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Herpothallon glaucescens L.L. Liu & Lu L. Zhang, sp. nov. Mycobank number: 843998 (Fig. 2) Type:— CHINA. Zhejiang Province: Lishui City, Jingning County, Baiyun Protection Station. 1131.3 m elev., 27°72′57.76″ N, 119°64′12.09″ E, on bark of Cunninghamia R. Br., 2 December 2020, C.G. Zhao & Lu L. Zhang 20211617 (Holotype in SDNU). Thallus corticolous, up to 3 cm across, suborbicular, sometimes flaking off, loosely to firmly appressed to the substrate, felty to byssoid, dull, white in the center, whitish grey to greyish green along the margin, in section up to 200 µm thick, with abundant calcium oxalate crystals throughout the thallus (insoluble in KOH, dissolving and recrystallizing as colourless, needle-shaped crystals in 10% H 2 SO 4), with 1–2 µm wide hyphae. Hypothallus whitish, byssoid, composed of 1–2 µm wide hyphae.Prothallus up to 2 mm broad, whitish, indistinct, byssoid, composed of interwoven and radiating hyphae. Pseudisidia numerous, sparse to dense, dispersed or 2–3 in coralloid aggregations, often branched, swollen, subglobose to ±vermiform, rounded at the top, of the same colour as the thallus, compact with few projecting hyphae, 0.15–0.18 mm in diam., or 0.22–0.3 × 0.11–0.18 mm. Photobiont trentepohlioid, single or a few cells aggregated; cells yellowish, 10–12.5 × 7–8 μm. Asci and pycnidia not seen. Chemistry and spot tests: Thallus and prothallus K−, C−, P+ bright yellow, UV−, I+ blue in medulla. TLC: psoromic acid (major), 2’-O-demethylpsoromic acid (minor). Etymology: The epithet “ glaucescens ” refers to the whitish grey colour of the thallus and the pseudisidia. Ecology and distribution: The new species was found growing on bark of Cunninghamia R. Br. at the Baiyun Protection Station in the Zhejiang Province and the bark of other trees in the Daming Mountain National Nature Reserve of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Note: This species is characterized by a thallus with swollen, compact, subglobose to ±vermiform, often branched pseudisidia, with few projecting hyphae, and the presence of psoromic and 2’-O-demethylpsoromic acids. Although H. globosum G. Thor (2009: 42) also has globose pseudisidia and contains psoromic acid, it lacks calcium oxalate crystals, has a red hypothallus and prothallus, the upper parts of its pseudisidia are dark red and often with black spots (Aptroot et al. 2009). Herpothallon biacidum Frisch, Elix & G. Thor (2010: 286) possesses a loosely attached thallus with abundant calcium oxalate crystals, globular to short cylindrical pseudisidia, up to 0.30 × 0.12 mm, in small coralloid aggregations, but it has a brown to blackish brown hypothallus and produces gyrophoric and norstictic acids (Frisch et al. 2010). Herpothallon coralloides Jagadeesh (2014: 40) is also similar to H. glaucescens because of its firmly to loosely appressed thallus and white prothallus, cylindrical pseudisidia that are simple to irregularly branched and coralloid, but the pseudisidia of H. coralloides are much larger, up to 1.0 × 0.1 mm. The two species also differ in chemistry, H. coralloides containing confluentic and norstictic acids (Jagadeesh Ram 2014). Phylogenetically, H. glaucescens is the sister taxon to H. echinatum (Fig. 1), they are similar in containing psoromic acid as a major secondary metabolite, but H. echinatum has a much softer thallus, often seemingly farinose due to loose soredioid fragments, and its pseudisidia are cylindrical, more elongated, up to 0.5 × 0.1 mm, and are mostly unbranched, felty with projecting hyphae. Additional specimen examined: CHINA. Guangxi Province: Nanning City, Wuming County, Daming Mountain National Nature Reserve, 592.0 m elev., 23°30′12.336″ N, 108°26′08.231′′ E, on bark of a tree, 30 December 2020, X. Zhang et al. 20211618 (SDNU)., Published as part of Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie & Zhang, Lulu, 2023, Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China, pp. 287-296 in Phytotaxa 597 (4) on pages 289-291, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7958676, {"references":["Aptroot, A., Thor, G., Lucking, R., Elix, J. A. & Chaves, J. L. (2009) The lichen genus Herpothallon reinstated. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 19 - 66. [http: // www. nhm 2. uio. no / botanisk / lav / RLL / PDF / R 30504. pdf]","Jagadeesh Ram, T. A. M. (2014) The genus Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae) in the Andaman Islands, India. Lichenologist 46 (1): 39 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0024282913000571"]}

Herpothallon lilacinum L.L. Liu & Lu L. Zhang, sp. nov. Mycobank number: 845790 (Figs 3, 4) Type:— CHINA. Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Yang Jia Ao township, Bi Er Tang village. 874 m elev., 27°52’27.59” N, 107°58’10.71” E, on rock, 10 June 2022, L.L. Liu, Y.X. Bi, Z.H. Jiang & D.C. Yan 20220232 (Holotype in SDNU). Thallus corticolous or saxicolous, up to 3.5 cm across, irregular shaped, sometimes flaking off, loosely appressed to the substrate, rather soft, felty, often seemingly farinose, dull, white to cream white, in section up to 200 µm thick, with many calcium oxalate crystals throughout the thallus (insoluble in KOH, dissolving and recrystallizing as colourless, needle-shaped crystals in 10% H 2 SO 4), with 1–2 µm wide hyphae. Hypothallus whitish, byssoid, composed of 1–2 µm wide hyphae. Prothallus up to 0.8 mm broad, whitish, indistinct, byssoid to cottony, composed of interwoven and radiating hyphae. Pseudisidia numerous, unbranched, soft, whitish subglobose or irregularly cushion-shaped, fluffy-felty with many projecting hyphae, basally of the same colour as the thallus, upper parts often lilac to lilac grey, 0.1–0.45 mm in diam.. Photobiont trentepohlioid, in short, irregular threads; cells yellowish green, 10–15 × 5–8 μm. Asci and pycnidia not seen. Chemistry and spot tests: Thallus and prothallus K−, C−, P+ bright yellow, UV−, I+ blue in medulla, the lilac to lilac grey parts K+ black blue, C−. TLC: psoromic acid (major), an unknown substance (minor), 2’-O-demethylpsoromic acid (minor). Etymology: The epithet “ lilacinum ” refers to the lilac to lilac grey pseudisidia. Ecology and distribution: The new species was found growing on rock wall by the roadside and bark of a tree in Guizhou Province. Notes: This species is characterized by the subglobose or irregularly cushion-shaped, lilac to lilac grey, fluffy-felty pseudisidia, 0.1–0.45 mm in diam., the psoromic and 2’-O-demethylpsoromic acids, and an unknown substance chemistry. Herpothallon lilacinum is most similar to H. weii Yuliang Chen & Haiying Wang (2012: 440): both contain psoromic acid and the similar unknown substance, but H. weii has a tightly appressed thallus, an I− medulla, a distinct prothallus, pinkish and larger, and not whitish subglobose pseudisidia, up to 1 × 0.5 mm (Cheng et al. 2012). Crypthonia albida (Fée) Frisch & G. Thor (2010: 290) also has fluffy-felty pseudisidia and contains psoromic acid as its major substance, but has loosely byssoid, whitish pseudisidia, up to 1.0 × 1.0 mm (Frisch & G. Thor, 2010). Herpothallon himalayanum Jagadeesh & Sinha (2009: 40) and H. capilliferum Pengfei Chen & Lulu Zhang (2022: 02) are also similar to H. lilacinum in producing fluffy-felty pseudisidia, but they differ in secondary chemistry: Herpothallon himalayanum contains gyrophoric acid as its major substance (Jagadeesh & Sinha, 2009), and H. capilliferum only contains norstictic acid (Chen et al. 2022). Phylogenetically, H. lilacinum clusters with H. echinatum and H. glaucescens (Fig. 1), they all possess psoromic acid as major, but H. echinatum and H. glaucescens have subglobose or cylindrical pseudisidia, all without the unknown substance. Additional specimen examined: CHINA. Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Yang Jia Ao township, Bi Er Tang village. 874 m elev., 27°52’27.59” N, 107°58’10.71” E, on rock, 10 June 2022, L.L. Liu, Y.X. Bi, Z.H. Jiang & D.C. Yan 20220231, 20220237, 20220238, 20220239, 20220240, 20220253 (SDNU); Guizhou Province: Tongren City, Xu Jia Ba town, Zhang Jia Gou village, along the stream. 851 m elev., 27°55’33.38” N, 108°1’59.13” E, on bark of a tree, 11 June 2022, L.L. Liu, Y.X. Bi, Z.H. Jiang & D.C. Yan 20220090 (SDNU)., Published as part of Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie & Zhang, Lulu, 2023, Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China, pp. 287-296 in Phytotaxa 597 (4) on pages 291-293, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7958676, {"references":["Cheng, Y. L., Ning, J., Xu, H. P., Zhang, L. L., Wang, H. Y. & Zhao, Z. T. (2012) Herpothallon weii, a new lichen from China. Mycotaxon 119: 439 - 443. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5248 / 119.439","Chen, P. F., Liu, L. L., Xie, C. M. & Zhang, L. L. (2022) Four new species of Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, Ascomycota) from China. Phytotaxa 536: 83 - 91. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 536.1.5"]}

Herpothallon tomentosum L.L. Liu & Lu L. Zhang, sp. nov. Mycobank number: 845791 (Fig. 5) Type:— CHINA. Fujian Province: Longyan City, Dongxiao National Forest Park, Barbecue field. 450 m elev., 24°58’25.33” N, 117°0’56.67” E, on bark of a tree, 12 July 2022, L.L. Liu, J.X. Xue & L. Wang 20220468 (Holotype in SDNU). Thallus corticolous, up to 2 cm across, suborbicular to sometimes irregular, not flaking off, loosely to firmly appressed to the substrate, soft, minutely felty, dull, blue green to greenish grey, in section up to 120 µm thick, with few calcium oxalate crystals throughout the thallus (insoluble in KOH, dissolving and recrystallizing as colourless, needle-shaped crystals in 10% H 2 SO 4), with 1–2 µm wide hyphae. Hypothallus whitish, byssoid, composed of 1–2 µm wide hyphae. Prothallus up to 0.9 mm broad, whitish, distinct, byssoid, composed of interwoven and radiating hyphae. Pseudisidia numerous, unbranched, globular, of the same colour as the thallus, soft, felty with many projecting hyphae, 0.06–0.12 mm in diam.. Photobiont trentepohlioid, single or a few cells aggregated; cells yellowish green, 12.5–15 × 5–10 μm. Asci not seen. Pycnidia embedded in the tips of some pseudisidia, opening with a apical pore, pigmentation occasionally extending along the pycnidial wall. Conidia simple, hyaline, short bacilliform, 3–4 × 1–1.5 μm. Chemistry and spot tests: Thallus and prothallus K−, C−, P−, UV−, I− in medulla. TLC: confluentic acid (major), 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acid (minor). Etymology: The epithet “ tomentosum ” refers to the pseudisidia felty with many projecting hyphae. Ecology and distribution: The new species was found growing on bark of trees beside a stream of Dongxiao National Forest Park and on bark of trees beside a mountain path of Tianzhu Mountain Forest Park of Fujian Province. Notes: This species is characterized by the globular pseudisidia each containing a pycnidium, 0.06–0.16 mm in diam., and the presence of confluentic and 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acids. Herpothallon tomentosum is most similar to H. cinereum G. Thor (2009: 34) in its minutely felty thallus, the white, byssoid-felty prothallus and the presence of confluentic and 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acid in its thallus. However, H. cinereum has a loosely appressed thallus, up to 200 μm thick, and cylindrical pseudisidia up to 0.5 × 0.1 mm, without pycnidia at their tips. Herpothallon tomentosum has the same chemistry as H. confluenticum Aptroot & Lücking (2009: 36); both have pycnidia at the tips of their pseudisidia, but the latter has a rather firm thallus delimited by a dirty whitish prothallus, on a whitish to brownish hypothallus, and cylindrical pseudisidia that are partly cauliflower-like at the tips, up to 0.6 × 0.2 mm (Aptroot et al. 2009). The specimens of H. echinatum that Bungartz et al. collected from Ecuador (2013: 752) also have a non-pigmented thallus, prothallus and hypothallus, globular pseudisidia with pycnidia at the tips, and bacilliform conidia (3–4 × 1–1.5 μm), but they contain psoromic acid (Bungartz et al. 2013). Two other morphologically similar species are H. biacidum and H. subglobosum Pengfei Chen & Lulu Zhang (2022: 07): both have a minutely felty thallus and globular pseudisidia, but differ in chemistry: H. biacidum contains gyrophoric and norstictic acids (Frisch et al. 2010), whereas H. subglobosum contains gyrophoric, lecanoric and umbilicaric acids (Chen et al. 2022). Phylogenetically, H. tomentosum belongs into a different monophyletic clade from the other species in clade B (Fig. 1), demonstrating that it is a distinct species. As part of our survey, we collected multiple specimens of the new species in two areas. These specimens are similar in morphological and anatomical characters except that some of the specimens lack pycnidia. In our phylogenetic analysis this material appears on the same branch, with a relatively close evolutionary distance, strongly supported (BS=100, PP=1.00). Additional specimen examined: CHINA. Fujian Province: Longyan City, Dongxiao National Forest Park, Barbecue field. 450 m elev., 24°58’25.33” N, 117°0’56.67” E, on bark of a tree, 12 July 2022, L.L. Liu, J.X. Xue & L. Wang 20220477 (SDNU); Fujian Province: Longyan City, Dongxiao National Forest Park, Bajiao forest to Suoluo group. 558 m elev., 24°58’21.42” N, 117°1’1.71” E, on bark of a tree, 12 July 2022, L.L. Liu, J.X. Xue & L. Wang 20220565, 20220582, 20220587 (SDNU); Fujian Province: Xiamen City, Tianzhu Mountain Forest Park, No. 3 branch road near the air monitoring station. 183 m elev., 24°35’46.33” N, 117°54’31.06” E, on bark of a tree, 11 July 2022, L.L. Liu, J.X. Xue & L. Wang, 20220442, 20220443, 20220462, 20220463 (SDNU)., Published as part of Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie & Zhang, Lulu, 2023, Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China, pp. 287-296 in Phytotaxa 597 (4) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7958676, {"references":["Aptroot, A., Thor, G., Lucking, R., Elix, J. A. & Chaves, J. L. (2009) The lichen genus Herpothallon reinstated. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 19 - 66. [http: // www. nhm 2. uio. no / botanisk / lav / RLL / PDF / R 30504. pdf]","Bungartz, F., Dutan-Patin, V. L. & Elix, J. A. (2013) The lichen genera Cryptothecia, Herpothallon and Helminthocarpon (Arthoniales) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Lichenologist 45: 739 - 762. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0024282913000522","Chen, P. F., Liu, L. L., Xie, C. M. & Zhang, L. L. (2022) Four new species of Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, Ascomycota) from China. Phytotaxa 536: 83 - 91. http: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 536.1.5"]}

This paper describes three species of Herpothallon new to science from southern China: H. glaucescens, H. lilacinum and H. tomentosum. The three species all possess a non-pigmented thallus, hypothallus and prothallus. Herpothallon glaucescens has a white, whitish grey to greyish green thallus and swollen, subglobose to ± vermiform pseudisidia, rounded at the top. Herpothallon lilacinum has subglobose or irregularly cushion-shaped, fluffy-felty pseudisidia, white at the base, lilac to lilac grey at their tips. Herpothallon tomentosum has globular pseudisidia, felty with many projecting hyphae, sometimes containing a central pycnidium. Detailed descriptions for all three new species are provided with an updated key to the genus Herpothallon in China. Additionally, a phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian and ML analyses of mtSSU data shows the position of the new species in Herpothallon.

Key to the species of Herpothallon known from China 1. Prothallus and pseudisidia with red pigment, K+ purple in pigmented parts.......................................................... H. rubrocinctum 1 Prothallus and pseudisidia without red pigment (rarely pinkish or lilac pigments present in pseudisidia)....................................... 2 2. Thallus C+ red; gyrophoric acid major, lecanoric acid and some other substances minor................................................................ 3 Thallus C–; gyrophoric and lecanoric acids absent............................................................................................................................ 5 3. Thallus K+ yellow; an unknown substance present (RF close to atranorin in solvent C) present; pseudisidia cylindrical (0.2 × 0.1 mm)............................................................................................................... H. viridi-isidiatum P.F. Chen & L.L. Zhang (2022: 07) Thallus K–; the unknown minor substance absent; pseudisidia globular or cylindrical.................................................................... 4 4. Pseudisidia globular (0.1 × 0.1 mm)......................................................................................................................... H. subglobosum Pseudisidia cylindrical (1.0 × 0.1 mm).......................................................... H. philippinum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking (2009: 43) 5. Thallus K+ yellow or K+ yellow then red, P+ orange-red; stictic or norstictic acids present........................................................... 6 Thallus K–, P– or P+ yellow; stictic and norstictic acids absent........................................................................................................ 7 6. Thallus K+ yellow then red; norstictic acid present; pseudisidia irregularly cushion-shaped (0.4 × 0.2 mm).......... H. capilliferum Thallus K+ yellow; stictic acid present; pseudisidia cylindrical (0.3 × 0.1 mm).......................................................................................................................................................................................................... H. polyisidiatum P.F. Chen & L.L. Zhang (2022: 02) 7. Thallus P–; psoromic acid absent....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Thallus P+ yellow; psoromic acid present.......................................................................................................................................... 9 8. Confluentic acid major; globular pseudisidia (0.06–0.12 mm in diam.).................................................................... H. tomentosum Perlatolic acid major; minute, irregular, soredia-like granular pseudisidia (0.05 × 0.05 mm in diam.)..................................................................................................................................................................... H. granulare (Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking (2009: 43) 9. Pseudisidia cylindrical (0.5 × 0.1 mm).......................................................................................................................... H. echinatum Pseudisidia subglobose to irregularly cushion-shaped..................................................................................................................... 10 1 Wei J.C. (2020) The Enumeration of Lichenized Fungi in China. In: Beijing, China Forestry Publishing House, China, 44–47. Specimen examined: CHINA. Guizhou Province: Leishan County, Leigongshan National Forest Park, 892 m elev., on bark of a tree, 2 Nov. 2009, Q. Tian, 20102819 (SDNU). Discussion: The identification of this material as Herpothallon rubrocinctum appears problematic, because its prothallus is an orange to red (rather than bright scarlet red), the thallus lacks secondary metabolites and the pseudisidia of the specimen are granular. Molecular data could not successfully be obtained from the material. The report of H. rubrocinctum may thus refer to a still undescribed species, which needs to be further investigates, when fresh specimens are collected. 10. Pseudisidia without pinkish or lilac pigments; subglobose (0.22–0.3 × 0.11–0.18 mm)............................................ H. glaucescens Pseudisidia with pinkish or lilac pigments; subglobose to mostly irregularly cushion-shaped....................................................... 11 11. Thallus tightly appressed, medulla I–; pseudisidia irregularly cushion-shaped, pinkish, large (1 × 0.5 mm)......................... H. weii Thallus loosely appressed, medulla I+ blue; pseudisidia whitsh subglobose or irregularly cushion-shaped, basally white, upper parts often lilac to lilac grey, small (0.1–0.45 mm in diam.)........................................................................................... H. lilacinum, Published as part of Liu, Linlin, Zuo, Qijia, Xue, Junxia, Ren, Zhaojie & Zhang, Lulu, 2023, Three new species of Herpothallon (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Southern China, pp. 287-296 in Phytotaxa 597 (4) on pages 294-295, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7958676, {"references":["Aptroot, A., Thor, G., Lucking, R., Elix, J. A. & Chaves, J. L. (2009) The lichen genus Herpothallon reinstated. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 19 - 66. [http: // www. nhm 2. uio. no / botanisk / lav / RLL / PDF / R 30504. pdf]"]}

Herpothallon viridi-isidiatum P.F. Chen & L.L. Zhang, sp. nov. (Figure 4) Mycobank number: 839111 Type:— CHINA. Zhejiang: Lishui City, Jingning County, Baiyun Protection Station. 1298.73 m elev., 27°43′11.07″ N, 119°38′49.33″ E, on bark of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., 2 December 2020, C. G. Zhao & L. L. Zhang 20200806 (Holotype in SDNU) Description:—Thallus corticolous, up to 3–5 cm in diam., loosely appressed to the substrate, sometimes flaking off, minutely felty, dull, pale mineral greyish-green, in section up to 150 µm thick, with many calcium oxalate crystals in the thallus. Hypothallus byssoid, dirty whitish, composed of 1–3 µm wide hyphae. Prothallus up to 1 mm wide, byssoid, composed of interwoven and radiating hyphae, dirty white in inner and whitish to pale brown in outer parts. Pseudisidia numerous, cylindrical, branched, rather compact yet felty, of the same colour as thallus or often paler in the upper part, up to 0.2 × 0.1 mm. Photobiont Trentepohlia, single or a few cells aggregated, cells globose, 7–12 × 4–8 µm, yellowish green. Asci and pycnidia not seen. Chemistry and spot tests: —Thallus and prothallus K+ yellow, C+ red, P+ pale yellow, I+ blue in medulla. TLC: gyrophoric acid, lecanoric acid, umbilicaric acid and unknown substances. Etymology:— The epithet “ viridi-isidiatum ” refers to the green colour of the pseudisidia. Ecology and distribution: —The new species was found growing on Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., at Baiyun Protection Station. Specimen examined:— CHINA. Zhejiang: Lishui City, Jingning County, Baiyun Protection Station. 1298.73 m elev., on bark of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., 2 December 2020, C. G. Zhao & L. L. Zhang 20200810 (SDNU). Note:— This species is characterized by cylindrical pseudisidia with many hyphae on the surface and the presence of gyrophoric acid, lecanoric acid, umbilicaric acid. Although H. philippinum also has a C+ red thallus and prothallus (gyrophoric acid, ± confluentic and/or lecanoric acids), it has felty pseudisidia with projecting hairs (up to 1.0 × 0.1 mm). Herpothallon echinatum Aptroot, Lücking & Will-Wolf (2009: 38) also has a loosely appressed thallus, but contains psoromic acid and lacks calcium oxalate (Aptroot et al. 2009). Another morphologically similar species is H. isidiatum, but the species is characterized by stictic acid and smaller pseudisidia with dark brown to black pycnidia at the tips (Jagadeesh & Sinha 2009).

Herpothallon capilliferum P.F. Chen & L.L. Zhang, sp. nov. (Figure 1) Mycobank number: 839108 Type: — CHINA. Zhejiang: Lishui City, Jingning County, Dayang Lake Nature Reserve. 1405.34 m elev., 27°52′11.43″ N, 119°43′51′′ E, on bark of Nyssa sinensis Oliv., 3 December 2020, C. G. Zhao & L. L. Zhang 20200807 (Holotype in SDNU). Description:— Thallus corticolous, up to 4 cm in diam., loosely appressed to the substrate, sometimes flaking off, minutely felty, dull, pale mineral grey to olivaceous green; in section up to 100 µm thick, with abundant calcium oxalate crystals throughout the thallus. Hypothallus whitish, byssoid, composed of 1–2 µm wide hyphae. Prothallus up to 1 mm broad, byssoid, composed of interwoven and radiating hyphae, whitish. Pseudisidia numerous, irregular, globose, unbranched, byssoid, with abundantly projecting hyphae, mostly white but sometimes green in parts, up to 0.4 × 0.2 mm. Photobiont Trentepohlia, single to aggregated, cells globose, 7–10 × 5–7 µm, yellowish green. Asci and pycnidia not seen. Chemistry and spot tests:— Thallus and prothallus K+ yellow and then red, C–, P+ yellow, I–. TLC: norstictic acid. Etymology:— The epithet “ capilliferum ” refers to the hair-like appearance of pseudisidia. Ecology and distribution: —The new species was found growing on Nyssa sinensis Oliv., in Dayang Lake Nature Reserve of Zhejiang Province. Specimen examined:— CHINA. Zhejiang: Lishui City, Jingning County, Dayang Lake Nature Reserve. 1405.34 m elev., on bark of Nyssa sinensis Oliv., 3 December 2020, C. G. Zhao & L. L. Zhang 20200808, 20200809 (SDNU). Note:— This species is characterized by pseudisidia with many projecting hyphae and the presence of norstictic acid as a major secondary metabolite. Herpothallon coralloides Jagadeesh (2014: 40) is also pseudoisidiate and contains norstictic acid, but it has a pale green to whitish grey thallus that also contains confluentic acid and much larger pseudisidia (up to 1.0 × 0.1mm) that are felty, but without projecting hyphae (Jagadeesh 2014). The morphologically most similar species is Crypthonia albida (Fée) Frisch & G. Thor (2010: 290) but C. albida contains psoromic acid and pseudisidia that are larger (up to 1.0 × 0.5 mm). Another morphologically similar species is H. minimum Aptroot & Lücking (2009: 53), it is the only known Herpothallon species that produces 2’-O-methylperlatolic acid (Aptroot et al. 2009)., Published as part of Chen, Pengfei, Liu, Linlin, Xie, Congmiao & Zhang, Lulu, 2022, Four new species of Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, Ascomycota) from China, pp. 83-91 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6224563, {"references":["Jagadeesh Ram, T. A. M., (2014) The genus Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae) in the Andaman Islands, India. The Lichenologist 46 (1): 39 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0024282913000571","Aptroot, A., Thor, G., Lucking, R., Elix, J. A. & Chaves, J. L. (2009) The lichen genus Herpothallon reinstated. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 19 - 66. [http: // www. nhm 2. uio. no / botanisk / lav / RLL / PDF / R 30504. pdf]"]}

Key to the species of Herpothallon known from China 1 Pigments in thallus visible from above, prothallus with red pigment, K+ purple; pseudisidia cylindrical or globose......................................................................................................................... H. rubrocinctum (Ehrenb.) Aptroot, Lücking & G. Thor (2009: 61) - No pigments in thallus, pseudisidia and prothallus visible from above (rarely yellow pigments located in hidden hypothallus)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 2 Thallus with globose to granular pseudisidia.....................................................................................................................................3 - Thallus with cylindrical pseudisidia...................................................................................................................................................6 3 Thallus K– and perlatolic acid present.......................................................... H. granulare (Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking (2009: 43) - Thallus K–/K+ yellow to red and perlatolic acid absent....................................................................................................................4 4 Psoromic acid chemosyndrome.................................................................................. H. weii Y.L. Cheng & H.Y. Wang (2012: 440) - Different substances...........................................................................................................................................................................5 5 Gyrophoric present (C+ bright red, K–).................................................................................................................... H. subglobosum - Norstictic acid present (C– and K+ orange)............................................................................................................... H. capilliferum 6 Gyrophoric present (C+ bright red)....................................................................................................................................................7 - Gyrophoric absent (C–)......................................................................................................................................................................8 7 Thallus K+ yellow, pseudisidia smaller (up to 0.2 × 0.1 mm).............................................................................. H. viridi-isidiatum - Thallus K–, pseudisidia larger (up to 1.0 × 0.1 mm).................................................................................................. H. philippinum 8 Psoromic acid (P+ golden yellow) present.................................................................................................................... H. echinatum - Stictic acid present (P+ orange)................................................................................................................................ H. polyisidiatum, Published as part of Chen, Pengfei, Liu, Linlin, Xie, Congmiao & Zhang, Lulu, 2022, Four new species of Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, Ascomycota) from China, pp. 83-91 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6224563, {"references":["Aptroot, A., Thor, G., Lucking, R., Elix, J. A. & Chaves, J. L. (2009) The lichen genus Herpothallon reinstated. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 19 - 66. [http: // www. nhm 2. uio. no / botanisk / lav / RLL / PDF / R 30504. pdf]"]}

Herpothallon polyisidiatum P.F. Chen & L.L. Zhang, sp. nov. (Figure 2) Mycobank number: 839109 Type:— CHINA. Guangdong: Qingyuan City, Mangshan Forest Park. 1716 m elev., 24°55′22.85″ N, 112°59′35.67″ E, on bark of trees, 17 May 2019, L. S. Wang & X. Y. Wang 66649 (Holotype in KUN) Description:—Thallus corticolous, up to 4 cm in diam., closely appressed to the substrate, firm and sometimes flaking off, minutely felty, dull, yellowish white to light yellow, in section up to 150 µm thick, with many calcium oxalate crystals in the thallus. Hypothallus byssoid, white, composed of 1–3 µm wide hyphae. Prothallus up to 1 mm broad, byssoid, composed of interwoven and radiating hyphae, whitish. Pseudisidia numerous, cylindrical, unbranched or sparsely branched, rather compact yet felty, of the same colour as thallus, up to 0.3 × 0.1 mm. Photobiont Trentepohlia, single or a few cells aggregated, cells globose, 6–10 × 5–8 µm, yellowish green. Asci and pycnidia not seen. Chemistry and spot tests:— Thallus K+ yellow, C–, P+ orange, I–. TLC: stictic acid. Etymology:— The epithet “ polyisidiatum ” refers to abundant pseudisidia. Ecology and distribution: —The new species was found growing on bark of a tree in Mangshan Forest Park. Note:—This species can be distinguished by its compact pseudisidia and the presence of stictic acid as the only metabolite. Herpothallon sticticum Jagadeesh Ram & Sinha (2011: 314), H. isidiatum Jagadeesh Ram & Sinha (2009: 611) and H. elegans G. Thor (2009: 39) also contain stictic acid, but H. sticticum has a grey to pale yellow–grey thallus and dense, minutely felty, granular globular to short cylindrical 0.05–0.1(–0.25) × 0.05–0.1(–0.2) mm wide pseudisidia with projecting hyphae (Jagadeesh & Sinha 2011); H. isidiatum has a grey to whitish grey thallus and larger pseudisidia (0.08–0.15 × 0.5–1.5 mm) with dark brown to black pycnidia at the tips (Jagadeesh & Sinha 2009); H. elegans has a hypothallus with a red layer (partly absent) and with a smooth and black layer and dark red prothallus beneath that (Aptroot et al. 2009). This species can also be confused with Diorygma antillarum (Vain.) Nelsen, Lücking & Rivas Plata (2012: 318). In Diorygma, the hypothallus is compact, not byssoid, and pseudisidia are unknown with the exception of D. antillarum, which has a distinct carbonized hypothallus, but contains different substances from H. polyisidiatum (Nelsen et al. 2012)., Published as part of Chen, Pengfei, Liu, Linlin, Xie, Congmiao & Zhang, Lulu, 2022, Four new species of Herpothallon (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Arthoniomycetes, Ascomycota) from China, pp. 83-91 in Phytotaxa 536 (1) on pages 84-88, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.536.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6224563, {"references":["Jagadeesh Ram, T. A. M. & Sinha, P. G. (2011) A new species and a new record of Herpothallon (lichenized Ascomycota) from India. Mycotaxon 116: 313 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 116.313","Aptroot, A., Thor, G., Lucking, R., Elix, J. A. & Chaves, J. L. (2009) The lichen genus Herpothallon reinstated. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 19 - 66. [http: // www. nhm 2. uio. no / botanisk / lav / RLL / PDF / R 30504. pdf]","Nelsen, P. M., Lucking, R., Andrew, C. J., Rivas-Plata, E., Chaves, J. L., Caceres, M. E. S. & Ventura, N. (2012) Dismantling Herpothallon: Herpothallon antillarum (Arthoniomycetes: Arthoniaceae) is a member of the genus Diorygma (Lecanoromycetes: Graphidaceae). The Bryologist 115: 313 - 321. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1639 / 0007 - 2745 - 115.2.313"]}

Four new species of Herpothallon: H. capilliferum, H. polyisidiatum, H. subglobosum and H. viridi-isidiatum are described from southern China. Detailed taxonomic descriptions, ecological and chemical characters, and illustrations are provided for the new species. A key to all known Chinese Herpothallon species is also provided.

Myriostigma xanthominiatum Aptroot & M.F. Souza, sp. nov. (Fig. 1 D-F) Corticolous Myriostigma with thallus whitish ochraceous, containing lichexanthone, ascigerous areas delimited, black with orange pruina, ascospores 8/ascus, ellipsoid, hyaline, muriform, c. 12 × 10-septate, 85-94 × 35-39 µm, central lumina much larger (c. 10 µm diam.) than lumina near the wall. MYCOBANK. — MB839448. TYPE. — Brazil, Paraná, Guaraqueçaba, Tagaçaba Porto da Linha, road PR- 405 km 36.2, at right side of road, in chácara (property of Donald Schause), 14.X.2020, alt. 15 m, on tree bark, A. Aptroot & M.F. Souza 82089 (holo-, CGMS; iso-, ABL). ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — Same details, M.F. Souza & A. Aptroot 291 (CGMS). CHEMISTRY. — Thallus C-, K-, P-, UV+ yellow, with lichexanthone; ascigerous areas K+ red and UV+ red, with an unidentified anthraquinone (Rf 1 TDA, pale orange yellow in acetone solution). DESCRIPTION Thallus corticolous,whitish ochraceous,dull, somewhat granular and variable in thickness up to c. 0.2 mm thick, covering an area of up to 10 cm diam., surrounded by a c. 0.2 mm wide black prothallus line.Algae trentepohlioid, orange, c. 10-15 µm diam. Ascigerous areas delimited, IKI negative, patchy, roundish to irregularly lirelline, black spots with orange pruina, up to 2 mm long and 0.7 mm wide, c. 0.2-0.3 mm high, covering about a quarter of the thallus surface. Asci globose, hyaline, containing 8 ascospores, 100-125 µm diam, wall up to 15 µm thick. Ascospores ellipsoid, hyaline, muriform, c. 12 × 10-septate, 85-94 × 35-39 µm, central lumina much larger (c. 10 µm diam.) than lumina near the wall. Pycnidia not observed., Published as part of Aptroot, André & Souza, Maria Fernanda, 2021, New crustose lichens from a tropical coastal area in Paraná (Brazil), pp. 191-197 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (12) on page 196, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a12, http://zenodo.org/record/7815207

Cryptothecia duplofluorescens Aptroot & M.F. Souza, sp. nov. (Fig. 1 A-C) Corticolous sterile Cryptothecia with thallus pale ochraceous, dull, thin, containing lichexanthone, soralia delimited, containing 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acid, soredia globose to short ellipsoid, c. 25-40 µm diam, often with thin protruding hyphae. MYCOBANK. — MB839446. TYPE. — Brazil, Paraná, Guaraqueçaba, Tagaçaba Porto da Linha, road PR– 405 km 36.2, at right side of road, in chácara (property of Donald Schause), 14.X.2020, alt. 15 m, on palm tree bark, A. Aptroot & M.F. Souza 82161 (holo-, CGMS; iso-, ABL). ADDITIONAL MATERIAL STUDIED. — Same details, A. Aptroot & M.F. Souza 82090 (CGMS). DESCRIPTION Thallus corticolous, pale ochraceous, dull, thin, IKI negative, covering an area of up to 4 cm diam., surrounded by a c. 0.2 mm wide brown hyphal prothallus line. Algae trentepohlioid, orange, c. 10-17 µm diam. Soralia delimited, patchy, covering about half of the thallus surface. Soredia globose to short ellipsoid, IKI negative, filled with small crystals, c. 25-40 µm diam, often with thin protruding hyphae. Ascomata and pycnidia not observed. CHEMISTRY. — Thallus C-, K-, P-, UV+ yellow, with lichexanthone; soralia UV+ white, with 2’- O -methylmicrophyllinic acid. The substance 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acid and lichexanthone were demonstrated by tlc., Published as part of Aptroot, André & Souza, Maria Fernanda, 2021, New crustose lichens from a tropical coastal area in Paraná (Brazil), pp. 191-197 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (12) on page 192, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a12, http://zenodo.org/record/7815207

Microbial endolithic communities are the main and most widespread life forms in the coldest and hyper-arid desert of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and other ice-free areas across Victoria Land, Antarctica. There, the lichen-dominated communities are complex and self-supporting assemblages of phototrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms, including bacteria, chlorophytes, and both free-living and lichen-forming fungi living at the edge of their physiological adaptability. In particular, among the free-living fungi, microcolonial, melanized, and anamorphic species are highly recurrent, while a few species were sometimes found to be associated with algae. One of these fungi is of paramount importance for its peculiar traits, i.e., a yeast-like habitus, co-growing with algae and being difficult to propagate in pure culture. In the present study, this taxon is herein described as the new genus Antarctolichenia and its type species is A. onofrii, which represents a transitional group between the free-living and symbiotic lifestyle in Arthoniomycetes. The phylogenetic placement of Antarctolichenia was studied using three rDNA molecular markers and morphological characters were described. In this study, we also reappraise the evolution and the connections linking the lichen-forming and rock-inhabiting lifestyles in the basal lineages of Arthoniomycetes (i.e., Lichenostigmatales) and Dothideomycetes.

Cresponea quinqueseptata Aptroot & M. Cáceres, sp. nov. (Fig. 1C, D) Saxicolous Cresponea with apothecia yellow pruinose, ascospores broadly fusiform, consistently (4-)5-septate, 30-37 × 5-7 Μm. MYCOBANK NO. — MB 839714. TYPE. — Brazil, Sergipe, Poço Redondo, Cajueiros, Trilha Ecoparque, 09°39’43”S, 43°40’18”W, on exposed granite, 15.XI.2018, M. Cáceres & A. Aptroot (holo-, ISE [ISE48046]; iso-, ABL). DESCRIPTION Thallus Endolithic, up to 3 mm immersed into the rock in between rock crystals, not visible from above, extending in fissures between rock granules, only visible when rock fragments are removed, with trentepohlioid algae. Apothecia Sessile, rather evenly dispersed to crowded, angular to somewhat sinuous in outline, 0.5-2.0 mm diam.; disc black, thinly yellow pruinose; margin higher than the disc, shiny, black, crenulate to fissured, c. 0.2 mm wide. Epihymenium Dark brown, c. 30 Μm high, with superficial yellow crystals. Hymenium Hyaline to somewhat greyish brown, c. 150 Μm high, filaments anastomosing. Hymenium and excipulum black and continuous, c. 100 Μm thick. Asci Cylindrical, c. 70-75 × 13-16 Μm, wall c. 2-3 Μm thick, with small apical chamber. Ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, broadly fusiform, consistently (4-)5-septate, 30-37 × 5-7 Μm, constricted at some septa, ends rounded, wall c. 0.5 Μm thick. Pycnidia Not observed. CHEMISTRY. — Apothecia disc pigment KOH+ yellow exuding (no TLC performed). ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. — On exposed granite in Caatinga. Known only from Brazil.

Aptroot, André, A, Lidiane, Santos, lves dos, E, Marcela, S, ugenia da, Cáceres, ilva (2021): Saxicolous lichens in the semi-arid Caatinga in Brazil show substratum shifts. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (11): 181-189, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a11, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2021v42a11

Opegrapha multipunctaandSchismatomma quercicolaare two sterile European lichens reproducing only vegetatively by means of soredia. RAxML and Bayesian analyses of newly generated sequence data from the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA small subunit provide clear evidence that these two species do not belong to the Arthoniomycetes, but to the Lecanoromycetes. In our phylogenetic analyses,O. multipunctais nested in the genusPorina(Porinaceae) as sister toP. austroatlantica, whileS. quercicolais nested in the genusSchizotrema(Graphidaceae) as sister toS. zebrinum. The following new combinations are introduced:Porina multipuncta(Coppins & P. James) Ertz, Coppins & Frisch andSchizotrema quercicola(Coppins & P. James) Ertz, Frisch & Sanderson.Schizotrema quercicolarepresents the first record of the genusSchizotremafor Europe and the first sorediate member in this genus. The species is newly recorded from Norway. The lichenicolous habit ofArthonia invadensis confirmed.

Zhurbenko, Mikhail P. (2021): Arthonia buelliae sp. nov. (Arthoniaceae, Arthoniales, Ascomycota) and other noteworthy lichenicolous fungi from the Primorye Territory of Russia. Phytotaxa 483 (2): 183-189, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.483.2.11, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.483.2.11

We have studied the highly oceanic genus Coniocarpon in Norway. Our aim has been to delimit species of Coniocarpon in Norway based on an integrative taxonomic approach. The material studied comprises 120 specimens of Coniocarpon, obtained through recent collecting efforts (2017 and 2018) or received from major fungaria in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, as well as from private collectors. We have assessed (1) species delimitations and relationships based on Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses of three genetic markers (mtSSU, nucITS and RPB2), (2) morphology and anatomy using standard light microscopy, and (3) secondary lichen chemistry using high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The results show three genetically distinct lineages of Coniocarpon, representing C. cinnabarinum, C. fallax and C. cuspidans comb. nov. The latter was originally described as Arthonia cinnabarina f. cuspidans and is herein raised to species level. All three species are supported by morphological, anatomical and chemical data.

Enterographa sorediata is a corticolous, crustose lichen endemic to the southern part of Great Britain where it is confined to old-growth woodlands. This lichen is rarely fertile and mainly characterized by a sorediate thallus producing protocetraric acid. However, phylogenetic analyses using nuLSU, RPB2 and nuITS sequences suggest that E. sorediata belongs to the genus Syncesia and is conspecific with S. myrticola. This is corroborated by the chemistry and the recent observation of a thallus with both fully developed S. myrticola-like apothecia and soralia. This provides further evidence of the difficulties involved in correctly placing sorediate sterile morphs of crustose lichens into particular genera without using molecular data. An updated distribution map of S. myrticola for Great Britain and Ireland is provided, showing that the sorediate morph extends more inland whereas the fertile morph is more coastal.

Phylogenetic analyses using mtSSU and nuITS sequences of Buellia violaceofusca (previously placed in Lecanoromycetes), a sterile, sorediate lichen having a trebouxioid photobiont, surprisingly prove that the species is conspecific with Lecanographa amylacea (Arthoniomycetes), a fertile, esorediate species with a trentepohlioid photobiont. These results suggest that L. amylacea and B. violaceofusca are photomorphs of the same mycobiont species, which, depending on the photobiont type, changes the morphology and the reproduction strategy. This is the first example of a lichenized fungus that can select between Trebouxia (Trebouxiophyceae) and trentepohlioid (Ulvophyceae) photobionts. Trebouxia photobionts from the sorediate morphotype belong to at least three different phylogenetic clades, and the results suggest that Lecanographa amylacea can capture the photobiont of other lichens such as Chrysothrix candelaris to form the sorediate morphotype. Phylogenetic analyses based on rbcL DNA data suggest that the trentepohlioid photobiont of L. amylacea is closely related to Trentepohlia isolated from fruticose lichens. The flexibility in the photobiont choice enables L. amylacea to use a larger range of tree hosts. This strategy helps the lichen to withstand changes of environmental conditions, to widen its distribution range and to increase its population size, which is particularly important for the survival of this rare species.

Galbinothrix caesiopruinosa is described from Japan and Korea. The new genus and species is placed in Chrysotrichaceae by its ascoma morphology and by a phylogenetic analysis of mtSSU and nLSU sequence data using Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference. The monotypic genus Galbinothrix is superficially similar to Chrysothrix caesia in having dark brown ascomata covered by a thin bluish grey pruina, reddish brown ascomatal pigment in the epithecium and proper exciple, the greyish green to yellowish olive thallus, and usnic acid as the main secondary thallus compound. It differs from this species and all other Chrysotrichaceae by its large, oblong, thick-walled ascospores with a distinct epispore, the narrowly clavate to almost tubular asci, and the never clearly granular to leprose thallus.

We report here the draft de novo genome assembly, transcriptome assembly, and annotation of the lichen-forming fungus Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach., the type species for Arthoniomycetes, a class of lichen-forming, lichenicolous, and saprobic Ascomycota. The genome was assembled using overlapping paired-end and mate pair libraries and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 instrument.

The lichenicolous species of genus Melaspilea has been studied. As a result, a new species Melaspilea amarkantakensis has been described and M. insitiva has been lectotypified. The new species grows on the thallus and ascomata of Pertusaria species in ‘sal’ forests of central India and is characterized by relatively small, blackish ascomata, I– and K/I+ pale blue hymenium, 4-spored, shorter, 25.4–33.2 × 14.3–20.2 μm asci and 1-septate, (12.1–)13.3–16.0(–17.5) × (5.0–)6.1–7.6(–8.9) μm ascospores lacking perispore.

A two-locus phylogenetic hypothesis of the family Roccellaceae is presented based on data from the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nucLSU) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). This analysis includes 341 sequences (166 newly generated) and 180 specimens representing about 114 species. The genera Lecanactis, Roccellina, Schismatomma and Sigridea were found to be paraphyletic/polyphyletic. In order to make these groups monophyletic, the new genera Crocellina, Diromma, Gyrographa, Gyronactis, Ocellomma, Pseudoschismatomma, Psoronactis and Vigneronia are described. The genus Sagenidium is placed in synonymy with Lecanactis. The new species Enterographa incognita, Gyronactis asiatica and Lecanactis submollis are described. Several species of Opegrapha are transferred to the Roccellaceae. Sorediate morphs are recorded for the first time in the genus Syncesia.

The new genus and speciesIsalonactis madagascariensisis characterized by a crustose, non-corticate, often sorediate thallus containing psoromic acid, tiny white pruinose ascomata with a thalline margin, an inconspicuous excipulum, a pale brown hypothecium, 3-septate hyaline ascospores and curved filiform conidia. Phylogenetic analyses using nuLSU andRPB2sequences placeIsalonactisin theRoccellaceae, close to the generaLecanactisandChiodecton. The new species was collected on sheltered siliceous rocks in the dry landscape of the Isalo Massif (S Madagascar).Dermatiscum thunbergiiis newly recorded from Madagascar.

Lichenicolous fungi belonging to the anamorph-typified genus Phaeosporobolus and to the teleomorph-typified genus Lichenostigma were isolated in pure culture or sequenced directly, with nuLSU and mtSSU sequences obtained. Phylogenetic analyses place the species of Phaeosporobolus in a strongly supported clade with the generic type of Lichenostigma (L. maureri), the genus Phaeococcomyces and several melanized rock-inhabiting isolates. This strongly supported nonlichenized lineage is sister to the primarily lichenized Arthoniales in the Arthoniomycetes and is here described as the Lichenostigmatales. The new order is characterized by cells multiplying by budding, either representing black yeasts, or species in which conidiomata and ascomata are entirely made of an organised agglomeration of spherical yeast-like cells. This way of life is not only very different from all other Arthoniomycetes that exist only in the mycelial stage, but ascomata and conidiomata representing a dense and organised agglomeration of yeast cells might be unique amongst fungi. A further difference with the Arthoniales is the absence of paraphysoids. Phylogenetic results suggest that Phaeosporobolus usneae is the asexual stage of Lichenostigma maureri. Most species of Phaeosporobolus are transferred to the genus Lichenostigma except P. trypethelii, for which the new genus Etayoa is described. The genus Diederimyces is reduced into synonymy with Lichenostigma. Several other members of Lichenostigma are placed in the Dothideomycetes and are intermixed with Lichenothelia species.

The rapid phylogenetic placement and molecular barcoding of fungi is often hampered in organisms that cannot easily be grown in axenic culture or manually teased apart from their associated microbial communities. A high-throughput procedure is outlined here for this purpose, and its effectiveness is demonstrated on a representative species from an especially problematic group of fungi, the sterile crustose lichens. Sequence data of the LSU and ITS regions were generated from samples of a sterile crustose lichen species, Lepraria moroziana, using nextgeneration sequencing. DNA fragments most likely to represent the primary lichen-forming fungus were bioinformatically teased out using a specialized data processing pipeline. Phylogenetic analyses of the LSU region revealed that the lichen-forming fungus L. moroziana was previously placed in the incorrect class of fungi (Lecanoromycetes), and actually belongs to the class Arthoniomycetes, in the order Arthoniales. It is here treated as a member of a new family (Andreiomycetaceae Hodkinson & Lendemer fam. nov.) and genus (Andreiomyces Hodkinson & Lendemer gen. nov.). Additionally, Lepraria obtusatica Tonsberg is placed in the newly-defined genus based on its morphological, chemical, and ITS-based molecular similarity to L. moroziana. The procedure outlined here is projected to be especially useful for resolving the dispositions of diverse problematic fungi that remain unnamed, incertae sedis, or have taxonomic positions that are not expected to reflect their true phylogeny.

Van Den Boom, P. P. G., P. Clerc & D. Ertz (2015). New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain), including the new species: Usnea boomiana P. Clerc. Candollea 70: 165–177. In English, English abstract. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2015v702a1 Lichens and lichenicolous fungi are very diverse in the Canary Islands but the flora is still poorly known despite numerous recent publications. For this reason, two field trips were undertaken in 2011 in order to study the lichen flora of La Gomera (western Canary Islands). About 1000 specimens were collected in the different habitats of the island. In addition, c. 200 specimens collected in 1986, and c. 60 specimens from the Oslo herbarium (O) were studied. As a result, an annotated list of 107 newly recorded lichens and lichenicolous fungi from La Gomera is presented. Terricolous, saxicolous, as well as corticolous species are included. Further notes are given for 17 taxa that are new for the Canary Islands. Hyp...

Zwackhia circumducta (Nyl.) Ertz Notes. – In Macaronesia it was previously recorded from Madeira as Opegrapha circumducta Nyl. (CARVALHO et al., 2008). Material examined. – 35, vr, Ertz 16203., Published as part of van den Boom, Pieter P. G., Clerc, Philippe & Ertz, Damien, 2015, New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain), including the new species: Usnea boomiana P. Clerc, pp. 165-177 in Candollea 70 (2) on page 174, DOI: 10.15553/c2015v702a1, http://zenodo.org/record/5720974, {"references":["CARVALHO, P., R. FIGUEIRA & M. P. JONES (2008). Os liquenes e fungos liquenicolas (Fungi) dos arquipelagos da Madeira e das Selvagens. The lichens and lichenicolous fungi (Fungi) of the Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos. In: BORGES, P. A. V. et al. (ed.), Listagem dos Fungos, Flora e Fauna Terrestres dos Arquipelagos da Maderia e Selvagens. A List of the Terrestrial Fungi, Flora and Fauna of Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos: 95 - 122. Direccao Regional do Ambiente da Madeira and Universidade dos Acores, Funchal and Angra do Heroismo."]}

Arthonia dispersa (Schrad.) Nyl. Notes. – Arthonia dispersa is a pioneer and a weak competitor. In Europe, it is widely distributed from boreal to Mediterranean areas (WIRTH, 1995), but not recorded from the British Islands in SMITH et al. (2009). It was only known from Madeira in Macaronesia (CARVALHO et al., 2008). Material examined. – 37, Ertz 16226; 40, Ertz 16233 [all on ut]., Published as part of van den Boom, Pieter P. G., Clerc, Philippe & Ertz, Damien, 2015, New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from La Gomera (Canary Islands, Spain), including the new species: Usnea boomiana P. Clerc, pp. 165-177 in Candollea 70 (2) on page 173, DOI: 10.15553/c2015v702a1, http://zenodo.org/record/5720974, {"references":["WIRTH, V. (1995). Die Flechten Baden-Wurttembergs. 2 Vol. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart.","SMITH, C. W., A. APTROOT, B. J. COPPINS, A. FLETCHER, O. L. GILBERT, P. W. JAMES & P. A. WOLSELEY (ed.) (2009). The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, London.","CARVALHO, P., R. FIGUEIRA & M. P. JONES (2008). Os liquenes e fungos liquenicolas (Fungi) dos arquipelagos da Madeira e das Selvagens. The lichens and lichenicolous fungi (Fungi) of the Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos. In: BORGES, P. A. V. et al. (ed.), Listagem dos Fungos, Flora e Fauna Terrestres dos Arquipelagos da Maderia e Selvagens. A List of the Terrestrial Fungi, Flora and Fauna of Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos: 95 - 122. Direccao Regional do Ambiente da Madeira and Universidade dos Acores, Funchal and Angra do Heroismo."]}

Arthonia parietinaria is described as new to science. Host of the type and at the same time the only confirmed host species is the foliose macrolichen Xanthoria parietina. Sequence data of nucLSU rRNA genes reveal a close relationship to Arthonia molendoi. A. parietinaria is recorded for many countries in Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.

A two-locus phylogenetic study of the order Arthoniales is presented here using the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nucLSU) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2). This analysis is the first large phylogeny of this fungal group and includes 476 sequences and 240 specimens representing 132 species sampled from 31 genera (in their traditional circumscription). In addition to the previously recognized families (Arthoniaceae, Chrysothricaceae and Roccellaceae), three additional family-level groups are recovered, one being poorly supported. Therefore, the new family Roccellographaceae is described and the family Opegraphaceae is reinstated. Morphological characters such as growth form, fruit body type, exciple, hypothecium and ascospores colour, ascospores septation pattern, and chemistry are found to be of limited use in delimiting families and genera, which indicates an unusual level of plasticity in the Arthoniales. This high level of homoplasy might indicate that the Arthoniales is an old group with taxa having evolved in parallel for very long times. The genera Arthonia, Arthothelium, Chiodecton, Hubbsia, Ingaderia, Lecanactis, Lecanographa, Llimonaea, Opegrapha, Roccellina, Schismatomma and Sclerophyton were found paraphyletic. In order to make these genera monophyletic, the new genera Dimidiographa, Fulvophyton, Paraingaderia, Paralecanographa, Paraschismatomma and Sparria are newly described and the genera Alyxoria, Dictyographa and Zwackhia reinstated. The new species Lecanactis borbonica and Paraingaderia placodioidea are described.

We present a 6-gene, 420-species maximum-likelihood phylogeny of Ascomycota, the largest phylum of Fungi. This analysis is the most taxonomically complete to date with species sampled from all 15 currently circumscribed classes. A number of superclass-level nodes that have previously evaded resolution and were unnamed in classifications of the Fungi are resolved for the first time. Based on the 6-gene phylogeny we conducted a phylogenetic informativeness analysis of all 6 genes and a series of ancestral character state reconstructions that focused on morphology of sporocarps, ascus dehiscence, and evolution of nutritional modes and ecologies. A gene-by-gene assessment of phylogenetic informativeness yielded higher levels of informativeness for protein genes (RPB1, RPB2, and TEF1) as compared with the ribosomal genes, which have been the standard bearer in fungal systematics. Our reconstruction of sporocarp characters is consistent with 2 origins for multicellular sexual reproductive structures in Ascomycota, once in the common ancestor of Pezizomycotina and once in the common ancestor of Neolectomycetes. This first report of dual origins of ascomycete sporocarps highlights the complicated nature of assessing homology of morphological traits across Fungi. Furthermore, ancestral reconstruction supports an open sporocarp with an exposed hymenium (apothecium) as the primitive morphology for Pezizomycotina with multiple derivations of the partially (perithecia) or completely enclosed (cleistothecia) sporocarps. Ascus dehiscence is most informative at the class level within Pezizomycotina with most superclass nodes reconstructed equivocally. Character-state reconstructions support a terrestrial, saprobic ecology as ancestral. In contrast to previous studies, these analyses support multiple origins of lichenization events with the loss of lichenization as less frequent and limited to terminal, closely related species.

The modern concepts of Dothideomycetes and Arthoniomycetes can be traced back to Luttrell (Mycologia 47:511–532, 1955) who, relying on data from a number of previous publications, combined lichenized and nonlichenized fungi in a single class, Loculoascomycetes. A current concept of two separate classes, as well-defined sister taxa, is still new, but it is closely tied to the use of DNA-sequence-based phylogenies to define fungal taxa. DNA sequence comparisons, which have now been in use in mycology since the early 1990s, confirmed that important morphological and developmental characters traditionally used in the taxonomy of loculoascomycetes are homoplasious. What was earlier referred to as the bitunicate ascomycetes contains multiple diverse lineages, which have now been placed in three different classes within Ascomycota. The class Eurotiomycetes contains Pyrenulales, Verrucariales, and Chaetothyriales within subclass Chaeothyriomycetidae (Geiser et al. Mycologia 98:1053–1064, 2006) and the remaining (and majority of) bitunicate species reside within two sister classes, Arthoniomycetes and Dothideomycetes. This review describes the latest taxonomic classifications substantiated with DNA and protein sequence comparisons and discusses morphology, biology, and ecology within this context.

Cryptophaea vietnamensis (van Tol & Rozendaal) 1995 Hämäläinen, M. RMNH Vietnam Northern Vietnam 229255 25925505 KF369682 KF370080 KF369354 ODOPH164-13, Published as part of Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Kalkman, Vincent J., Dow, Rory A., Stokvis, Frank R. & Tol, Jan Van, 2014, Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata). Supporting Information Table 2: List of analysed samples., pp. 1-10 in Systematic Entomology 39 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6652900

Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B., Kalkman, Vincent J., Dow, Rory A., Stokvis, Frank R., Tol, Jan Van (2014): Redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Zygoptera (Odonata). Supporting Information Table 2: List of analysed samples. Systematic Entomology 39 (1): 1-10, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6652900

Two new non-lichenized Arthonia are described from the branches and wood of pine trees (Pinus spp.) in the Coastal Plain of southeastern North America. Arthonia samdykeana is a characterized by its lack of photobiont, large irregularly shaped ascomata, and 6–9(–10–12)-celled ascospores that are macrocephallic. Arthonia gutberletiana is characterized by its lack of photobiont, black circular apothecia with persistent margins, hyaline 2-celled ascospores and occurrence on pine wood.

Opegrapha dekeselii Ertz This pantropical species has been found as common in the seashore forests of the Andaman Islands. It is characterized by the straight to curved, 0.5–1.5(–3) mm long, 0.1–0.15 mm wide ascomata; I+ blue quickly turning orange-red hymenium; I+ persistently blue subhymenium and 7-septate, 32–44 × 5–6 µm ascospores. Specimens examined: — North Andaman: Kalipur Beach, elev. 10 m, 19 Apr. 2011, Jagadeesh Ram 129 (PBL). Middle Andaman: Rampur Beach, 12°52’19.8”N, 92°55’39.8”E, elev. 12 m, 7 Mar. 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 703, 718 (PBL); Sound Island, 12°56’26.5”N, 92°54’03.1”E, elev. 5 m, 10 Mar. 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 930 (PBL); Long Island seashore forest, 12°22’76.1”N, 92°55’32.2”E, elev. 18 m, 20 Feb. 2013, Jagadeesh Ram 2453 (PBL); ibid., 12°22’42.3”N, 92°55’13.4”E, elev. 10 m, 20 Feb. 2013, Jagadeesh Ram 2475 (PBL). South Andaman: Collingpur Beach forest, elev. 10 m, 4 Jul. 2011, Jagadeesh Ram 489 (PBL); Outram Island, 10 May 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 1896 (PBL). Little Andaman, South Bay, 5 May 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 1738, 1752 (PBL)., Published as part of Jagadeesh Ram, T. A. M., 2014, New species and new records in Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) from the Andaman Islands, India, pp. 155-162 in Phytotaxa 177 (3) on page 161, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5144680

Opegrapha robusta Vain. This paleotropical species has been found as common on the evergreen forests in the Andaman Islands. It is characterized by the large lirellae, thick excipulum, I+ red hymenium and 13–15-septate, 56–78 × 3.5–4.5 µm ascospores and containing confluentic acid. Specimens examined: — North Andaman, Thorn Hill Island, 19 Mar. 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 1267 (PBL). Middle Andaman, Karmatang Reserve forest, N 12°49’38.5”, E 92°54’38.1”, elev. 38 m 8 Mar. 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 782 (PBL). South Andaman: John Lawrence Island, 12 May 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 2017 (PBL); ibid., Rutland Island, Badakadi to Kumra Nala forest, 16 May 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 2050, 2151 (PBL). Little Andaman, Vishnu Nala Dam forest, 4 May 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 1671 (PBL)., Published as part of Jagadeesh Ram, T. A. M., 2014, New species and new records in Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) from the Andaman Islands, India, pp. 155-162 in Phytotaxa 177 (3) on page 161, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5144680

Jagadeesh Ram, T. A. M. (2014): New species and new records in Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) from the Andaman Islands, India. Phytotaxa 177 (3): 155-162, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.3.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.177.3.3

Opegrapha irosina Vain. This pantropical species has been found on the lowland evergreen forest in John Lawrence Island in the South Andaman. It is characterized by the lirellae with a persistently slit-like hymenial disc; thick complete excipulum; I+ red hymenium and 7–10-septate, 36–55(–65) × 3–4.5 µm ascospores. Specimen examined: — South Andaman, John Lawrence Island, evergreen forest, 12 May 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 2059 (PBL)., Published as part of Jagadeesh Ram, T. A. M., 2014, New species and new records in Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) from the Andaman Islands, India, pp. 155-162 in Phytotaxa 177 (3) on page 161, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5144680

Opegrapha apomelana A. Massal. This common paleotropical species has been found in the seashore forests in Reef Island of the North Andaman and Henry Lawrence Island of the South Andaman. It is characterized by the simple to branched, 0.5–3.5 mm long, 0.2–0.35 mm wide ascomata; complete, basally thick excipulum; I+ red, inspersed hymenium; hyaline, fusiform, 7–12-septate, 30–48 × 4.5–6 µm ascospores. Specimens examined: — North Andaman: Reef Island WLS, 13°30’09.4”N, 92°25’15.9”E, elev. 15 m, 18 Mar. 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 1233 (PBL); ibid., 13°30’16.0”N, 92°52’09.9”E, elev. 15 m, 18 Mar. 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 1237 (PBL). South Andaman: Henry Lawrence Island, elev. 10 m, 11 May 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 1911, 1959 (PBL); ibid., 12°06’04.2”N, 93°02’01.9”E, elev. 10 m, 12 May 2012, Jagadeesh Ram 1970 (PBL)., Published as part of Jagadeesh Ram, T. A. M., 2014, New species and new records in Roccellaceae (Arthoniales) from the Andaman Islands, India, pp. 155-162 in Phytotaxa 177 (3) on page 161, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.177.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5144680