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Introduction: the global incidence of perinatal stroke is one in every 1,100 live births. Ischemic infarction is the most frequent, accounting for 90% of published cases. The most common presentation is focal or generalized seizures (70 to 90% of cases). Clinical case: a 40-weekold female newborn was born from the third pregnancy of a 31-year-old mother. A third-trimester ultrasound was performed reporting a normal fetal Doppler of the left middle cerebral artery (LMCA). An emergency caesarean section due to category II fetal heart rate, meconiumstained fluid, and lack of progression of labor was performed; two cycles of positive pressure ventilation and endotracheal intubation were required; Apgar score was 3, 5, 7. A point of care ultrasound (POCUS) was performed with cranial ultrasound (CU) at two days of age showing with LMCA vasodilation. At 10 days of age, a follow-up POCUS was performed diagnosing a neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS). At this moment, the neurological examination was normal. A comprehensive approach was performed, ruling out infections, autoimmune disease, and hereditary thrombophilia. Treatment with enoxaparin was prescribed. Seizures occurred until six months of age, and West Syndrome was diagnosed. Conclusions: surveillance in neonate with neurological risk, follow-up by POCUS, even with a normal neurolosgical examination, allows detection of complications such a neonatal arterial ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle cerebral artery (MCA), which has the largest irrigation area of the arteries that feed the brain, is an important artery whose microanatomy should be well known because of its vascular variation. In pathologies which are known to affect the cerebrovascular system such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension, morphometric characteristics of MCA gain importance. The aim of this study is to compare the morphometric characteristics of M1 segment of MCA in T2DM and hypertensive patients with those of healthy control group by using computed tomographic angiography (CTA). The study was carried out with retrospective morphometric analysis of CTA images of 200 individuals between 40 and 65 years of age. The individuals were grouped in four as hypertensive patients (group 1), patients with T2DM (group 2), patients with hypertension and T2DM (group 3) and healthy control group (group 4). Length and diameter measurements of M1 segment were performed and recorded by using 3D CTA images. While statistically significant difference was found between bilateral M1 segment diameters of both women and men (p<0.05), no statistically significant difference was found between segment lengths (p>0.05). As a result of the post hoc analysis performed, it was concluded that right and left M1 segment diameter of group 1, group 2 and group 3 was found to be different from group 4 in both sexes (p<0.05). We believe that this study will both be a guide in radio-anatomic assessments to be performed and also increase microanatomic level of information in the surgical treatment of the artery by showing the morphometric changes that occur in M1 segment of MCA in T2DM diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: cerca del 10% de los pacientes con ataque cerebro vascular isquémico agudo (ACV), presentan una oclusión completa de la arteria cerebral media (ACM) generando una mortalidad que puede alcanzar el 80%. La hemicraniectomía descompresiva (HD) puede reducir dramáticamente la mortalidad; sin embargo se encuentra en discusión su papel frente a la discapacidad asociada en estos pacientes. Objetivo: describir en una cohorte histórica, las consideraciones para la realización de la Hemicraniectomía des-compresiva (HD), evaluar los desenlaces en términos de la mortalidad y la funcionalidad evaluada por el Rankin-m y el Barthel al egreso hospitalario. Métodos: análisis descriptivo de pacientes atendidos en el Instituto del Corazón de la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia en los últimos 2 años con diagnóstico de ACV extenso, dividiéndolos en dos grupos, un grupo con HD y otro con manejo convencional. Resultados:: se recolectaron 18 pacientes con ACV extenso, a 7 (38,8%) se les realizó HD y a 11 (61,1%) se les dio manejo médico convencional. La etiología del ACV más frecuente en ambos grupos fue la cardioembólica (61%), no hubo diferencias en cuanto a la severidad del ACV medida por escala NIHSS. Todas las HD se realizaron en las primeras 48 horas. La mortalidad en el grupo con HD fue de 14,2% mientras en el grupo con manejo médico convencional fue 54,5%. En cuanto a la funcionalidad al egreso hospitalario se observó una menor discapacidad en el grupo de HD comparado con el grupo sin HD (Rankin-m p=0,08 y Barthel p=0,03). Conclusión: la hemicraniectomía es una alternativa para pacientes con ACV extenso de la ACM, cuyo objetivo principal es disminuir la mortalidad y evitar el daño del hemisferio contralateral.

Background: An acute subdural hematoma (aSDH) is a rare presentation of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm with pathophysiology and prognosis poorly defined. According to literature, prognosis might be improved with prompt diagnosis, hematoma evacuation and aneurysm treatment. The objective is to specify pathophysiology, prognostic factors and management of this pathology., Methods: We reported 23 cases of aSDH due to ruptured MCA aneurysm from literature revision and 2 cases from our center., Results: Median age was 51 years and 48% (12/25) were females. At their arrival, 76% (19/25) presented decreased level of consciousness and 55.55% (10/18) neurological deficits. Aneurysmal location was left MCA in 57.14% (8/14) and MCA segments were M4 in 76.92% (10/13) and bifurcation in 23.07% (3/13), median aneurysmal size was 6 mm, median hematoma size was 10 mm, median midline shift was 9 mm, aneurysmal projection and MCA concavity were anterior in 100% (3/3), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was present in 52.17% (12/23). The treatment was surgery in 84% (21/25), endovascular in 12% (3/25) and in 20% (5/25) decompressive craniectomy (DC) was necessary. Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was >3/favorable in 66.66% (16/24) and death in 16.66% (4/2)., Conclusions: Anterior MCA concavity and aneurysmal projection might be related with aSDH presentation in proximal MCA aneurysms. We should suspect aneurysm origin when there is no history or stigma of trauma, and CT shows disproportionately massive aSDH. Hematoma evacuation solves the compressive mechanism which is the main cause of neurological deterioration in pure aSDH cases, because of that, immediate hematoma evacuation could justify better outcome in these patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía. All rights reserved.)

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: Los aneurismas tipo blíster son aneurismas pequeños, complejos, menores de 3mm, con alta tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad, así como de resangrado y recurrencia. Son difíciles de tratar y se han propuesto técnicas microquirúrgicas y endovasculares, siendo estas últimas las de menor tasa de complicaciones. Caso Clínico: Mujer de 74 años, ingresa con 6 horas de evolución de trastorno de sensorio brusco. La tomografía muestra hemorragia subaracnoidea difusa a predominio izquierdo. Se le realiza una angiografía cerebral que evidencia un aneurisma blíster de la trifurcación de la arteria cerebral media izquierda. Se emboliza con técnica de remodeling y coils, logrando obliterar la totalidad del aneurisma. Conclusión: Los aneurismas tipo blíster son aneurismas complejos y raros, siendo la terapia endovascular una alternativa segura y eficaz con menor tasa de complicaciones.

Objective: To describe clinical, surgical and post-operative characteristics in patients with the diagnosis of malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery who underwent decompressive craniectomy. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective case series study, performed between March 2017 and March 2020. Data from consecutive patients with the diagnosis of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction were collected. Results: Ten cases were reviewed. Eighty percent of the patients were men, the mean age was 64 years and 60% of the patients were older than 60 years. At admission, the mean Glasgow was 11 points and the mean mRS was 4. The mean time from diagnosis to surgery was 89.7 hours. The anterior cerebral artery was comprised in two cases. Hemorrhagic transformation occurred in three cases. The mean anterior-posterior diameter of the skull flap was 116 mm. The mean ICU and hospital length of stay was 14.1 and 27.5 days, respectively. Three patients died. Conclusions: Decompressive craniectomy is a life-saving procedure in an emergency hospital-setting with an acceptable in-hospital mortality rate within one-month follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign is an imaging pattern that has an incidence from 30 to 40 % of occlusions of this artery demonstrated angiographically. It represents an early sign of poorly progressive ischemic stroke. A 56-year-old patient who began with clinical manifestations of aphasia and right hemiparesis, predominantly femoral it is presented. On admission tomography, hyperdensity of the left middle cerebral artery trajectory was observed, corresponding to an extensive ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic conversion in evolutionary scan at 72 hours. The case is presented because of how infrequent it is to make this diagnosis based on the results found in the single slice axial tomography and because there was a correlation between the images found and the subsequent clinical deterioration of the patient.

La anemia fetal severa pude ser detectada intrautero a través de la medición de velocidad sistólica máxima de la Arteria Cerebral Media (VSmax-ACM). La tasa de falsos positivos de esta técnica de medición desafortunadamente es alta (34%) por lo que se sugiere el correlato clínico materno fetal y descartar condiciones que eleven falsamente la VPS antes de tomar alguna decisión respecto del diagnóstico de ser de anemia fetal. Presentamos un caso de un feto con VSmax-ACM alterado por encima de 1.5 MoM que nació con valores de hemoglobina normales.

La segunda causa de muerte a nivel mundial corresponde a los ataques cerebrovasculares (ACV), de los cuales más de dos terceras partes son de origen isquémico. Causan discapacidad a largo plazo por lo que conocer la anatomía de la circulación cerebral y las posibles manifestaciones clínicas del ACV isquémico permite sospechar, diagnosticar y brindar un manejo oportuno y apropiado, reduciendo el impacto en la salud y la calidad de vida del paciente y sus cuidadores. Objetivo: relacionar los últimos hallazgos en la anatomía arterial cerebral, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos y las manifestaciones clínicas del ACV isquémico de la arteria cerebral media (ACM). Materiales y métodos: revisión de la literatura mediante la búsqueda con términos MeSH en la base de datos Medline, incluyendo estudios, ensayos y metaanálisis publicados entre 2000 y 2020 en inglés y español, además de otras referencias para complementar la información. Resultados: se seleccionaron 59 publicaciones, priorizando la de los últimos 5 años y las más relevantes del rango temporal consultado. Conclusiones: son escasos los estudios sobre la presentación clínica de los ACV, lo que sumado a la variabilidad interindividual de la irrigación cerebral, dificulta la determinación clínica de la localización de la lesión dentro del lecho vascular. La reperfusión del área de penumbra isquémica como objetivo terapéutico se justifica por los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de la enfermedad.

En la pandemia de la enfermedad por la COVID-19 causada por el virus SARS-CoV2, la mayoría de los pacientes presentan síntomas generales y respiratorios, algunos cuadros atípicos gastrointestinales, cardiovasculares, dermatológicos o neurológicos. Se reporta el caso de un paciente varón de 40 años, sin ningún antecedente epidemiológico importante, diagnosticado de COVID 19 por prueba rápida inmunológica, quien presenta un accidente cerebro vascular isquémico súbito. En el estudio tomográfico cerebral sin contraste se evidenció un área extensa isquémica, en el hemisferio cerebral izquierdo en territorio de la arteria cerebral media, acompañado de edema. En los pacientes con COVID-19, infectados por coronavirus SARS-CoV2, debe tenerse en cuenta la posibilidad de que el paciente presente accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), para permitir un manejo adecuado y oportuno.

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Variants of the internal carotid artery (ICA) are inferquents. A case of left carotid agenesis is presented. The carotid agenesis was found in a male who was studied for dysphagia, finding a posterior fossa tumor and the aforementioned variant. In this case, the anterior cerebral artery was originated from the contralateral ICA, while the middle cerebral artery did so from the posterior circulation (Basilar artery). Carotid agenesis can be seen in less than one case per 1,000 arteriograms, and its diagnosis is generally casual. However, it can be associated with cerebrovascular accidents or the presence of intracranial aneurysms. We consider this report of interest because of the rare occurrence of this developmental anomaly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac myxoma is a benign neoplasm, when it is located in the left atrium it is potentially associated with systemic embolism, and it is a rare cause of cerebral embolism. The diagnosis of cardiac myxoma is usually incidental, being found as a results of searching for other clinical conditions. We present the case of a patient who probably had a cardiac myxoma of the left atrium that induced a malignant infarction in the territory of the left medial cerebral artery, bedside heart ultrasound was a relevant diagnostic procedure in this patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the side in middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic stroke is not well established. Our aim was to analyze the differences between right (RMCA) and left middle cerebral artery (LMCA) stroke in patients submitted to intravenous thrombolysis and the influence of the affected side in the patient’s mortality after 3 months. Method Patients with MCA ischemic stroke submitted to intravenous thrombolysis from March 2010 to December 2011 at two Brazilian Stroke Centers were included. Differences between patients with RMCA and LMCA stroke were identified by univariate analysis. Results Forty-five patients with RMCA stroke and 67 with LMCA stroke were analyzed. Patients with LMCA had a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.031), although patients with RMCA more often had a previous ischemic stroke (p = 0.034). The mortality over 3 months was similar for either side (OR = 1.20 ;0.37 - 4.29, p = 0.772). Conclusion The side of the MCA ischemic stroke did not influence the patients mortality.

AbstractObjective:The clinical features of cardiac myxoma stroke have not been sufficiently described. Debates remain concerning the options and timing of treatment and the clinical outcomes are unknown. This article aims to highlight the pertinent aspects of this rare condition.Methods:Data source of the present study came from a comprehensive literature collection of cardiac myxoma stroke in PubMed, Google search engine and Highwire Press for the year range 2000-2014.Results:Young adults, female predominance, single cerebral vessel (mostly the middle cerebral artery), multiple territory involvements and solitary left atrial myxoma constituted the outstanding characteristics of this patient setting. The most common affected cerebral vessel (the middle cerebral artery) and areas (the basal ganglion, cerebellum and parietal and temporal regions) corresponded well to the common manifestations of this patient setting, such as conscious alteration, ataxia, hemiparesis and hemiplegia, aphasia and dysarthria. Initial computed tomography scan carried a higher false negative rate for the diagnosis of cerebral infarction than magnetic resonance imaging did. A delayed surgical resection of cardiac myxoma was associated with an increased risk of potential consequences in particular otherwise arterial embolism. The mortality rate of this patient population was 15.3%.Conclusion:Cardiac myxoma stroke is rare. Often does it affect young females. For an improved diagnostic accuracy, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and echocardiography are imperative for young stroke patients in identifying the cerebral infarct and determining the stroke of a cardiac origin. Immediate thrombolytic therapy may completely resolve the cerebral stroke and improve the neurologic function of the patients. An early surgical resection of cardiac myxoma is recommended in patients with not large territory cerebral infarct.

Objetivo: Establecer valores de referencia del índice de pulsatilidad de la arteria cerebral media en fetos sanos. Método: Es un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal realizado en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal en el periodo 2014 al 2016.Se registraron 1865 mujeres con embarazo único y bajo riesgo entre las 20 a 40 semanas de gestación y se le realizaron examen Doppler de la arteria cerebral media fetal.

Objetivo: describir el nivel de conocimientos acerca del diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de la isoinmunización materna entre los especialistas de Ginecología y Obstetricia afiliados a la Asociación Bogotana de Perinatología (ABP). Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Entre noviembre de 2012 y marzo de 2013, se aplicó una encuesta elaborada por especialistas en Medicina Materno-Fetal (MMF). Se excluyeron los profesionales que ejercen su actividad fuera del territorio nacional, aquellos que no han practicado la obstetricia durante los últimos diez años y a quienes no suministraron la totalidad de la información requerida. El instrumento estuvo compuesto por 18 preguntas organizadas en tres dominios: características sociodemográficas, información sobre la práctica clínica y conocimientos. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para el análisis en la materia. Resultados: el instrumento se aplicó a 220 profesionales de los cuales 127 (57,7 %) respondieron la encuesta en su totalidad y fueron incluidos en el análisis. El 32 % de los obstetras y el 45 % de los especialistas en MMF identificaron correctamente el punto de corte para el coombs indirecto. El 43 y 62 % de los obstetras y especialistas en MMF reconocieron el papel de la velocimetría de la arteria cerebral media para el diagnóstico de anemia fetal, y el 82 y 76 % respectivamente la utilizarían en el seguimiento del feto anémico. Tan solo el 76 % de los obstetras y el 66 % de los especialistas en MMF reconocen las indicaciones de culminar la gestación en caso de anemia fetal, en tanto que el 90 y 97 % (respectivamente) identificaron cuándo realizar cordocentesis y transfusión in utero. Finalmente, el 37 % de los obstetras y el 48 % de los especialistas en MMF no reconocen a la curva de Queenan-Liley como una alternativa cuando no hay acceso al Doppler fetal. Conclusión: existe una importante variabilidad con respecto al nivel de conocimientos de los obstetras y especialistas en MMF en cuanto al diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de las gestantes con isoinmunización. Se requieren más estudios que caractericen la variabilidad en la práctica clínica acerca del diagnóstico y tratamiento de la isoinmunización materna en Colombia.

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJETIVOS: Descrever os resultados perinatais e os fatores associados à centralização fetal diagnosticado pelo exame doplervelocimétrico em gestantes com hipertensão arterial. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal, retrospectivo, incluindo 129 gestantes com hipertensão arterial submetidas à análise doplervelocimétrica, até quinze dias antes do parto. Mulheres com gravidez múltipla, malformações fetais, sangramento genital, descolamento prematuro de placenta, rotura prematura das membranas, tabagismo, uso ilícito de drogas e doenças crônicas foram excluídas. Foram analisadas as características biológicas, sociodemográficas, obstétricas e os resultados perinatais. Para determinar a associação entre as variáveis, foram utilizados os testes χ² exato de Fisher e t de Student. Realizou-se análise de regressão logística múltipla para determinar fatores associados com a centralização fetal. RESULTADOS: Pré-eclâmpsia grave foi a síndrome hipertensiva mais frequente (53,5%) e a centralização fetal foi observada em 24,0% dos fetos. Os fatores pré-natais associados com centralização fetal foram a persistência da incisura protodiastólica bilateral na artéria uterina (OR 3,6; IC95% 1,4 - 9,4; p=0,009) e a restrição de crescimento intrauterino (RCIU) (OR 3,3; IC95% 1,2 - 9,3; p=0,02). Os desfechos perinatais associados à centralização fetal foram idade gestacional

Las ramas precoces de la arteria cerebral media son ramas corticales originadas del tronco de la citada arteria. Se trata de arterias que pueden nutrir importantes áreas de los lóbulos temporal, frontal o la ínsula. Por lo tanto, la oclusión de una de estas ramas producirá un área de isquemia con potenciales consecuencias. Se estudiaron 20 hemisferios cerebrales de cadáveres adultos conservados en formol, y 20 angiografías silvianas realizando una comparación y correlación. En las piezas anatómicas, la arteria cerebral media terminó por bifurcación en el 100% de los casos y dicha bifurcación se sitúo en la porción esfenoidal (M1) en la mayoría de las piezas. Se encontraron ramas precoces en número de1 a4 en el 80%, totalizando 28 arterias, de las cuales 23 tenían destino temporal y 5 frontales. En el material angiográfico la cerebral media terminó por bifurcación en el 95% de los casos y la misma se ubicó en M1 en la mayoría de los casos. Se encontraron ramas precoces en el 70% de los estudios analizados, totalizando 19 ramos. De los mismos, 16 fueron temporales, 1 frontal y en 2 casos no se pudo determinar su destino. Consideramos que los datos anatómicos y angiográficos obtenidos por este y otros estudios son de utilidad en la planificación del clipado de los aneurismas de la cerebral media. The early branches of the middle cerebral artery are cortical branches that arise from the trunk of this artery. These branches can supply significant areas in the temporal, frontal or insular lobes. Therefore, their occlusion may lead to ischemia and potential sequelae. We studied 20 cerebral hemispheres of formalin-fixed adult cadavers and 20 silvian angiographies in order to compare and correlate them. In the anatomical specimens, the middle cerebral artery ended bifurcating in 100% of the cases and such bifurcation occurred at the sphenoidal segment (M1) in most cases. Early branches ranging from 1 to 4 were found in 80% of the cases, totalizing 28 arteries, out of which 23 had a temporal destination and5 afrontal one. In the angiographic material, the middle cerebral artery ended in a bifurcation pattern in 95% of the cases. This bifurcation occurred mostly at M1 as well. Early branches were found in 70% of the cases, which totalized 19 branches. Sixteen of them were temporal branches, 1 was frontal and the other 2 could not be determined. We consider that the anatomical and angiographic data obtained at this and other studies are useful when it comes to planify the clipping of silvian aneurysms.

PURPOSE: Stem cell transplantation has been extensively studied as individual therapies for ischemic stroke. The present investigation is an initial effort to combine these methods to achieve increased therapeutic effects after brain ischemia. Cell transplantation may recover massive neuronal loss by replacing damaged brain cells. METHODS: Undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells were used to induce differentiation in vitro into neuron-like cells with good cell viability for use a graft. In this study, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in rats using intra-luminal vascular occlusion, and infused mES cells after MCAO. The animals were examined behaviorally using motor and sensory test with neurological assessment. RESULTS: Motor function of the recipients was gradually improved, whereas little improvement was observed in control rats. This result may suggest that the grafted cells have synaptic connection in the recipient brain. Our study revealed that stem cell transplantation can have a positive effect on behavioral recovery and reduction of infarct size in focal ischemic rats. Consequently after euthanasia, rats were histochemically investigated to explore graft survival with green fluorescent protein (GFP). CONCLUSION: The mouse embryonic stem cells may have advantage for use as a donor source in various neurological disorders including motor dysfunction.OBJETIVO: O transplante de células-tronco tem sido extensivamente estudado como terapias individuais para o AVC isquêmico. A presente investigação é um esforço inicial para combinar estes métodos para alcançar aumento de efeitos terapêuticos após a isquemia cerebral. O transplante de células pode recuperar a perda neuronal intensa, substituindo as células do cérebro danificado. MÉTODOS: Células tronco embrionárias indiferenciadas de camundongo foram utilizadas para induzir in vitro a diferenciação de células como neurônio com boa viabilidade para utilizar como enxerto. Neste estudo foi induzida a oclusão da artéria cerebral média em camundongos, usando a oclusão vascular intraluminal e células embrionárias infundidas. Os animais foram examinados comportamentalmente utilizando motor e teste sensorial com avaliação neurológica. RESULTADOS: A função motora dos receptores melhorou gradualmente, ao passo que pouca melhora foi observada nos animais controle. Este resultado pode sugerir que as células enxertadas têm conexão sináptica no cérebro receptor. Nosso estudo revelou que o transplante de células-tronco pode ter um efeito positivo na recuperação do comportamento e na redução do tamanho do infarto na isquêmica focal em camundongos. Após a eutanásia foi realizada análise histoquímica para avaliar a sobrevida do enxerto com proteína fluorescente verde (GFP). CONCLUSÃO: As células embrionárias de camundongo podem ser utilizadas como enxerto em várias desordens neurológicas, incluindo disfunção motora.

Objetivos. Obtener una cuantificación absoluta y relativa de la densidad en el signo de la arteria cerebral media (ACM) con el fin de lograr un valor objetivo para el diagnóstico temprano de isquemia cerebral aguda con TCMD. Materiales y Métodos. Se incluyeron 40 pacientes, 20 con sospecha de isquemia cerebral aguda (edad media 73,4 años) y 20 pacientes controles (edad media 71,2 años, p=0,63), que se realizaron TC cerebral con un equipo de 64 filas de detectores. La cuantificación absoluta se realizó midiendo la densidad en UH en el segmento de la ACM visualmente de mayor densidad. También se midió la densidad en el mismo segmento de la ACM contralateral para calcular la diferencia entre ambas arterias (cuantificación relativa). Resultados. En pacientes casos, la densidad media de la ACM afectada (62,5 UH, IC 99%: 46,2-78,7) fue mayor que la de la ACM contralateral (39,3 UH, IC 99%: 33,3-45,3) (p=0,0004) y también fue mayor en comparación con la ACM en pacientes controles (44,7 UH, IC 99%: 37,4-52) (p=0,0045). En la cuantificación relativa, la diferencia media entre la densidad de la ACM afectada y la de ACM contralateral en los pacientes casos fue de 23,2 UH (IC 95%: 11,7-34,7), mientras que, en pacientes controles, la diferencia media entre la densidad de la ACM derecha y la ACM izquierda fue 5,2 UH (IC 95%: 2,4-8,4) (diferencia: 17,8 UH, p=0,0032, IC 95%: 6,8-28,8). Conclusión. Mostramos diferencias significativas (absolutas y relativas) en la densidad de la ACM en pacientes con sospecha de isquemia cerebral aguda en comparación con sujetos normales.Purposes. To obtain absolute and relative quantification values of density in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) sign, in order to obtain an objective value for an early diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke using MDCT. Material and Methods. Forty adult patients, 20 with suspected diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke (mean age: 73.4 years) and 20 controls (mean age: 71.2 years, p=0.63), underwent brain CT scans with a 64-row multi-detector scanner (Brilliance 64; Philips Medical Systems). Absolute quantitative analysis was assessed by tracking tissue density of the MCA segment using region of interests. For relative quantification, density in the same segment of the contra- lateral MCA was measured to calculate the difference between both arteries. Results. In cases, mean density of affected MCA (62.5 HU, 99% CI: 46.2 - 78.7) was greater than that of the contra-lateral MCA segments (39.3 HU, 99% CI: 33.3-45.3) (p

OBJETIVO: determinar o melhor parâmetro doplervelocimétrico para predição de recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional (RNPIG), em gestantes com síndromes hipertensivas. MÉTODOS: realizou-se um estudo transversal, envolvendo 129 mulheres com pressão sanguínea elevada, as quais foram submetidas à doplervelocimetria, até quinze 15 dias antes do parto. Mulheres com gravidez múltipla, malformações fetais, sangramento genital, descolamento prematuro de placenta, rotura prematura das membranas, tabagismo, uso ilícito de drogas e doenças crônicas foram excluídas. A curva ROC para cada parâmetro doplervelocimétrico foi construída para predição de RNPIG. Foram calculadas: a sensibilidade (S), especificidade (E), razão de verossimilhança positiva (RVP) e negativa (RVN). RESULTADOS: a área sob a curva ROC do índice de resistência da artéria cerebral média foi de 52% (p=0,79), com S, E, RVP e RVN de 25,0, 89,1, 2,3 e 0,84%, respectivamente, para um índice de resistência menor que 0,70. Enquanto a área sob a curva ROC para o índice de resistência da artéria umbilical foi 74% (p=0,0001), com S=50,0%, E=90,0%, RVP=5,0, RVN=0,56, para um índice de resistência maior ou igual a 0,70. A área sob a curva ROC para a relação do índice de resistência da artéria umbilical/artéria cerebral média foi 75% (p=0,0001), para uma relação maior que 0,86, a S, E, RVP e RVN foram de 70,8, 80,0, 3,4 e 0,36%, respectivamente. Quanto à relação do índice de resistência da artéria cerebral média/artéria uterina, a área sob a curva ROC foi 71% (p=0,0001), encontrando-se S=52,2%, E=85,9%, RVP=3,7 e RPN=0,56, quando a relação foi menor que 1,05. Quando foram comparadas as áreas dos parâmetros doplervelocimétricos entre si, observou-se que apenas as relações artéria umbilical/artéria cerebral média e artéria cerebral média/uterinas e o índice de resistência da artéria umbilical parecem ser úteis na predição do RNPIG. CONCLUSÃO: em pacientes com pressão sanguínea elevada durante a gravidez, com exceção do índice de resistência da artéria cerebral média, os outros parâmetros doplervelocimétricos podem ser utilizados na predição do RNPIG. A relação artéria umbilical/cerebral média parece ser a mais recomendada.PURPOSE: to determine the best Doppler flow velocimetry index to predict small infants for gestational age (SGAI), in pregnant women with hypertensive syndromes. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted enrolling 129 women with high blood pressure, submitted to dopplervelocimetry up to 15 days before delivery. Women with multiple fetuses, fetal malformations, genital bleeding, placental abruption, premature rupture of fetal membranes, smoking, use of illicit drugs, and chronic diseases were excluded. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for each Doppler variable was constructed to diagnose SGAI and the sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive (PLR) and negative (NLR) likelihood ratio were calculated. RESULTS: the area under the ROC curve for the middle cerebral artery resistance index was 52% (p=0.79) with Se, Sp, PLR, and NLR of 25.0, 89.1, 2.3 and 0.84% for a resistance index lower than 0.70, respectively. While the area under the ROC curve for the resistance index of the umbilical artery was 74% (p=0.0001), with Se=50.0%, Sp=90.0%, PLR=5.0 and NLR=0.56, for a resistance index higher or equal to 0.70. The area under the ROC curve for the resistance index umbilical artery/middle cerebral artery ratio was 75% (p=0.0001). When it was higher than 0.86, the Se, Sp, PLR and NLR were 70.8, 80.0, 3.4 and 0.36%, respectively. For the resistance index of the middle cerebral artery/uterine artery ratio, the area under the ROC curve was 71% (p=0.0001). We found a Se=52.2%, Sp=85.9%, PLR=3.7 and NLR=0.56, when the ratio was lower than 1.05. When we compared the area under the ROC curve of the four dopplervelocimetry indexes, we observed that only the resistance index umbilical artery/middle cerebral artery, resistance index middle cerebral artery/uterine artery and resistance index umbilical artery ratios seem to be useful for the prediction of SGA. CONCLUSION: in patients with high blood pressure during pregnancy, all dopplervelocimetry parameters, except the middle cerebral artery resistance index, can be used to predict SGAI. The umbilical artery/middle cerebral artery ratio seems to be the most recommended one.

La anemia diseritropoyética congénita se engloba dentro de un grupo raro y heterogéneo de trastornos eritrocitarios caracterizados por eritropoyesis ineficaz, anemia megaloblástica, hemosiderosis secundaria e hidrops fetal. Presentamos el caso de un feto de 20 semanas con hidrops como consecuencia de una anemia fetal intensa por eritropoyesis ineficaz. Ante el hallazgo de hidrops fetal no inmune es fundamental un diagnóstico etiológico precoz para ofrecer a la pareja las alternativas terapéuticas más adecuadas.Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia is a rare group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, megaloblastic anemia, secondary hemosiderosis and fetal hydrops. We report a case of a 20 week old fetus with hydrops as a consequence of a severe fetal anemia resulting from ineffective erythro-poiesis. When non-immune fetal hydrops is found, it is essential an early etiological diagnosis to give the parents the most appropriate therapeutic options.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a hipótese de que a relação cerebroplacentária (RCP) fetal relaciona-se com acidemia no nascimento, em gestações complicadas pela insuficiência placentária detectada antes da 34ª semana de gestação. MÉTODOS: trata-se de coorte prospectiva de 55 pacientes entre a 26ª e a 34ª semanas de gestação, com diagnóstico de insuficiência placentária caracterizada pelo Doppler de artéria umbilical alterado (índice de pulsatilidade >p95). Para cada paciente foi realizada avaliação da vitalidade fetal pela doplervelocimetria de artéria umbilical, artéria cerebral média e ducto venoso, e pelo perfil biofísico fetal. Foi calculada a RCP pela razão entre os valores do índice de pulsatilidade da artéria umbilical e da artéria cerebral média, bem como o cálculo de seu z-score (número de desvios padrão que se afasta da média para a idade gestacional). A acidemia no nascimento foi caracterizada quando pH7,2, apresentou associação significativa com os valores da RCP (mediana 0,47 versus 0,58; p=0,009), índice de pulsatilidade da artéria umbilical (mediana 2,45 versus 1,93; p=0,003), índice de pulsatilidade para veias (IPV) do ducto venoso (mediana 1,08 versus 0,85; p=0,034) e perfil biofísico fetal suspeito ou alterado (37 versus 8%; p=0,031). A análise da RCP pelo seu z-score demonstrou tendência de maior afastamento negativo da média, mas sem atingir valor significativo (p=0,08). Foi constatada correlação significativa entre o pH no nascimento e a RCP (r=0,45; pPURPOSE: to evaluate the hypothesis that the fetal cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) is related to acidemia at birth in pregnancies complicated by placental insufficiency detected before 34 weeks of gestation. METHODS: this is a prospective cohort study of 55 patients between 26 and 34 weeks of gestation with a diagnosis of placental insufficiency characterized by abnormal umbilical artery Doppler (pulsatility index>95p). Fetal assessment was performed for each patient by dopplervelocimetry of the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery and ductus venosus, and by the fetal biophysical profile. CPR was calculated using the ratio between middle cerebral artery pulsatility index and umbilical artery pulsatility index, and the z-score was obtained (number of standard deviations of the mean value at each gestational age). Acidemia at birth was characterized when pH7.2, a significant association was observed with CPR values (median 0.47 versus 0.58; p=0.009), pulsatility index of the umbilical artery (median 2.45 versus 1.93; p=0.003), ductus venosus pulsatility index for veins (PIV) (median 1.08 versus 0.85; p=0.034) and suspected or abnormal fetal biophysical profile (37 versus 8%; p=0.031). CPR analysis by z-score showed a negative tendency, but was not statistically significant (p=0.080). Significant correlations were found between pH at birth and CPR (r=0.45; p

OBJETIVO: descrever os resultados perinatais adversos em pacientes com centralização de fluxo sanguíneo fetal, utilizando a relação entre os índices de pulsatilidade das artérias cerebral média e umbilical (IPACM/IPAU) e entre os índices de resistência das artérias cerebral média e umbilical (IRACM/IRAU), assim como comparar os dois índices diagnósticos. MÉTODOS: foram incluídas 151 gestantes com diagnóstico de centralização de fluxo sanguíneo atendidas na maternidade da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, cujo parto ocorreu até 15 dias após o diagnóstico ultrassonográfico. Foram considerados como resultados perinatais adversos: índice de Apgar inferior a sete no quinto minuto, internação em UTI neonatal, concepto pequeno para a idade gestacional, sofrimento fetal agudo, mortalidade perinatal, hipoglicemia, policitemia, enterocolite necrosante, hemorragia cerebral, hemorragia pulmonar, anemia, septicemia, doença de membrana hialina, síndromes convulsivas, síndrome de hiper-reflexia e insuficiência renal. As frequências dos resultados perinatais adversos (RPA) para as relações cérebro-placentária foram comparadas utilizando-se o teste exato de Fisher ou o do χ2 de Pearson, considerando-se como estatisticamente significativo o nível de 5%. Os resultados perinatais adversos foram avaliados de acordo com a idade gestacional, utilizando-se o teste de tendência de Cochrane-Armitage. RESULTADOS: os resultados perinatais adversos para o grupo em que os dois índices apresentaram-se alterados constatou que 62,5% dos recém-natos necessitaram de internação em UTI, conceptos pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG) ocorreram em 75,2%, sofrimento fetal agudo em 35,3%, hipoglicemia em 84,4%, policitemia em 8,3%, enterocolite necrosante em 4,2% e hemorragia cerebral em 2,1%. Constatou-se associação significativa das relações IPACM/IPAU e IRACM/IRAU, no decorrer da idade gestacional, para necessidade de cuidados intensivos neonatais, fetos pequenos para a idade gestacional, septicemia, enterocolite necrosante, insuficiência renal, doença de membrana hialina e anemia. Não houve diferença significativa entre um ou outro índice para resultados perinatais adversos.PURPOSE: to describe adverse perinatal outcomes in patients with fetal blood flow centralization, using the relationship between the pulsatility indexes of the middle cerebral and umbilical arteries (MCAPI/UAPI), and between the resistance indexes of the middle cerebral and umbilical arteries (MCARI/UARI), as well as to compare both diagnostic indexes. METHODS: 151 pregnant women with diagnosis of blood flow centralization, attended to at the maternity hospital of Universidade Estadual de Campinas, whose delivery occurred up to 15 days after the ultrasonographic diagnosis, were included. It was considered as adverse perinatal outcomes: Apgar index lower than 7 at the fifth minute, permanence in neonatal ICU, small fetus for the gestational age, severe fetal suffering, perinatal death, hypoglycemia, polycythemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, brain hemorrhage, lung hemorrhage, anemia, septicemia, hyaline membrane disease, convulsive syndromes, hyperreflexia syndrome and kidney insufficiency. Rates of the perinatal adverse outcomes (PAO) for the brain-placentary ratios have been compared, using Fisher's exact or Pearson's χ2 tests, at 5% significance level. Adverse perinatal outcomes according to the gestational age have been evaluated using the Cochrane-Armitage test for trend. RESULTS: the adverse perinatal outcomes for the group with the two indexes altered were: 62.5% of the newborns needed to be placed in an ICU, 75.2% were small for the gestational age (SGA), 35.3% were under severe fetal suffering, 84.4% had hypoglycemia, 8.3% polycythemia, 4.2% necrotizing enterocolitis, and 2.1% brain hemorrhage. There has been significant association between the MCAPI/UAPI and MCARI/UARI ratios along the gestational age, and the need for neonatal intensive care, small fetuses for the gestational age, septicemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, kidney insufficiency, hyaline membrane disease, and anemia. There has been no significant difference between the two indexes of adverse perinatal outcome.

Antecedentes: La flujometría Doppler fetal es usada de forma rutinaria y sistemática. Es incierta la utilidad clínica del Doppler de la arteria cerebral media (ACM) en fetos del tercer trimestre con crecimiento normal. Objetivo: Determinar los resultados perinatales en fetos del tercer trimestre con índice de pulsatilidad (IP) de la arteria cerebral media (ACM) bajo el percentil 5 comparado con fetos con Doppler cerebral normal. Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en fetos del tercer trimestre durante 2008. Se seleccionaron dos grupos según IP en la ACM: menor del percentil 5 y mayor del percentil 5. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio 265 fetos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Ambos grupos fueron comparables en cuanto a sus características principales. En el grupo con IP menor del percentil 5, la edad gestacional al nacimiento fue mayor: 39,4 vs 38,9 semanas (p=0,001); sin embargo, el número de partos pretérminos fue similar (p=0,89). En el grupo con IP en la ACM menor del 5 se efectuaron 19 (25,7%) cesáreas por distrés fetal similar al grupo con Doppler cerebral normal 42 (22%) (p=0,51). No hubo diferencia significativa en ambos grupos respecto al puntaje de Apgar menor de 7 a los 5 minutos (5,4% vs 3,1%, p=0,47) ni en el número de ingresos del recién nacido a unidad de cuidados intensivos (10,8% vs 6,3%, p=0,32). Conclusiones: Los fetos del tercer trimestre con IP bajo el percentil 5 en el Dopplerde la ACM, muestran resultados perinatales similares a los fetos con Doppler cerebral normal.Background: Doppler studies are being used routinely and with no specific indication. There is no evidence about the clinical significance of pulsatility index (Pl) below 5th centile in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in fetuses at third trimester. Objective: To determine perinatal outcomes in fetuses at third trimester with PI

Objetivo: Evaluación del papel de la velocidad sistólica máxima en arteria cerebral media (VSM-ACM) en casos de isoinmunización Rh. Métodos: 67 casos de isoinmunización Rh, en el Hospital La Paz desde febrero del 2006 hasta agosto del 2009, con título de anticuerpos > 1:32, afectación en embarazo previo y/o casos de isoinmunización anti- Kell, en los que se ha realizado medición de la VSM-ACM. Resultados: La capacidad de detección de anemia moderada-severa en base a la medición de VSM-ACM presenta: sensibilidad 80% (IC95%: 59,8-100), especificidad y valor predictivo positivo 100%, y valor predictivo negativo 85,7% (IC95%: 70,7-100). El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre la hemoglobina estimada y la real es de 0,71. Conclusión: La medición de VSM-ACM predice casos de anemia moderada y severa que son los clínicamente cruciales por la necesidad de actuación obstétrica activa en forma de transfusión intrauterina o finalización del embarazo.Objective: To evaluate the fetal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) in the management of Rh isoimmunized pregnancies. Methods: 67 pregnancies complicated by Rh isoimmunization, in La Paz Hospital ( Madrid) since 2006 February until 2009 August 2009, with maternal antibody titers > 1:32, affected in previous pregnancies and/or anti-Kell isoimmunization, in which MCA-PSV has been measured. Results: For the detection of moderate-severe fetal anemia, Doppler ultrasonography of the middle cerebral artery had a sensitivity of 80% (CI95%: 59.8-100), a specificity and positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 85.7% (CI95%: 70.7-100). The Pearson correlation coefficient between estimated hemoglobin and real hemoglobin is 0.71. Conclusion: The measurement of MCA-PSV predicts moderate-severe fetal anemia cases, which are the most important in the clinical management because of the need of active treatment with intrauterine transfusion or induction labor.

OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito do sulfato de magnésio sobre o índice de pulsatilidade (IP) das artérias uterinas, umbilicais e cerebral média fetal, de acordo com a persistência ou não da incisura protodiastólica bilateral das artérias uterinas na pré-eclâmpsia grave. MÉTODOS: foi desenvolvido um estudo do tipo coorte, incluindo 40 gestantes com pré-eclâmpsia grave, das quais 23 apresentavam incisura protodiastólica bilateral e 17, incisura ausente/unilateral. As pacientes foram submetidas a doplervelocimetria antes e depois de 20 minutos da administração intravenosa de 6 g do sulfato de magnésio. O exame foi realizado com a paciente em posição semi-Fowler, obtendo-se os sonogramas durante a inatividade fetal, em períodos de apneia e ausência de contrações uterinas. Todos os exames foram realizados por dois pesquisadores, considerando a média como resultado final. A comparação dos IP antes e depois do sulfato de magnésio em cada grupo foi realizada pelo teste de Wilcoxon. A diferença das duas medidas (antes e depois do sulfato de magnésio) foi comparada entre os grupos (incisura bilateral e incisura ausente/unilateral) utilizando-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: houve um aumento significativo da frequência cardíaca materna e uma diminuição da pressão arterial materna e da mediana dos IP das duas artérias uterinas e da artéria cerebral média fetal depois da utilização do sulfato de magnésio em ambos os grupos. Houve redução significativa do IP da artéria uterina esquerda e da artéria umbilical apenas no grupo com incisura protodiastólica unilateral/ausente. No entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação ao IP da artéria uterina direita e relação umbilical/cerebral antes e depois do sulfato de magnésio em cada grupo. Não se encontrou diferença entre os grupos, antes e depois do sulfato de magnésio, para nenhum dos desfechos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: após a administração intravenosa de 6 g do sulfato de magnésio nas pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia grave, ocorre uma diminuição da pressão arterial e do IP das artérias uterinas, umbilicais e cerebral média fetal, além de aumento da frequência cardíaca materna, não influenciada pela presença de incisura protodiastólica bilateral nas artérias uterinas.PURPOSE: to evaluate the effect of magnesium sulphate on the pulsatility index (PI) of the uterine, umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arteries, according to the persistency or not of the bilateral protodiastolic notch of the uterine arteries in severe pre-eclampsia. METHODS: a cohort study including 40 pregnant women with severe pre-eclampsia, 23 of them presenting bilateral protodiastolic notch, and 17, unilateral/absent notch. The patients were submitted to Doppler velocimetry before and 20 minutes after the intravenous administration of 6 g of magnesium sulphate. The examination was carried out with the patient in semi-Fowler position, the sonograms being obtained during fetal inactivity, in apnea and absent uterine contraction periods. All the exams were performed by two researchers, the average being considered as the final result. Wilcoxon's test was used to compare the PI, before and after magnesium sulphate in both groups. The difference between the two measurements (before and after magnesium sulphate) was compared between the groups (bilateral incision and unilateral/absent incision) using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: there was a significant increase in the maternal heart rate (MHR) and decrease in the maternal blood pressure, and in the PI medians of the two uterine arteries and in the fetal middle cerebral artery, after magnesium sulphate in both groups. There was a significant decrease in the PI of the left uterine artery and in the umbilical artery, only in the protodiastolic unilateral/absent notch group. Nevertheless, it was not found any significant difference regarding the PI of the right uterine artery, or the cerebral/umbilical relationship, before and after magnesium sulphate in each group. No difference between the groups was found, before and after magnesium sulphate, for any of the studied outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: after the intravenous administration of 6 g of magnesium sulphate to patients with severe pre-eclampsia, a decrease in blood pressure and in the PI of the uterine, umbilical and fetal middle cerebral arteries occurs, besides the increase in the MHR, not influenced by the presence of bilateral protodiastolic notch in the uterine arteries.

La anemia fetal puede ser una condición devastadora para el feto. La principal causa de anemia fetal es la sensibilización materna por el antígeno D. El estándar actual para la evaluación de los fetos en riesgo de anemia es la espectrofotometría del líquido amniótico. Esta aproximación enfrenta problemas como: la necesidad de extrapolación del análisis a edades gestacionales menores de 27 semanas y la evaluación de fetos en riesgo de anemia por otras causas, esto sumado al riesgo propio de la amniocentesis. En los últimos 10 a 12 años ha surgido un método no invasivo para la evaluación de los fetos en riesgo de anemia: la medición del peak sistólico de la velocidad del flujo de la arteria cerebral media. La velocidad de flujo aumentada sería un reflejo de la anemia fetal, justificando que esta técnica se esté incorporando en forma paulatina en el manejo de éstos pacientes. En esta revisión presentamos la evidencia disponible para sustentar que el uso rutinario de esta técnica no invasiva, reemplaza el manejo convencional con amniocentesis, espectrofotometría del líquido amniótico y manejo según curvas de Liley, en pacientes Rh-negativas sensibilizadas, o en otras situaciones de riesgo de anemia fetalFetal anemia could be a devastating condition to the fetus. The main cause of fetal anemia is red-cell alloimmunization. The standard of care for this condition has been the serial amniocentesis to measure bilirubin levels by spectrophotometry of the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid bilirubin measurements are of limited value in the second trimester and in other causes of fetal anemia, besides amniocentesis is an invasive method with fetal risk. During the last 10 to 12 years a non invasive method to predict fetal anemia become available: measurement of the peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery. Increased velocity may reflect fetal anemia. Here we present the evidence to support the use of this non invasive method to replace amniocentesis as the standard care in the management of red-cell alloimmunization and other causes of fetal anemia

El ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico en la infancia es una entidad poco común que se ha venido incrementando en frecuencia y representa una patología de alto riesgo de eventos adversos en los niños; adicionalmente, es una patología de difícil manejo y con múltiples recurrencias. Los pacientes pediátricos que presentan esta clase de patología y que llegan al servicio de urgencias pediátricas son difíciles para establecer un diagnóstico e instaurar un manejo rápido, ya que esta entidad presenta múltiples diagnósticos diferenciales y por su baja incidencia no se tienen algoritmos claros y terapias rápidas y seguras para contrarrestar el compromiso neurológico severo del paciente. Esto se debe a que existen pocos estudios realizados en ACV pediátrico que describan el manejo médico adecuado o las intervenciones necesarias en esta patología, por lo cual no se tienen pautas claras para contrarrestar el evento agudo. Por lo tanto, se tienen intervenciones como trombectomía y la hemicraniectomia decompresiva, lo que lleva al paciente pediátrico a un riesgo mayor, pero tienen respuesta favorable en la mortalidad, con una recuperación favorable. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente pediátrico con ACV de territorio de arteria cerebral media derecha, su diagnóstico y tratamiento definitivo, con revisión de la literatura.

Occlusion or stenosis of a parent vessel or its distal branches is a major cause of poor patient outcome after cerebral aneurysm surgery. Despite great attempts to preserve patency at the time of clip application, intraoperative visual observation may not reveal arterial compromise or occlusion. Quantitative measurement of blood flow in cerebral vessels during aneurysm surgery can help prevent ischaemia and improve patient outcome. We report a case of a large complex middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysm in which perivascular microflow probes were used to measure blood flow quantitatively in MCA and its branches before and after aneurysm clipping. Following aneurysm clipping, blood flow in the MCA branches were significantly reduced to less than its initial baseline value with occlusion of the inferior M2 segment. Prompt detection of compromised blood flow gave the surgeon the opportunity to adjust the clip. This adjustment was performed several times until restore MCA flow to its preclipping values. Intraoperative quantitative vessel-flow measurements were safe and may have prevented cerebral ischaemia and neurological deficit to this patient.A medida quantitativa do fluxo sanguíneo nos vasos cerebrais durante a cirurgia de aneurisma pode ajudar na prevenção de eventos isquêmicos e, portanto, melhorar os resultados. Relatamos o caso de paciente portador de aneurisma grande e complexo da bifurcação da artéria de cerebral média (ACM), no qual foram usadas micro-sondas ultrasônicas perivasculares para medir o fluxo de sangue quantitativamente na ACM e nos seus ramos antes e depois da clipagem do aneurisma. Após a clipagem do aneurisma, o fluxo de sangue diminuiu em todos os ramos, fazendo-se necessário o reajuste do clipe. Após vários ajustes na posição do clipe, o fluxo sanguíneo nos segmentos da ACM foi restabelecido. A descoberta imediata da alteração do fluxo de sangue proporcionou a oportunidade ao cirurgião de ajuste do clipe e conseqüentemente o restabelecimento do fluxo a valores compatíveis àqueles antes da clipagem. O uso de micro-sondas ultrasônicas perivasculares para medida do fluxo sanguíneo durante a cirurgia de aneurisma pode prevenir eventos isquêmicos e eventualmente déficits neurológicos.

OBJETIVO: observar a evolução dos índices de resistência, pulsatilidade, velocidade máxima, velocidade diastólica final e tempo de aceleração da artéria cerebral média fetal entre a 22ª e a 38ª semana de gestação. MÉTODOS: foi feito estudo observacional prospectivo e longitudinal no qual 33 fetos de gestantes normais foram avaliados entre a 22ª e a 38ª semana de gestação. A idade gestacional foi determinada pela data da última menstruação e/ou pelo exame ultra-sonográfico do primeiro trimestre. Os exames ultra-sonográficos com Doppler foram feitos por um único observador, que utilizou aparelho modelo Image Point 1800 (Hewlett Packard), com transdutor multifreqüencial. Para a aquisição do traçado Doppler da artéria cerebral média, o indicador de amostra foi calibrado para um volume de amostra de 1 mm³ e colocado na artéria cerebral média anterior o mais próximo da calota craniana. O ângulo de insonação foi mantido entre 5º e 19º e o filtro foi ajustado na freqüência de 50-100 Hz. Os recém-nascidos foram avaliados no intuito de comprovar que os fetos eram vigorosos e adequados para a idade gestacional. RESULTADOS: os resultados obtidos para o índice de resistência e pulsatilidade revelaram que a evolução dos valores no período entre a 22ª e a 38ª semana é descrita por uma equação do 2O grau, representando uma parábola. Os valores medianos para o índice de resistência foram de 0,81 na 22ª semana e 0,75 na 38ª semana. O índice de pulsatilidade foi de 1,59 na 22ª semana e 1,45 na 38ª semana. A velocidade sistólica máxima aumentou progressivamente ao longo da gestação, com valores de 26,3 cm/s na 22ª semana e 57,7 cm/s na 38ª semana. A velocidade diastólica final teve aumento progressivo a partir de 26 semanas (5,21 cm/s) até o termo (14,6 cm/s). O tempo de aceleração mostrou aumento significativo apenas entre 26 e 30 semanas, cujos valores foram de 0,04 s na 26ª semana e 0,05 s na 30ª semana. CONCLUSÃO: concluiu-se que os índices de resistência, pulsatilidade e velocidade sistólica máxima apresentaram valores variáveis de acordo com a idade gestacional e são semelhantes ao observado na maioria dos estudos anteriores. O tempo de aceleração apresentou pequenas modificações nas semanas gestacionais avaliadas.

Se presenta la experiencia en el manejo de pacientes altamente sensibilizadas por incompatibilidad Rh, analizando la utilidad de la evaluación de la velocidad circulatoria fetal, por Doppler-color, a través de la medición de la velocidad máxima sistólica (VMS) de la arteria cerebral media (ACM). Se realizan 19 transfusiones intravasculares en 3 casos afectados por esta enfermedad. En 14 de ellas se encontró anemia fetal moderada o leve, la que fue diagnosticada correctamente en 13 oportunidades, (92,8%) por la medición anteriormente señalada. Se encuentra una adecuada correlación entre la velocidad máxima sistólica de la arteria cerebral media y el grado de anemia fetal moderada o severa, con un índice correlacional (r= (_) 0,78). Se destaca el beneficio de un método no invasivo en el manejo de la anemia fetal de causa inmunológica o asociada a otras condiciones mórbidas y se abre un campo para futuras investigacionesWe present an experience in the management of patients highly sensitized by Rh isoimmunization, analyzing the usefulness of evaluating of fetal blood velocity by Color-Doppler, through the measurment of the maximal systolic velocity (MSV) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). In three cases presenting this illness, 19 intravascular transfusions were carried out. In 14 of these transfusions, moderate or severe anemia was found, which was correctly diagnosed by means of the measurement already pointed out. We found an adequate correlation between the middle cerebral artery maximal systolic velocity and the degree of moderate/severe fetal anemia, with a correlation index of (r= (_) 0,78). We emphasize the benefits of a non-invasive method in the management of fetal anemia caused by isoimunization or associated to other morbid conditions, and we feel that a new field is open to future research