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[eng] Introduction and objective: Excess body fat is an important risk factor for multiple pathologies, especially cardiometabolic ones, and its genesis is multifactorial. There are many ways of determining excess body fat, either directly or indirectly by means of estimation scales, among which one very easy to calculate is the Cordoba fat estimator equation (ECORE-BF). The objective is to evaluate the effect on the ECORE-BF values of various sociodemographic variables and healthy habits. Methodology: Descriptive and cross-sectional study in 386924 Spanish workers to determine the association between sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, social class and level of education and healthy habits such as physical activity, Mediterranean diet and tobacco consumption with ECORE-BF values. Results: Higher mean values and higher prevalence of high ECORE-BF values were observed with increasing age, lower socioeconomic level, lower level of physical activity and lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and in smokers. Conclusion:All the variables studied seem to influence the ECORE-BF values, being the profile of a male of advanced age, low socioeconomic level, sedentary, with low adherence to the Mediterranean diet and smoker., [spa] Introducción y objetivo: La evaluación de la fibrosis hepática es de vital importancia para la valoración de pacientes con cualquier enfermedad hepática crónica para la toma de decisiones terapéuticas, el pronóstico y la evaluación de la respuesta al tratamiento. La biopsia hepática es actualmente el estándar de referencia para su identificación y estadificación, pero presenta varias limitaciones. Los enfoques con métodos no invasivos basados en biomarcadores séricos o la valoración de la rigidez hepática mediante elastografía, se están incorporando cada vez más en la práctica clínica reemplazando a la biopsia. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar la concordancia entre algunas de estas pruebas no invasivas: índice FIB-4, test Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) y elastografía transitoria, en pacientes con hepatitis crónica de etiología diversa con alta prevalencia de fibrosis, para determinar su utilidad simultánea o secuencial en la práctica clínica. Métodos: Estudio retrospecivo en el que se incluyeron 179 pacientes y se comprobó la concordancia bivariante entre FIB-4, ELF score y Fibroscan con los puntos de corte considerados. Resultados: La concordancia entre el valor de FIB-4 y ELF score se encontró del 29.94%, cuando se comparó la concordancia entre el valor de FIB-4 y Fibroscan se encontró del 50.46% y la concordancia entre el valor de ELF score y Fibroscan fue del 29.38%. Conclusiones: la concordancia para detectar los puntos de corte considerados entre las pruebas no invasivas estudiadas es pobre, lo que sugiere la necesidad de utilizar varios marcadores no invasivos con diferentes puntos de corte para varios umbrales clínicamente relevantes según la mejor tasa de detección para cada patología.

[eng] Introduction: When analyzing the current situation in Spain, derived from our current lifestyles far from following a Mediterranean lifestyle, there is an alarming prevalence of diabesity, which increases the global risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and decreases the quality of life related to health (QLRH). In order to guarantee, beyond glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2), adequate control of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in DM2, it will be necessary to carry out a community intervention focused on the application of education programs focused on promoting the acquisition of healthy eating habits through the Mediterranean diet (DMED). This dietary pattern, together with physical exercise, has been shown to contribute to improving the QLRH of patients. Objective: To analyze the quality of life related to health, present in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, to determine the possible relationship between this and the degree of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and to examine whether there are differences between the sexes. Methods: Observational descriptive study in 93 patients diagnosed with DM2 with poor glycemic control (1Ac ≥ 7%), carried out in various health centers in Albacete and Cuenca, in which the baseline relationship between adherence to DMed and the HRQoL. They were administered a data collection sheet that included a survey of the degree of adherence to the DMed (MEDAS-14) and QLRH (SF-12v2) in the Primary Care (PC) medical and nursing consultations. The variables were analyzed: age groups, sex, years of evolution of DM2, body mass index (BMI), as well as basal glycemia (GB) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The “MEDAS-14” (adherence to DMED) was the main variable and the “SF-12v2” (QLRH) was the secondary variable. Results: Patients with poorly controlled DM2 and with low adherence to the MedDM show a non-significantly greater affectation in the physical sphere: fair general, [spa] Introducción: El análisis de los hábitos de vida actuales en España, evidencian que lejos de seguir un estilo de vida mediterráneo, existe una prevalencia alarmante de diabesidad, que aumenta el riesgo global de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) y disminuye la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud (CVRS). Para garantizar, un adecuado control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) en la DM2, más allá del control glucémico de los pacientes con esta patología, es necesario realizar una intervención comunitaria enfocada a aplicar programas educativos que promuevan la adquisición de hábitos alimentarios saludables a través de la dieta mediterránea (DMED). Se ha demostrado que este patrón dietético, junto con el ejercicio físico, contribuye a mejorar la CVRS de los pacientes. Objetivo: Analizar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 mal controlada, determinar la posible relación entre ésta y el grado de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y examinar si existen diferencias entre sexos. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional en 93 pacientes diagnosticados de DM2 con mal control glucémico (1Ac ≥ 7%), realizado en varios centros de salud de Albacete y Cuenca, en los que se analizó la relación basal entre la adherencia a la DMed y la CVRS. Se les administró una ficha de recogida de datos que incluía una encuesta del grado de adherencia al DMed (MEDAS-14) y QLRH (SF-12v2) en las consultas médicas y de enfermería de Atención Primaria (AP). Se evaluaron las variables: grupos de edad, sexo, años de evolución de la DM2, índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia basal (GB) y hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c). El “MEDAS-14” (adherencia a DMED) fue la variable principal y el “SF-12v2” (QLRH) fue la variable secundaria. Resultados: Los pacientes con DM2 mal controlados y con baja adherencia a la MedDM presentan una afectación no significativa mayor en el ámbito físico: estado general de salud regular

Based on the research Biodiversity, economy and employment in Spain. Analysis and future prospects (Oteros et al, 2022), we focus on the dimensions of change in the production model and, in particular, on biodiversity-friendly occupations and employment. The objective is to: a) to examine the investment, expenditure and type of action of the Spanish economy in relation to employment and biodiversity between 2011 and 2019; b) to make a projection on employment, under the hypothesis of change towards a productive model based on a society-nature metabolism compatible with biodiversity, projecting for the period 2019-2028, according to different scenarios, a smooth or intense transition in the structure of occupations; c) suggesting potential lines of transformation needed -reconversions of activities and changes in working time- to enable a socially just ecological transition whose conditions can prevent the dangers that threaten biodiversity in Spain., En base a la investigación Biodiversidad, economía y empleo en España. Análisis y perspectivas de futuro (Oteros et al, 2022), nos centramos en las dimensiones de cambio de modelo productivo y, especialmente, en las ocupaciones y en el empleo, respetuosas con la biodiversidad. El objetivo consiste en: a) Examinar la inversión, gasto y tipo de actuación de la economía española en relación con el empleo y la biodiversidad entre 2011 y 2019;b) proyectar el empleo, bajo hipótesis de cambio hacia un modelo productivo basado en un metabolismo sociedad-naturaleza compatible respetuoso con la biodiversidad, proyectando para el periodo 2019-2028, según diferentes escenarios, de transición suave o intensa, en la estructura de ocupaciones; c) sugerir potenciales líneas de transformación necesarias -reconversiones de actividades y cambios en el tiempo de trabajo- para posibilitar una transición ecológica socialmente justa cuyas condiciones puedan prevenir los peligros que acechan a la biodiversidad en España.

The malacological analysis of the Cañada Honda shell midden (Tinto-Odiel estuary, SW Spain) has allowed an approximation of the palaeo biodiversity of this sector during the Mesolithic. During this period, the progressive marine transgression caused the flooding of this estuary, coinciding with an initial intensive capture of the bivalves Lutraria and Ruditapes decussatus in the northern and southern sector of this site, respectively. In a second phase, Ruditapes decussatus was the main collected species in all sectors. This last period coincided with some diversification in catches, still dominated by Ruditapes decussatus but with significant proportions of Cerastoderma edule. This stage witnessed a progressive sedimentary filling of the estuary and the creation of marshes and barrier islands. The almost total fragmentation of the specimens would imply that the surface of this shell midden was exposed for a long time while in use. In addition, an occasional charring of some molluscs has been detected. The main molluscs of this site are also the most abundant in other later shell middens (∼cal 5.2–4 kyr BP), indicating an important perpetuation of the collecting and/or eating habits in this environment. All the species determined in them are also currently found in this estuary and its surroundings, where they are also captured.

Single-cell protein from torula yeast (Cyberlindnera jadinii) grown on lignocellulosic biomass has been proven to be an excellent alternative protein source for animal feed. This study aimed to evaluate the amino acid (AA) digestibility by estimating intestinal absorption from three yeast-based ingredients, produced by cultivating C. jadinii on hydrolysate, using either mixed woody species (drum- (WDI) or spray-dried (WSI)) or corn dextrose (drum-dried (DDI)) as the carbon source. Further, the protective effect of intestinal digests on activated THP1-Blue™-induced epithelial damage and cytokine profile was evaluated. Total protein content from these three ingredients ranged from 34 to 45%, while the AA dialysis showed an estimated bioaccessibility between 41 and 58%, indicating good digestibility of all test products. A protective effect against epithelial-induced damage was observed for two of the three tested products. Torula yeast cultivated on wood and drum-dried (WDI) and torula yeast cultivated on wood and spray-dried (WSI) significantly increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values (111-147%, p < 0.05), recovering the epithelial barrier from the inflammation-induced damage in a dose-dependent manner. Further, WSI digests significantly reduced IL8 (250.8 ± 28.1 ng/mL), IL6 (237.9 ± 1.8 pg/mL) and TNF (2797.9 ± 216.3 pg/mL) compared to the blank control (IL8 = 485.7 ± 74.4 ng/mL, IL6 = 478.7 ± 58.9 pg/mL; TNF = 4273.5 ± 20.9 pg/mL) (p < 0.05). These results align with previous in vivo studies, supporting torula yeast-based ingredients as a high-quality protein source for pigs, protecting the intestinal barrier from inflammatory damage, and reducing the pro-inflammatory response. We provided novel insights into the mechanisms behind the health improvement of pigs fed on torula yeast-based ingredients, with potential applications for designing nutritional interventions to recover intestinal homeostasis during critical production periods, such as w

Portus was the main port of imperial Rome from the 2nd century AD to the 5th century AD, with an inner, hexagonal port (Trajan basin) and an outer port (Claudius basin) linked by a channel bounded by quays. Six sedimentary facies have been differentiated in the geological analysis of a core extracted in this channel, basically composed of poorly classified bioclastic muds typical of restricted environ¬ments, accumulations of Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile, 1813 and a final anthropic fill. The subfossil record of bivalves, foraminifera and ostracods is characteristic of Mediterranean brackish environments (lagoons, estuaries, deltas) with significant environmental stress, due to changes in the physical-chemical parameters and probably the periodic dredging of this seaway during a period of about 300 years. The presence of "Neptune balls" points to the development of probable stormy periods that deposit these unique structures in the internal areas of this historic port., Comblement du Canale di Imbocco (Portus, Italie centrale) à l’Holocène supérieur : une perspective paléoenvironnementale pluridisciplinaire. Portus était le principal port de la Rome impériale du iie siècle après J.-C. au ve siècle après J.-C., avec un port intérieur hexagonal (bassin de Trajan) et un port extérieur (bassin de Claudius) reliés par un canal délimité par des quais. Six faciès sédimentaires ont été différenciés dans l’analyse géologique d’une carotte extraite dans ce chenal, composée essentiellement de boues bioclastiques mal classées typiques des milieux restreints, d’accumulations de Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile, 1813 et d’un dernier remblai anthropique. Le registre subfossile des bivalves, des foraminifères et des ostracodes est caractéristique des milieux saumâtres méditerranéens (lagunes, estuaires, deltas) avec des contraintes environnementales importantes, dues aux modifications des paramètres physico-chimiques et pro- bablement au dragage périodique de cette voie maritime pendant une période d’environ 300 ans. La présence de « boules de Neptune » indique le développement de périodes orageuses probables qui déposent ces structures uniques dans les zones internes de ce port historique.

Modulation of the gut microbiota is a trending strategy to improve health. While butyrate has been identified as a key health-related microbial metabolite, managing its supply to the host remains challenging. Therefore, this study investigated the potential to manage butyrate supply via tributyrin oil supplementation (TB; glycerol with three butyrate molecules) using the ex vivo SIFR® (Systemic Intestinal Fermentation Research) technology, a highly reproducible, in vivo predictive gut model that accurately preserves in vivo-derived microbiota and enables addressing interpersonal differences. Dosing 1 g TB/L significantly increased butyrate with 4.1 (±0.3) mM, corresponding with 83 ± 6% of the theoretical butyrate content of TB. Interestingly, co-administration of Limosilactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 (REU) and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 (LGG) markedly enhanced butyrate to levels that exceeded the theoretical butyrate content of TB (138 ± 11% for REU; 126 ± 8% for LGG). Both TB + REU and TB + LGG stimulated Coprococcus catus, a lactate-utilizing, butyrate-producing species. The stimulation of C. catus with TB + REU was remarkably consistent across the six human adults tested. It is hypothesized that LGG and REU ferment the glycerol backbone of TB to produce lactate, a precursor of butyrate. TB + REU also significantly stimulated the butyrate-producing Eubacterium rectale and Gemmiger formicilis and promoted microbial diversity. The more potent effects of REU could be due to its ability to convert glycerol to reuterin, an antimicrobial compound. Overall, both the direct butyrate release from TB and the additional butyrate production via REU/LGG-mediated cross-feeding were highly consistent. This contrasts with the large interpersonal differences in butyrate production that are often observed upon prebiotic treatment. Combining TB with LGG and especially REU is thus a promising strategy to consistently supply butyrate to the host, potentially resulting in