% carrageenan and 0.1% citric acid is recommended as the best quality with a crude fiber 19.66%; total acid 2.63%; pH 3.14; Ca 275.19 ppm, Zn 30.71 ppm; Fe 1.44 ppm; antioxidant activity 63.69%; viscosity 17.73 cps; turbidity 114.67 ntu; slightly sour; orange in color and has an easily aspirated or semi-solid texture. The jelly drinks were stored using hot-filled PET bottles for 12 days at 10°C and 30°C. The calculation results of the Arrhenius model selected the pH value parameter as a critical parameter to determine the shelf life of the jelly drink, and the best treatment was 23 days at 10°C and 10 days at 30°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlating damage outcomes to a retinal laser exposure is critical for diagnosis and choosing appropriate treatment modalities. Therefore, it is important to understand the causal relationships between laser parameters, such as wavelength, power density, and length of exposure, and any resulting injury. Differentiating photothermal from photochemical processes in an in vitro retinal model using cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells would be a first step in achieving this goal. The first-order rate constant of Arrhenius has been used for decades to approximate cellular thermal damage. A modification of this equation, called the damage integral (Ω), has been used extensively to predict the accumulation of laser damage from photothermal inactivation of critical cellular proteins. Damage from photochemical processes is less well studied and most models have not been verified because they require quantification of one or more uncharacterized chemical species. Additionally, few reports on photochemical damage report temperature history, measured or simulated. We used simulated threshold temperatures from a previous in vitro study to distinguish between photothermal and photochemical processes. Assuming purely photochemical processes also inactivate critical cellular proteins, we report the use of a photothermal Ω and a photochemical Ω that work in tandem to indicate overall damage accumulation. The combined damage integral (ΩCDI) applies a mathematical switch designed to describe photochemical damage relative to wavelength and rate of photon delivery. Although only tested in an in vitro model, this approach may transition to predict damage at the mammalian retina.

Strawberry is a high-economic-value horticultural product that can be cultivated in tropical areas like Indonesia. Horticultural products retain their metabolism after harvest, such as respiration, which is an indicator of the degradation of products during storage. This study aimed to determine the best equation for predicting the respiration of strawberries cultivated using hydroponics in a greenhouse in Cangkringan, Yogyakarta. The respiration rate during storage was measured using an oxygen meter (DO-5510, Lutron, Taiwan) and a carbon dioxide meter (GH-2018 model, Lutron, Taiwan) in a closed system using an acrylic closed chamber. Five types of Michaelis-Menten equations were chosen as the best type based on R². The Arrhenius equation was used to get the highest value of R2 to predict the effects of temperature on respiration. Statistical analysis was used to determine the impact of treatments on the respiration rate. Based on the Arrhenius equation, the respiration of strawberries on postharvest in tropical environments depended on temperature. The best type for predicting the respiration of strawberries using the Michaelis-Menten mathematical model is competitive with an R2 value of 0.88. Therefore, the appropriate postharvest treatment is essential to add carbon dioxide or reduce oxygen levels.

The high temperature flow data of TiB2/2024 aluminum matrix composites (referred to as TiB2/2024 alloy) was investigated using a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation testing machine. The experiments were conducted at various deformation temperatures (573 K, 623 K, 673 K, and 723 K), strain rates (0.01s−1, 0.1s−1, 1s−1, and 10s−1), and a maximum deformation of 60%. By comprehensively accounting for the deformation conditions, the relationships between the material parameters α, n, S, f of TiB2/2024 alloy and the deformation temperature, strain, and strain rate were determined, leading to the modification of the Arrhenius model. A constitutive model for TiB2/2024 alloy was constructed using the Gene expression programming (GEP) approach. The flow stress of TiB2/2024 alloy during the compression process was predicted using both the modified Arrhenius model and the GEP model. The statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the two models, and the extended stress-strain data was implemented in finite element simulations of the hot compression process. The results indicate that the flow stress of TiB2/2024 alloy is significantly affected by the strain rate and temperature during the deformation process. The flow stress decreases with increasing temperature and increases with increasing strain rate. Both the modified Arrhenius model and the GEP model can effectively predict the alloy's flow stress. However, the modified Arrhenius model exhibits greater prediction accuracy than the GEP model.

Ti-6Al-4V selective dissolution occurs in vivo on orthopedic implants as the leading edge of a pitting corrosion attack. A gap persists in our fundamental understanding of selective dissolution and pre-clinical tests fail to reproduce this damage. While CoCrMo clinical use decreases, Ti-6Al-4V and the crevice geometries where corrosion can occur remain ubiquitous in implant design. Additionally, most additively manufactured devices cleared by the FDA use Ti-6Al-4V. Accelerated preclinical testing, therefore, would aid in the evaluation of new titanium devices and biomaterials. In this study, using temperature, we (1) developed an accelerated pre-clinical methodology to rapidly induce dissolution and (2) investigated the structure-property relationship between the dissolving surface and the oxide layer. We hypothesized that solution temperature and H 2 O 2 concentration would accelerate oxide degradation, increase corrosion kinetics and decrease experimental times. To assess this effect, we selected temperatures above (45 °C), below (24 °C), and at (37 °C) physiological levels. Then, we acquired electrochemical impedance spectra during active β dissolution, showing significant decreases in oxide polarization resistance (R p) both over time (p = 0.000) and as temperature increased (p = 0.000). Next, using the impedance response as a guide, we quantified the extent of selective dissolution in scanning electron micrographs. As the temperature increased, the corrosion rate increased in an Arrhenius-dependent manner. Last, we identified three surface classes as the oxide properties changed: undissolved, transition and dissolved. These results indicate a concentration and temperature dependent structure-property relationship between the solution, the protective oxide film, and the substrate alloy. Additionally, we show how supraphysiological temperatures induce structurally similar dissolution to tests run at 37 °C in less experimental time. Within modular taper junctions of total hip replacement systems, retrieval studies document severe corrosion including Ti-6AL-4V selective dissolution. Current pre-clinical tests and ASTM standards fail to reproduce this damage, preventing accurate screening of titanium-based biomaterials and implant designs. In this study, we induce selective dissolution using accelerated temperatures. Building off previous work, we use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to rapidly monitor the oxide film during dissolution. We elucidate components of the dissolution mechanism, where oxide degradation precedes pit nucleation within the β phase. Using an Arrhenius approach, we relate these accelerated testing conditions to more physiologically relevant solution concentrations. In total, this study shows the importance of including adverse electrochemical events like cathodic activation and inflammatory species in pre-clinical testing. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to determine the shelf life of "hiwan tahu" based on changes in Total Plate Count (TPC), pH, water content, and αw. This research was carried out by storing the samples at three different temperatures, including 5℃, 27℃, and 40℃. The initial characteristic and quality degradation of "Hiwan Tahu" during storage were determined by TPC, pH, water content, and αw tests. Observations were carried out every 3 hours until the 12th hour for storage at 40℃, every 24 hours until the 96th hour at 27℃, and every 48 hours until the 192nd hour for storage at 5℃. Shelf life was determined using the ASLT method with the Arrhenius model. Data were analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2016 by presenting data in a scatter diagram, selecting the reaction order based on the higher R², determining the Arrhenius equation using a chart with a trendline, and calculating shelf life using Excel formulas and functions. The results showed that quality decrease of "hiwan tahu" during storage, including an increase in TPC, pH, water content, and *x value. The shelf life of "hiwan tahu" was determined based on the critical parameter of TPC with the smallest Energy Activation (Ea). The shelf life of "hiwan tahu," according to the TPC parameter, is 68.54 days if stored at -18℃, 16.27 days if stored at 5℃, and 5.05 days if stored at 27℃. The rate of change in "hiwan tahu" quality increases with high temperature and storage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the deformation behavior and optimize the hot processing parameters for 2219 aluminum matrix composite, the constitutive equation and hot processing maps were established. Initially, hot compression experiments on 2219 aluminum alloy (2219A) were conducted using a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation tester to obtain high-temperature rheological data. The deformation temperatures tested were 573, 623, 673, 723, and 773 K, with strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 s−1, and a maximum deformation of 60 %. Subsequently, material parameters such as the activation energy, Zener–Hollomon parameter, power dissipation efficiency, and instability coefficient for 2219A were calculated. Analytical expressions for these material and deformation parameters were formulated, and a hot processing map for 2219A was constructed. The hot processing map, along with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and the Entropy Weight Method (EWM), were used to optimize the thermal deformation process parameters. The stability processing area and the optimal processing area identified by both methods were largely consistent. According to the hot processing map, the stability processing areas were identified in the temperature ranges of 580–660 K and 690–773 K with strain rates of 0.01 s−1 and 0.01–0.6 s−1, respectively. Using the TOPSIS and EWM methods, the stability processing areas were defined between 573 and 640 K and 0.01 s−1, 640–690 K and 0.01–0.1 s−1, and 690–773 K and 0.01–1 s−1. The consistency and accuracy of these optimization results were confirmed through microstructure analysis.

Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) is a key engineering material; its mechanical characterization is important for the safe use of the material. In this paper, the coupled effects of thermal degradation temperature and time on the tensile mechanical behavior of EPDM rubber were investigated. The tensile stress-strain curves of the aged and unaged EPDM rubber show strong nonlinearity, demonstrating especially rapid stiffening as the strain increases under small deformation. The popular Mooney–Rivlin and Ogden (N = 3) models were chosen to fit the test data, and the results indicate that neither of the classical models can accurately describe the tensile mechanical behavior of this rubber. Six hyperelastic constitutive models, which are excellent for rubber with highly nonlinearity, were employed, and their abilities to reproduce the stress-strain curve of the unaged EPDM were assessed. Finally, the Davis–De–Thomas model was found to be an appropriate hyperelastic model for EPDM rubber. A Dakin-type kinetic relationship was employed to describe the relationships between the model parameters and aging temperature and time, and, combined with the Arrhenius law, a thermal aging constitutive model for EPDM rubber was established. The ability of the proposed model was checked by independent testing data. In the moderate strain range of 200%, the errors remained below 10%. The maximum errors of the prediction results at 85 °C for 4 days and 100 °C for 2 and 4 days were computed to be 17.06%, 17.51% and 19.77%, respectively. This work develops a theoretical approach to predicting the mechanical behavior of rubber material that has suffered thermal aging; this approach is helpful in determining the safe long-term use of the material.

Copyright of Jurnal Kajian Veteriner is the property of Universitas Nusa Cendana, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sweet soy sauce is a typical Indonesian soy sauce. One of soy sauce producers in Malang Regency is Jawa Sehati Mulia SMEs. This SMEs has not yet estimated the shelf life of sweet soy sauce product so that the current shelf life refers to other commercial products. The purposes of this study were to determine the characteristics quality and to estimate the shelf life of Tugu Jawa sweet soy sauce. The product was stored at 31, 34, and 37 °C and the organoleptic, microbiological, physical, and chemical characteristics were analysed every seven days. The result showed that the critical parameter was pH because it has the lowest activation energy value. Changes in pH parameter values follow first order with a linear regression equation y = -4.115,68x + 7,33 so that the estimated shelf life of sweet soy sauce was 127,92 days or 4,26 months at room temperature (25 °C).

Permanent magnet brake (PMB) is a safe and effective braking mechanism used to stop and hold the load in place. Due to its complex structure and high reliability, assessing the reliability of PMB remains a challenge. The main difficulty lies in that there are several performance indicators reflecting the health state of PMB, and they are correlated with each other. In order to assess the reliability of PMB more accurately, a constant stress accelerated degradation test (ADT) is carried out to collect degradation data of two main performance indicators in PMB. An accelerated bivariate Wiener degradation model is proposed to analyse the ADT data. In the proposed model, the relationship between degradation rate and stress levels is described by Arrhenius model, and a common random effect is introduced to describe the unit-to-unit variation and correlation between the two performance indicators. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is performed to obtain the point and interval estimates of the model parameters. Finally, the proposed model and method are applied to analyse the accelerated degradation data of PMB, and the results show that the reliability of PMB at the used condition can be quantified quite well.

Corn snack bars are a product made from corn extrudate and additional ingredients in the form of sorghum flour and can be consumed as a nutritious snack. The shelf life of snack bar products needs to be known to ensure product quality reaches consumers. This study aims to determine the shelf life changes in critical parameters during storage using the accelerated shelf life testing Arrhenius method. Tests on the estimation of shelf life with the Arrhenius method were carried out at 3 different storage temperatures (10°C, 30°C, and 47°C) for 35 days with an observation time of every 7 days. The shelf life of corn snack bars was tested using parameters of quality changes such as water content, texture hardness, and springiness. Based on the results obtained, the final shelf life of the corn snack bar is determined by the crispness parameter; shelf life at 10°C is 233 days, at 30°C is 111 days, and at 47°C is 363 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grasslands and pastures are extensively studied due to their geographic variation, species richness, ecological functioning, and economic importance. They are vital components of land use in many parts of the world. The impact of grassland management on species diversity and species composition has also been widely discussed, but results have been contradictory. It is well known that the relationship between species richness and the sampled area is perhaps one of the most consistent rules in plant ecology. This relationship is particularly important in biodiversity studies as it helps to predict richness at larger scales. Additionally, species richness is also influenced by absolute plant abundance, spatial patterns, and the degree of species mixing. However, species richness also depends on absolute plant abundance, spatial patterns, and the degree of mixing species. To assess this relationship, we analyzed the impact of cattle grazing on species richness at a sampling scale in the Sierra of Zapaliname, a protected area in northern Mexico. Our results revealed that the increase in plant species concerning the sampling area significantly differed in the plots excluded from grazing from the control (grazed) plots, and these relationships are differently detected in the function of the scale. Despite the lack of differences in previous studies on species richness without considering the scale, once the scale is incorporated, differences arise among both treatments. As indicated in previous studies, grazing exclusion can lead to a decrease in species richness, but we suggest that some areas of the pasture could be excluded from grazing for longer periods, as long as it is compatible with the economic needs of the local inhabitants, to investigate changes and promote diversity, especially for plant species associated with areas excluded from grazing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kolang-kaling merupakan produk minimally processed yang masih akan terus menunjukkan perubahan kualitas selama penyimpanan. Produk ini memiliki transpirasi yang tinggi sehingga cepat menunjukkan tanda-tanda kerusakan produk, seperti tekstur, kadar air, dan susut bobot. Diperlukan inovasi penyimpanan untuk memperlambat kerusakan produk, salah satunya adalah Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan analisis matematis dan memodelkan perubahan kualitas tekstur, kadar air, dan susut bobot selama penyimpanan dengan variasi perlakuan suhu ruang penyimpanan dan ketebalan kemasan MAP kolang-kaling selama penyimpanan. Variasi perlakuan yang digunakan adalah suhu ruang penyimpanan 5, 15, dan 28℃ dan ketebalan kemasan 30, 50, dan 80µm. Pengukuran tekstur, kadar air, dan susut bobot masing-masing dilakukan dengan menggunakan texture analyzer, oven, dan timbangan digital. Perubahan tekstur, kadar air, dan susut bobot kolang-kaling selama penyimpanan pada sistem MAP dianalisa dengan menggunakan persamaan kinetika dan dimodelkan dengan menggunakan Persamaan Arrhenius dan regresi polinomial orde kedua. Pada analisis kinetika, didapatkan orde untuk setiap parameter perubahan kualitas tekstur, kadar air, dan susut bobot masing-masing adalah orde kedua, pertama, dan nol. Persamaan Arrhenius dan regresi polinomial orde kedua dapat digunakan untuk memodelkan perubahan tekstur, kadar air, dan susut bobot kolang-kaling selama penyimpanan pada sistem MAP dengan rerata nilai R² masing-masing sebesar 0,9164 dan 0,9160. Kedua persamaan tersebut dapat digunakan untuk penyimpanan kolang-kaling pada sistem MAP dengan rentang suhu ruang penyimpanan 5-28℃ dan ketebalan kemasan 30-80µm.

Current knowledge of the mechanisms driving soil organic matter (SOM) turnover and responses to warming is mainly limited to surface soils, although over 50% of global soil carbon is contained in subsoils. Deep soils have different physicochemical properties, nutrient inputs, and microbiomes, which may harbor distinct functional traits and lead to different SOM dynamics and temperature responses. We hypothesized that kinetic and thermal properties of soil exoenzymes, which mediate SOM depolymerization, vary with soil depth, reflecting microbial adaptation to distinct substrate and temperature regimes. We determined the Michaelis-Menten (MM) kinetics of three ubiquitous enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) acquisition at six soil depths down to 90 cm at a temperate forest, and their temperature sensitivity based on Arrhenius/Q 10 and Macromolecular Rate Theory (MMRT) models over six temperatures between 4-50°C. Maximal enzyme velocity (V max) decreased strongly with depth for all enzymes, both on a dry soil mass and a microbial biomass C basis, whereas their affinities increased, indicating adaptation to lower substrate availability. Surprisingly, microbial biomass-specific catalytic efficiencies also decreased with depth, except for the P-acquiring enzyme, indicating distinct nutrient demands at depth relative to microbial abundance. These results suggested that deep soil microbiomes encode enzymes with intrinsically lower turnover and/or produce less enzymes per cell, reflecting distinct life strategies. The relative kinetics between different enzymes also varied with depth, suggesting an increase in relative P demand with depth, or that phosphatases may be involved in C acquisition. V max and catalytic efficiency increased consistently with temperature for all enzymes, leading to overall higher SOM-decomposition potential, but enzyme temperature sensitivity was similar at all depths and between enzymes, based on both Arrhenius/Q 10 and MMRT models. In a few cases, however, temperature affected differently the kinetic properties of distinct enzymes at discrete depths, suggesting that it may alter the relative depolymerization of different compounds. We show that soil exoenzyme kinetics may reflect intrinsic traits of microbiomes adapted to distinct soil depths, although their temperature sensitivity is remarkably uniform. These results improve our understanding of critical mechanisms underlying SOM dynamics and responses to changing temperatures through the soil profile.

Corn snack bars are a snack product made from corn extrudate, and additional ingredients in the form of sorghum flour can be consumed as a nutritious snack. The shelf life of snack bar products needs to be known to ensure product quality reaches consumers. This study aims to determine the shelf life changes in critical parameters during storage using the accelerated shelf life testing Arrhenius method. Tests on the estimation of shelf life with the Arrhenius were carried out at three different storage temperatures (10°C, 30°C, and 47°C) for 35 days with an observation time of every 7 days. The shelf life of corn snack bars was tested using parameters of quality changes such as water content, texture hardness, and springiness. Based on the results obtained, the final shelf life of the corn snack bar is determined by the crispness parameter; shelf life at 10°C is 233 days, at 30°C is 111 days, and at 47°C is 363 days.

This study investigated the pyrolysis properties and kinetic behavior of Ermenek (Konya, Turkey) lignite. For this purpose, lignite was carbonized at 500°C and different heating rates (5, 10, 15, and 20°C/min). Proximate, elemental, XRF, and TGA-DTA lignite and chars were performed. Thermal analyses were performed at a heating rate of 10°C/min from room temperature to 1000°C and an inert (N2) gas flow of 50 ml/min. Peak temperatures and mass losses were determined from the data obtained from the experiments. By examining the thermogram curves, three different temperature regions depended on moisture loss, the release of volatile matter, and fixed carbon combustion. In addition, from these data, kinetic calculations were performed using Arrhenius and Coats-Redfern approaches, and the apparent activation energies were calculated for each region. The activation energy values calculated according to the Coats-Redfern kinetic model are significantly lower than those calculated according to the Arrhenius kinetic model. The highest activation energies calculated were: for Region 1 and Region 2 at 5°C/min heating rate and for Region 3 at 10°C/min heating rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prediction of lyophilized product shelf-life using accelerated stability data requires understanding the temperature dependence of the degradation rate. Despite the abundance of published studies on stability of freeze-dried formulations and other amorphous materials, there are no definitive conclusions on the type of pattern one can expect for the temperature dependence of degradation. This lack of consensus represents a significant gap which may impact development and regulatory acceptance of freeze-dried pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Review of the literature demonstrates that the temperature dependence of degradation rate constants in lyophiles can be represented by the Arrhenius equation in most cases. In some instances there is a break in the Arrhenius plot around the glass transition temperature or a related characteristic temperature. The majority of the activation energies (E a), which are reported for various degradation pathways in lyophiles, falls in the range of 8 to 25 kcal/mol. The degradation E a values for lyophiles are compared with the E a for relaxation processes and diffusion in glasses, as wells as solution chemical reactions. Collectively, analysis of the literature demonstrates that the Arrhenius equation represents a reasonable empirical tool for analysis, presentation, and extrapolation of stability data for lyophiles, provided that specific conditions are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymers are common ingredients in medical, technological, and industrial products. This paper presents the experimental analysis of conductometric properties of polysaccharides of chitosan (CH) in solutions in water W. The electrical conductivity was measured under the influence of increasing concentration of (0.5 to 10) g/l and increasing temperature of (288.15 to 318.15) K. The reduced electrical conductivity and the activation energy of reduced electrical conductivity Eσ are calculated. Biopolymer solutions exhibit a critical recovery of intrinsic electrical conductivity σ ∗ and a critical concentration c*, separating solutions into dilute solutions and semi-dilute solutions. The dependencies of the activation energy with solution concentration and intrinsic electrical conductivity are discussed. The polysaccharide CH behaviour can be extrapolated from the Flory-Huggins theory by decomposing such as E σ = E σ d + E σ s d = E σ S + E σ H . Where the E σ S = E σ d is the entropy-originated term that reflects the tendency of molecules to adopt as many configurations as possible on the network and the E σ H = E σ s d is associated with the energy variation that occurs when two molecules of different species are brought into contact. This enthalpy contribution represents well the non-Arrhenius behaviour. Principles that aid one to understand and interpret such results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a methodology is proposed for studying the current collapse effects of Gallium Nitride (GaN) power diodes and the consequences on the dynamic on-resistance (RON). Indeed, the growing interest of GaN based, high frequency power conversion requires an accurate characterization and a deep understanding of the device's behaviour before any development of power converters. This study can ultimately be used to model observed trap effects and, thus, improve the equivalent electrical model. Using an in-house circuit and a specific experimental setup, a current-collapse phenomenon inherent to gallium nitride semiconductor is studied on planar 650 V—6 A GaN diodes by applying high voltage stresses over a wide range of temperatures. With this method, useful data on activation energy and capture cross section of electrical defects linked to dynamic RON are extracted. Finally, the origins of such defects are discussed and attributed to carbon-related defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytoskeletal transport in cells is driven by enzymes whose activity shows sensitive, typically Arrhenius, dependence on temperature. Often, the duration and outcome of cargo transport is determined by the relative success of kinesin vs. dynein motors, which can simultaneously bind to individual cargos and move in opposite direction on microtubules. The question of how kinesin and dynein activity remain coupled over the large temperature ranges experienced by some cells is one of clear biological relevance. We report a break in the Arrhenius behavior of both kinesin-1 and kinesin-3 enzymatic activity at 4.7 °C and 10.5 °C, respectively. Further, we report that this transition temperature significantly changes as a function of chemical background: addition of 200 mM TMAO increases transition temperatures by ∼6 °C in all cases. Our results show that Arrhenius trend breaks are common to all cytoskeletal motors and open a broad question of how such activity transitions are regulated in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Many cytoskeletal motors studied to date follow Arrhenius kinetics, at least from room temperature up to mammalian body temperature. However the thermal dynamic range is typically finite, and breaks in Arrhenius trends are commonly observed at biologically relevant temperatures. Here we report that the thermal dynamic range of kinesins is also limited and moreover that the location of the Arrhenius break for kinesins can shift significantly based on chemical backgrounds. This implies that the balance of multiple motor cargo transport along the cytoskeleton is far more tunable as a function of temperature than previously appreciated.

The temperature sensitivity of soil processes is of major interest, especially in light of climate change. Originally formulated to explain the temperature dependence of chemical reactions, the Arrhenius equation, and related Q10 temperature coefficient, has a long history of application to soil biological processes. However, empirical data indicate that Q10 and Arrhenius model are often poor metrics of temperature sensitivity in soils. In this opinion piece, we aim to (a) review alternative approaches for characterizing temperature sensitivity, focusing on macromolecular rate theory (MMRT); (b) provide strategies and tools for implementing a new temperature sensitivity framework; (c) develop thermal adaptation hypotheses for the MMRT framework; and (d) explore new questions and opportunities stemming from this paradigm shift. Microbial ecologists should consider developing and adopting MMRT as the basis for predicting biological rates as a function of temperature. Improved understanding of temperature sensitivity in soils is particularly pertinent as microbial response to temperature has a large impact on global climate feedbacks.

Balado cassava chips are one of the processed cassava chips wrapped with Balado seasoning. Balado cassava chips “DR” is one of the cassava chips produced in Sleman, Yogyakarta. The Balado “DR” cassava chip product that has been marketed to shops does not include an expiration date. Whereas information about the shelf life of a food product is one of the important details to be included on the label or packaging. It aims to ensure the quality and safety of a food product when it reaches consumers. During storage, Balado cassava chips can experience a decrease in quality in the form of rancidity caused by the fat content in Balado seasoning due to the hydrolysis process. Free fatty acid analysis or FFA can be used to measure quality degradation caused by the hydrolysis process. The purpose of this study was to estimate the shelf life of Balado “DR” cassava chips based on FFA parameters. The method of estimating the shelf life used is the Accelerated Shelf-Life Test (ASLT) Arrhenius Model. The test parameter used is Free Fatty Acid (FFA). Observations were made every 5 days at 40°C for 20 days and every 7 days at 30°C and 50°C for 28 days. The results showed that the higher the temperature and storage time, the higher the FFA contents. So that the quality of cassava chips decreases with increasing FFA value. Based on FFA analysis, the estimated shelf life of Balado “DR” cassava chips at storage temperatures of 30℃, 40℃ and 50℃, respectively, is 20 days, 18 days and 16 days.

The acceleration of global climate change draws increasing attention towards interactive effects of temperature and organic contaminants. Many studies reported a higher sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates towards contaminant exposure with increasing or fluctuating temperatures. The hypothesis of this study was that the higher sensitivity of invertebrates is associated with the changes of toxicokinetic processes that determine internal concentrations of contaminants and consequently toxic effects. Therefore, the influence of temperature on toxicokinetic processes and the underlying mechanisms were studied in two key amphipod species (Gammarus pulex and Hyalella azteca). Bioconcentration experiments were carried out at four different temperatures with a mixture of 12 exposure relevant polar organic contaminants. Tissue and medium samples were taken in regular intervals and analysed by online solid‐phase extraction liquid chromatography high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, toxicokinetic rates were modelled and analysed in dependence of the exposure temperature using the Arrhenius equation. An exponential relationship between toxicokinetic rates versus temperature was observed and could be well depicted by applying the Arrhenius equation. Due to a similar Arrhenius temperature of uptake and elimination rates, the bioconcentration factors of the contaminants were generally constant across the temperature range. Furthermore, the Arrhenius temperature of the toxicokinetic rates and respiration was mostly similar. However, in some cases (citalopram, cyprodinil), the bioconcentration factor appeared to be temperature dependent, which could potentially be explained by the influence of temperature on active uptake mechanisms or biotransformation. The observed temperature effects on toxicokinetics may be particularly relevant in non‐equilibrated systems, such as exposure peaks in summer as exemplified by the exposure modelling of a field measured pesticide peak where the internal concentrations increased by up to fourfold along the temperature gradient. The results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of chemical uptake, biotransformation and elimination in different climate scenarios and can improve environmental risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is a key factor that influences pesticide degradation. Extrapolating degradation half-lives (DT50) measured at a given temperature to different temperatures remains challenging, especially for tropical conditions with high temperatures. In this study, the use of the standard Arrhenius equation for correcting temperature effects on pesticide degradation in soils was evaluated and its performance was compared with that of alternative Arrhenius-based equations. To do so, a database of 509 DT50 values measured between 5 and 35 °C for 32 pesticides on tropical and temperate soils was compiled for the first time through an extensive literature search. The temperature correction models were fitted to the database using linear mixed regression approaches that included soil type and compound effects. No difference in the temperature dependence of DT50 between tropical and temperate soils was detected, regardless of the model. A comparison of the prediction performances of the models showed that constant activation energy (Ea) cannot be considered valid for the whole range of temperatures. The classical Arrhenius equation with an Ea of 65.4 kJ.mol−1, as recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), was shown to be valid for correcting the DT50 only for temperatures ranging from 5 to 20 °C. However, for temperatures greater than 20 °C, which are common in tropical environments, the median Ea was significantly lower at 10.3 kJ.mol−1. These findings suggest the need to adapt the standard temperature correction of the European pesticide risk assessment temperature procedure when it is applied in tropical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shelf life of agricultural products is characterized by several quality parameters simultaneously. Estimating the shelf life using the multivariate accelerated shelf-life testing (MASLT) approach is expected to provide a more accurate shelf-life prediction. This research aims to examine the effect of temperature storage on lemon fruit quality and predict their shelf life with the MASLT approach. A total of 21 lemons for each treatment (storage temperatures) were washed and stored at 25, 35, and 45 °C. Changes in the quality of lemons were observed every day for 7 days, including moisture content, weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids, and color. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to simplify many experimental lemon quality parameters to form a new coordinate system with maximum variance through linear transformation to form a new coordinate system with maximum variance. The results showed that 91.3% of the variance of all observational data could be explained by the first principal component (PC1). Multivariate kinetics of quality parameter changes following a zero-order reaction. The plot of ln km against 1/T shows a multivariate activation energy value (Ea) of 62.99 kJ·mol−1 with a pre-exponential factor (k0) of 3.87 × 1010 PC1 score per day. The reaction acceleration factor (Q10) based on storage temperatures of 35 °C and 45 °C is 2.17. The results of the predicted shelf life at cold temperatures (10 °C) and room temperature (25 °C) were 60.0 days and 18.8 days, respectively.

Using high charge dilution low temperature combustion (LTC) strategies in a diesel engine offers low emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). These strategies are limited to part-load conditions and involve high levels of charge dilution, typically achieved through the use of recirculated exhaust gases (EGR). The slow response of the gas handling system, compared to load demand and fuelling, can lead to conditions where dilution levels are higher or lower than expected, impacting emissions and combustion stability. This article reports on the sensitivity of high-dilution LTC to variations in EGR rate and fuel injection timing. Impacts on engine efficiency, combustion stability and emissions are assessed in a single-cylinder engine and compared to in-cylinder flame temperatures measured using a borescope-based two-colour pyrometer. The work focuses on low-load conditions (300 kPa gross indicated mean effective pressure) and includes an EGR sweep from conventional diesel mode to high-dilution LTC, and sensitivity studies investigating the effects of variations in charge dilution and fuel injection timing at the high-dilution LTC condition. Key findings from the study include that the peak flame temperature decreased from ~2580 K in conventional diesel combustion with no EGR to 1800 K in LTC with low-NOx, low-soot operation and an EGR rate of 57%. Increasing the EGR to 64% reduced flame temperatures to 1400 K but increased total hydrocarbon (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by 30–50% and increased fuel consumption by 5–7%. Charge dilution was found to have a stronger effect on the combustion process than the diesel injection timing under these LTC conditions. Advancing fuel injection timings at increasing dilution kept combustion instability below 2.5%. Peak in-cylinder temperatures were maintained in the 2000–2100 K range, while THC and CO emissions were controlled by delaying the onset of bulk quenching. Very early injection (earlier than 24 °CA before top-dead-centre) resulted in spray impingement on the piston crown, resulting in degraded efficiency and higher emissions. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of fuel injection timing modification to accommodate variations in charge dilution rates while maintaining low NOx and PM emissions in a diesel engine using low-temperature combustion strategies at part loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encapsulates of carrot waste oil extract improved the antioxidant properties of durum wheat pasta. The aim of this research was to study the kinetics of carotenoids degradation in the freeze-dried (FDE) and spray-dried (SDE) encapsulates of carrot waste extract during storage at four different temperatures (+4, +21.3, +30, +37 °C) up to 413 days by HPLC. Carotenoids levels decreased as a function of time and temperature, following zero-order kinetics. At 4 °C carotenes were stable for at least 413 days, but their half-lives decreased with increasing temperatures: 8–12 months at 21 °C; 3–4 months at 30 °C; and 1.5–2 months at 37 °C. The freeze-drying technique was more effective against carotenes degradation. An initial lag-time with no or very limited carotenes degradation was observed: from one week at 37 °C up to 3 months (SDE) or more (FDE) at 21 °C. The activation energies (Ea) varied between 66.6 and 79.5 kJ/mol, and Ea values tended to be higher in FDE than in SDE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the 100th anniversary approaches of Albert Einstein being awarded a Nobel Prize, questions remain about the motivation for the prize and about the absence of any specific mention of his theory of relativity. By revisiting and supplementing earlier scholarly studies, it will be shown that "Einstein did not receive, as often claimed, a prize for his theory of the photoelectric effect and that committee member Allvar Gullstrand's error in comprehending relativity was not the cause for rejecting this strongly nominated achievement." Rather, in their evaluations of relativity, "Svante Arrhenius (1920) and Gullstrand (1921 & 1922) brought to the task bias, if not prejudice; they incorporated arguments from the German ultranationalist experimental physicists' politically and racially motivated opposition to Einstein and his theories of relativity and gravitation. Only when Carl Wilhelm Oseen joined the committee in 1922, he nominated, evaluated, and proposed a prize for the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." The precise wording and deliberate silence about Einstein's quantum theoretical derivation of the law owes to Oseen's insightful understanding of the challenges facing any effort to award a Nobel Prize to both Einstein and Niels Bohr. As the 100th anniversary of Albert Einstein's Nobel Prize approaches, some confusion remains as to what actually transpired and what it means. A widely‐cited account claiming Einstein received a prize for his theory of the photoelectric effect and attributing relativity's absence to an error in evaluation carries misunderstanding and oversimplification of a much more complex and troubling history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background After embryonic development, Caenorhabditis elegans progress through for larval stages, each of them finishing with molting. The repetitive nature of C. elegans postembryonic development is considered an oscillatory process, a concept that has gained traction from regulation by a circadian clock gene homologue. Nevertheless, each larval stage has a defined duration and entails specific events. Since the overall duration of development is controlled by numerous factors, we have asked whether different rate-limiting interventions impact all stages equally. Results We have measured the duration of each stage of development for over 2500 larvae, under varied environmental conditions known to alter overall developmental rate. We applied changes in temperature and in the quantity and quality of nutrition and analysed the effect of genetically reduced insulin signalling. Our results show that the distinct developmental stages respond differently to these perturbations. The changes in the duration of specific larval stages seem to depend on stage-specific events. Furthermore, our high-resolution measurement of the effect of temperature on the stage-specific duration of development has unveiled novel features of temperature dependence in C. elegans postembryonic development. Conclusions Altogether, our results show that multiple factors fine tune developmental timing, impacting larval stages independently. Further understanding of the regulation of this process will allow modelling the mechanisms that control developmental timing.

The storage process of shallot powder can cause a quality decrease. This study aims to estimate shelf-life of shallot powder at various storage temperatures and determine quality changes during storage. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with two factors to determine quality changes of shallot powder, i.e. the coating and storage temperature. The statistical analysis results showed that the coating, storage temperature, and interaction between the two factors affected Volatile Reducing Substances (VRS) levels. The two factors and their interaction do not influence the water content. Shelf-life estimation was performed using the Arrhenius method. Coated shallot powder has a longer shelf-life than uncoated shallot powder. Shelf-life determination was performed based on water content parameters. The shelf-life of uncoated shallot powder was 337 days at 30 °C, 322 days at 40 °C, and 309 days at 50 °C. The shelf-life of coated shallot powder was 353 days at 30 °C, 340 days at 40 °C, and 328 days at 50 °C. The coating process can extend the shelf-life of shallot powder.

Grasslands and pastures are extensively studied due to their geographic variation, species richness, ecological functioning, and economic importance. They are vital components of land use in many parts of the world. The impact of grassland management on species diversity and species composition has also been widely discussed, but results have been contradictory. It is well known that the relationship between species richness and the sampled area is perhaps one of the most consistent rules in plant ecology. This relationship is particularly important in biodiversity studies as it helps to predict richness at larger scales. Additionally, species richness is also influenced by absolute plant abundance, spatial patterns, and the degree of species mixing. However, species richness also depends on absolute plant abundance, spatial patterns, and the degree of mixing species. To assess this relationship, we analyzed the impact of cattle grazing on species richness at a sampling scale in the Sierra of Zapaliname, a protected area in northern Mexico. Our results revealed that the increase in plant species concerning the sampling area significantly differed in the plots excluded from grazing from the control (grazed) plots, and these relationships are differently detected in the function of the scale. Despite the lack of differences in previous studies on species richness without considering the scale, once the scale is incorporated, differences arise among both treatments. As indicated in previous studies, grazing exclusion can lead to a decrease in species richness, but we suggest that some areas of the pasture could be excluded from grazing for longer periods, as long as it is compatible with the economic needs of the local inhabitants, to investigate changes and promote diversity, especially for plant species associated with areas excluded from grazing.