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Software projects capture information in various kinds of artifacts, including source code, tests, and documentation. Such artifacts routinely encode information that is redundant, i.e., when a specification encoded in the source code is also separately tested and documented. Without supporting technology, such redundancy easily leads to inconsistencies and a degradation of documentation quality. We designed a tool-supported technique, called DScribe, that leverages redundancy between tests and documentation to generate consistent and checkable documentation and unit tests based on a single source of information. DScribe generates unit tests and documentation fragments based on a novel template and artifact generation technology. By pairing tests and documentation generation, DScribe provides a mechanism to automatically detect and replace outdated documentation. Our evaluation of the Apache Commons IO library revealed that of 835 specifications about exception handling, 85% of them were not tested or correctly documented, and DScribe could be used to automatically generate 97% of the tests and documentation.

During the last two decades, the decentralized execution of business processes has been one of the main research topics in Business Process Management. Several models (languages) for processes' specification in order to facilitate their distributed execution, have been proposed. LSAWfP is among the most recent in this area: it helps to specify administrative processes with grammatical models indicating, in addition to their fundamental elements, the permissions (reading, writing and execution) of each actor in relation to each of their tasks. In this paper, we present a model for a completely decentralized and artifact-centric execution of administrative processes specified using LSAWfP. The presented model puts particular emphasis on actors' views: it then allows the confidential execution of certain tasks by ensuring that, each actor potentially has only a partial perception of the processes' global execution states. The model thus solves a very important problem in business process execution, which is often sidelined in existing approaches. To accomplish this, the model rely on three projection algorithms allowing to partially replicate the processes' global execution states at a given moment, to consistently update the obtained partial states and to deduce new coherent global states. The proposal of these three algorithms, the proof of underlying mathematical tools' stability and a proposal of their implementation, are this paper's main contributions.

Trust is a crucial component for successful transactions regardless of whether they are executed in physical or virtual spaces. Blockchain technology is often discussed in the context of trust and referred to as a trust-free, trustless, or trustworthy technology. However, the question of how the trustworthiness of blockchain platforms should be demonstrated and proven to end users still remains open. While there may be some genuine trust in the blockchain technology itself, on an application level trust in an IT artifact needs to be established. In this article, we examine how trust-supporting design elements may be implemented to foster an end user's trust in a blockchain platform. We follow the design science paradigm and suggest a practically useful set of design elements that can help designers of blockchain platforms to build more trustworthy systems.

The inclusion of security aspects in organizations is a crucial aspect to ensure compliance with both internal and external regulations. Business process models are a well-known mechanism to describe and automate the activities of the organizations, which should include security policies to ensure the correct performance of the daily activities. Frequently, these security policies involve complex data which cannot be represented using the standard Business Process Model Notation (BPMN). In this paper, we propose the enrichment of the BPMN with a UML class diagram to describe the data model, that is also combined with security policies defined using the UCONABC framework annotated within the business process model. The integration of the business process model, the data model, and the security policies provides a context where more complex reasoning can be applied about the satisfiability of the security policies in accordance with the business process and data models. To do so, wetransform the original models, including security policies, into the BAUML framework (an artifact-centric approach to business process modelling). Once this is done, it is possible to ensure that there are no inherent errors in the model (verification) and that it fulfils the business requirements (validation), thus ensuring that the business process and the security policies are compatible and that they are aligned with the business security requirements. This work has been supported by Project PID2020-112540RB-C44 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033, Project TIN2017-87610-R funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER “Una manera de hacer Europa”, Project 2017-SGR-1749 by the Generalitat de Catalunya, Projects COPERNICA (P20 01224) and METAMORFOSIS by the Junta de Andalucía.

PurposeTo explore the value and the case for designing antifragile socio-technical information systems (IS) in an era of big data, moving beyond traditional notions of IS design towards systems that can leverage uncertainty for gains.Design/methodology/approachA design science research (DSR) approach was adopted, comprising four stages, including problem identification and solutions definition, conceptual artifact or socio-technical system design, preliminary evaluation, and communication and knowledge capture.FindingsA conceptual socio-technical artifact that identifies antecedents to antifragile IS design. When operationalised, the antecedents may produce the desired antifragile outcome. The antecedents are categorised as value propositions, design decisions and system capabilities.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is conceptual in nature, applied and evaluated in a single big data analytics case study in Facebook-Cambridge Analytica. Future research should empirically validate across a range of real-world big data contexts, beyond the presented case study.Practical implicationsUncertainty generally results in socio-technical system failures, impacting individuals, organisations and communities. Conversely, antifragile IS can respond favourably to the shocks and stressors brought forth by periods of elevated uncertainty.Social implicationsAntifragile IS can drive socio-technical systems to respond favourably to uncertainty and stressors. Typically, these socio-technical systems are large, complex structures, with increased connectivity and the requirement to generate, process, analyse and use large datasets. When these systems fail, it affects individuals, organisations and communities.Originality/valueExisting IS design methodologies and frameworks largely ignore antifragility as a possible designable outcome. Extant research is limited to abstract architectural design, and approaches based on the proposition of principles. This research contributes to knowledge of antifragile IS design, by deriving a conceptual artifact or socio-technical system based on antecedent-outcome relationships that leverage uncertainty towards performance gains.

O objetivo deste artigo é propor um novo modelo de gestão focado especificamente em micro e pequenas marcenarias do setor moveleiro. Para cumprir este objetivo foi utilizado o método de pesquisa da Design Science Research (DSR) na elaboração de um artefato prático que consiga equalizar as dificuldades de subsistência encontradas no segmento e atender às necessidades específicas não contempladas por modelos de gestão genéricos. Além disso, o estudo criado foi amparado na pesquisa bibliográfica de dois marcos teóricos: “Modelos de Gestão” e “Setor moveleiro e suas características” e na análise comparativa de três modelos de gestão selecionados: “Seis Caixas”, “McKinsey 7s” e “Estrela de Galbraith”. O modelo desenvolvido foi chamado de Marcenaria 5A e é composto pela segmentação da empresa em 5 setores: Administrativo, Comercial, PCP, Produção e Execução. O artefato apresenta também os macros processos presentes em cada um dos setores bem como suas relações e fluxos de trabalho e informação.

Despite scholars' reliance on Schein's (1990) three-interconnected layer framework of organizational culture (i.e., artifacts, values/norms, underlying assumptions), few, if any, measure artifacts. This gap is significant because artifacts are readily visible and provide valuable insight into understanding the perpetuation of norms through their manifestation in the work environment. Moreover, existing assessments focus on one layer only, either values/beliefs or underlying assumptions, resulting in only a partial picture of culture. In this tutorial-based paper, we demonstrate a grounded theory approach comprising content analysis, thematic analysis, and intensity scoring, to develop an unobtrusive method for coding artifacts seen in photos of office spaces. Unobtrusive methods reduce participant burden, which is critical because existing assessments of culture are time consuming and/or rely on numerous participants. We demonstrate how to use the photo coding method and wrap-up the tutorial by showing how artifact coding augments an existing qualitative culture assessment, emphasizing the added value of artifact assessment. We hope by providing an unobtrusive method to artifact coding, researchers will start assessing this important layer of culture to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of organizational culture.

Design and co-creation activities around 3D artifacts often require close collocated coordination between multiple users. Augmented reality (AR) technology can support collocated work enabling users to flexibly work with digital objects while still being able to use the physical space for coordination. With most of current research focusing on remote AR collaboration, less is known about collocated collaboration in AR, particularly in relation to interpersonal dynamics between the collocated collaborators. Our study aims at understanding how shared augmented reality facilitated by mobile devices (mobile augmented reality or MAR) affects collocated users' coordination. We compare the coordination behaviors that emerged in a MAR setting with those in a comparable fully physical setting by simulating the same task -of the shared physical dimension for participants' ability to coordinate in the context of collaborative co-creation. Namely, participants working in a fully physical setting were better able to leverage the work artifact itself for their coordination needs, working in a mode that we term artifact-oriented coordination. Conversely, participants collaborating around an AR artifact leveraged the shared physical workspace for their coordination needs, working in what we refer to as space-oriented coordination. We discuss implications for a AR-based collaboration and propose directions for designers of AR tools.

This paper examines "repairedness" - the contingently stable, working version of an artifact under repair that is negotiated out of multiple possible versions to bring about the temporary conclusion of repair work. Our paper draws on an ethnographic study of an analog electronics repair community in Seoul, South Korea to develop two contributions. First, studying processes of negotiating the repairedness of an artifact accounts for contingency in the properties of the artifact itself, which differs from contingencies in collaborative work practices that have been a focus of CSCW research on repair. Second, a concept of repairedness highlights how ongoing processes of interacting with an artifact nonetheless need to be brought to contingent conclusions, suggesting that an artifact's properties are a valuable site for sustainable engagement. These contributions help CSCW research on repair account for the multiplicity of artifacts highlighted by STS scholars as integral to how humans sustainably engage with artifacts in their practices.

Recent software advances have led to an expansion of the development and usage of application programming interfaces (APIs). From millions of Android packages (APKs) available on Google Store to millions of open-source packages available in Maven, PyPI, and npm, APIs have become an integral part of software development. Like any software artifact, software APIs evolve and suffer from this evolution. Prior research has uncovered many challenges to the development, usage, and evolution of APIs. While some challenges have been studied and solved, many remain. These challenges are scattered in the literature, which hides advances and cloaks the remaining challenges. In this systematic literature review on APIs and API evolution, we uncover and describe publication trends and trending topics. We compile common research goals, evaluation methods, metrics, and subjects. We summarize the current state-of-the-art and outline known existing challenges as well as new challenges uncovered during this review. We conclude that the main remaining challenges related to APIs and API evolution are (1) automatically identifying and leveraging factors that drive API changes, (2) creating and using uniform benchmarks for research evaluation, and (3) understanding the impact of API evolution on API developers and users with respect to various programming languages.

Wearable Mixed Reality (MR) technology is a tool that gives people a new enhanced experience that they have not encountered before. This study shows the process of designing new museum experiences while considering how this technology changes previous museum experiences, what those experiences are, and what people should feel through these experiences. This process was systematically conducted according to the UX design process of analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. In the analysis step, six types of museum artifact viewing experiences were defined: knowing, restoring, exploring, expanded scale, encountering, and sharing experience through research and user surveys related to the museum experience. In addition, through research analysis related to MR technology, presence, flow, and natural interaction were defined as three essential factors that users should feel in the MR experience. In the synthesis stage, optimized wearable MR experiences were designed and implemented by applying the necessary experience types and essential factors according to the characteristics of each artifact. In the evaluation stage, user experience evaluations such as user experience tests for essential factors in the MR experience, User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) tests for interaction products, and the Visual Aesthetics of Websites Inventory (VisAWI) test for visual experiences from various perspectives were conducted on the developed results. Through these evaluations, users gave positive scores to the design results based on the experience types and essential factors defined in this study. When applying new media technologies such as wearable MR technology, improved technology implementation is important, but an understanding of the applied field must first be obtained, and user analysis must first be thoroughly conducted. This study will be a guide to the systematic development process to be followed when applying wearable MR technology to other fields.

This paper provides a description of an undergraduate course on vibration, given to second and third year students at Bristol university in the UK. The course, and my teaching philosophy, were developed over more than 30 years. The lectures were given in two 20-hour courses which were supported by an equal number of examples classes. Students were provided with a series of question sheets which contained questions from previous examination papers. In addition, laboratory classes were provided to give the students “hands on” experience on how to excite, control, measure, and to interpret various vibrating systems. The first set of lectures began with the analysis of a single degree of freedom system, adding different forcing functions and more degrees of freedom. The second set of lectures introduced continuous systems, consisting of bars, beams, and plates. The limitations of reality, particularly boundary conditions, was emphasized. Wherever possible, some artifact was taken to the lecture amplify the mathematics. I have interleaved into the presentation some of my teaching philosophy and how it is important in a heavily mathematical subject such as vibration to teach rather than to try and impress the students as to how clever is their lecturer. Finally, if the lecturer does not enjoy giving the lectures, the students will not receive that “extra” which distinguishes a good lecture from a bad lecture, and also distinguishes a good lecture from reading a text book.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to make available an artifact that helps entrepreneurs and managers to recognize the diversity of creative logics centered on resources that are already available to the organization, presenting it as a tool to support the expansion of the product and service portfolio and as an alternative to Research and Development strategies, which are difficult to implement in the context of small businesses.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the precepts of the Action Design Research (ADR) method, researchers and practitioners (teachers and consultants) collaborated in the development of the artifact. Successive versions of the artifact were tested in the field: in classrooms by the teachers and in small companies by the consultants.FindingsIn addition to the artifact itself, which is available on the Internet, the lessons learned from the design process of the artifact were formalized in meta-requirements and meta-designs, in accordance with the precepts of the design theory that served as the foundation of ADR. These meta-specifications facilitate the critical analysis and evolution of the proposed artifact, in addition to the conception and proposition of new artifacts for the same class of problem.Practical implicationsThe dialogical nature of the ADR approach, with the development of the artifact through interactive cycles between design and use, based on the practitioners' experience of using it with the final beneficiaries, resulted in a functional artifact that is simple to use by those interested in discussing product and service innovation with small organizations. The artifact in the form of software is available to all at https://tentypescreation.com.Originality/valueFrom business examples and comparisons with widespread creative tactics, such as copy and invention, eight other creative tactics centered on resources available in the organization are explored by the artifact, providing means for practitioners to discuss alternative ways for managers, entrepreneurs, and future entrepreneurs to face the challenge of product and service innovation in small businesses.

The purpose of this article is to present the principles, application methods, contributions, and limitations of the design science research methodology (DSRM), a research strategy based on design science research (DSR). After presenting the principles of DSRM, we show how to use this method by applying it to the problem of customer journey management. We make practical recommendations for applying the method, and discuss its contributions and limitations. By presenting a method that meets the requirements of both rigor and relevance, this article contributes to the renewal of research methods used in our discipline.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical stance on integrating implementation and research. Implementation should be made integral to research because viewing research and implementation as an integrated whole is a more useful perspective for educational research and practice. A consequence of this position is a marked blurring of the boundaries between researchers and practitioners and an expanding of the vision of the nature of the products of research and how they are shared. From this position, we conceptualize four characteristics of research in which implementation is integral, and we illustrate them with the example of a case study of a teacher learning to teach linear functions through problem posing. In particular, we highlight the notion of an artifact that embodies and provides space for the dynamic intertwining between implementation and research. This intertwining represents what we mean by implementation being integral to research, and it has implications that ultimately blur the boundaries between the roles of researchers and teachers. We conclude by raising several pressing questions about the conduct and communication of this kind of research in education.

O Design com materiais vivos, em que participam outros organismos na materialização dos artefatos, traz novas possibilidades e desafios teóricos e práticos. No recorte do design envolvendo bactérias, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo levantar e mapear as perspectivas e aplicações da celulose bacteriana no design industrial, arquitetura e moda. O procedimento metodológico é a revisão sistemática que resultou na análise de 27 trabalhos acadêmicos e 16 depósitos de patentes nacionais e internacionais. Como resultado sumarizam-se as aplicações relatadas e prospectadas. Os destaques estão nas aplicações têxteis e nos processos de cultivo, conformação e acabamentos. São relatadas as dificuldades e discutidas oportunidades para os designers com estes materiais.

The Extreme Programming (XP) development method is popular because of the flexibility of the development process, it can accommodate changes quickly. But this method has a weakness in terms of documentation. It is expected that the speed of discovering which parts of the source code need to be changed will be greatly improved by analyzing the impact of changes on the requirements document. In this study, a method of analyzing the impact of changes is proposed by tracing changes in the artifact of the need to find out the source code that occurs. Early language methods and semantic approaches are used. Based on the proximity of the semantics, it will be analyzed to find out the elements in the source code that use the Spearman Correlation Coefficient. The test dataset in this study consisted of the source code in the PHP programming language as well as the functional requirements of the software. Requirements change list is generated by analysis of the latest 2 (two) expert versions of the source code. The changing needs are described in a user story document. Based on the test results in this study, the average precision was 0.1725 and the average recall value was 0.6041., Metode pengembangan Extreme Programming (XP) termasuk populer, dikarenakan adanya fleksibilitas proses pengembangan sehingga dapat menampung perubahan dengan cepat. Tetapi metode ini memiliki kelemahan dalam hal dokumentasi. Tim pengembang kesulitan menemukan bagian kode sumber yang perlu diubah jika kebutuhan diubah. Seberapa besar dampak atas perubahan kebutuhan terhadap kode sumber tersebut juga tidak diketahui. Diharapkan kecepatan menemukan bagian mana dari kode sumber yang perlu diubah akan sangat meningkat dengan analisis dampak perubahan pada dokumen kebutuhan. Dalam penelitian ini diusulkan metode analisis dampak perubahan dengan melakukan penelusuran perubahan yang terjadi pada artefak kebutuhan untuk mengetahui kode sumber yang terdampak untuk diterapkan dalam lingkungan pengembangan XP. Metode pemrosesan bahasa alami dan kedekatan semantik digunakan. Berdasarkan nilai kedekatan semantiknya akan dianalis untuk mengetahui elemen pada kode sumber yang terdampak menggunakan Koefisien Korelasi Spearman. Dataset pengujian dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari kode sumber dalam bahasa pemrograman PHP serta kebutuhan fungsional dari perangkat lunak. Dari kode sumber tersebut akan dilakukan pemrosesan populasi kode sumber. Daftar perubahan kebutuhan dibuat oleh pakar dengan menganalisa 2 (dua) versi terbaru dari kode sumber. Perubahan kebutuhan tersebut di deskripsikan dalam sebuah dokumen user story. Berdasar hasil ujicoba pada penelitian ini diperoleh rata-rata nilai precision 0.1725 serta rata-rata nilai recall 0.6041.

The article aims to discuss text-based newsgames as a multimodal artifact, having in mind the goal to systematize their expressive processing and rhetorical strategies as possible tropes for journalistic processes and practices. For that, we have adapted some of the main layers/elements of the GeM Model (Genre and Multimodality), proposed by Bateman (2008, 2014), to analyze a Brazilian text-based newsgame called “A Teia”, having in mind its material regularities and semiotic modes. The game portrays the reality of a woman who has to decide what to do upon situations of continuous domestic violence and abuse carried out by her partner. In the design of trajectory of “A Teia”, the player follows a rhetorical cluster made of a non-linear sequence, according to an event/circumstance upon which the player has to decide, and so on. Another goal of the paper is to contribute for the assessment on how procedural rhetoric of digital text-based newsgames touches crucial aspect of journalistic practices, functions and values. El artículo tiene como objetivo discutir los juegos de noticias basados ​​en texto como un artefacto multimodal, con el objetivo de sistematizar sus estrategias de procesamiento expresivo y retórica como posibles tropos para procesos y prácticas periodísticos. Para esto, adaptamos algunas de los principales estratos/elementos del Modelo GeM (Género y Multimodalidad), adoptado por Bateman (2008, 2014), para analizar un juego de noticias basado en el texto brasileño titulado “A Teia", considerando sus regularidades materiales y métodos semióticos. El juego retrata la realidad de una mujer que debe decidir o actuar en situaciones de violencia doméstica y abuso por parte de su pareja. Al dibujar la trayectoria de “A Teia", el jugador sigue grupos retóricos construidos a partir de una secuencia no lineal, de acuerdo con un evento o circunstancia sobre la cual un jugador que debe decidir, y así sucesivamente. Otro objetivo del artículo es contribuir a la evaluación de los procedimientos retóricos de los juegos de noticias digitales utilizados en un texto que toca el aspecto crucial de las prácticas, funciones y valores periodísticos. O artigo tem como objetivo discutir os newsgames baseados em texto como um artefato multimodal, tendo em vista o objetivo de sistematizar suas estratégias expressivas de processamento e retórica como possíveis tropos para processos e práticas jornalísticas. Para isso, adaptamos algumas das principais camadas/elementos do Modelo GeM (Gênero e Multimodalidade), proposto por Bateman (2008, 2014), para analisar um newsgame baseado em texto brasileiro intitulado “A Teia”, tendo em vista suas regularidades materiais e modos semióticos. O jogo retrata a realidade de uma mulher que precisa decidir o que fazer diante de situações de violência e abuso domésticos contínuos praticados por seu parceiro. No desenho da trajetória de “A Teia”, o jogador segue clusters retóricos construídos a partir de uma sequência não linear, de acordo com um evento ou circunstância sobre a qual o jogador deve decidir, e assim por diante. Outro objetivo do artigo é contribuir para a avaliação de como a retórica procedimental dos newsgames digitais baseados em texto toca o aspecto crucial das práticas, funções e valores jornalísticos.

This paper presents a game-design workshop built around a digital art installation featuring video games displayed over a real-world skyscraper to stimulate students' interest in computer science and a study testing its short-term effects on improving middle school students' computational thinking (CT) skills and attitudes towards computing. Following a STEAM approach, the workshop aimed to engage participants in age-appropriate activities that focus on CT skills through the lens of creating their own game. A web-based game design interface that allows students to code and play games as simulated on a skyscraper was developed to support the workshop's core activities. The web environment also featured step-by-step tutorials and fully functional games to promote the accessibility of the learning materials for a diverse body of students and educators around the globe. The results of the study indicated that the workshop helped students improve their CT skills and differentially influence their attitudes towards computing. In particular, the workshop experience led students from underserved community districts to lower their attitude ratings, whereas the reverse pattern was observed for students from more affluent districts. The workshop reportedly informed students' perception of computing as a profession and their appreciation of the analytical effort required for developing functional games. Qualitative analysis of artifact-based interviews indicated that students could begin to make abstractions and devise algorithms by associating variables through conditional statements while solving problems related to game development. Interview analysis also revealed that students took pride in the effort that they made during the workshop.

To design a more robust artifact, an artifact design based on a design rationale analysis is pivotal. Errors in previous design rationales that led to the degradation of artifact robustness in the past provide valuable knowledge towards improving the robust design. However, methods for exposing and analysing errors in design rationale remain unclear. This paper proposes a structured method for a design rationale analysis based on logical structuring. This method provides a well-constructed means of identifying and analysing errors in design rationale from the perspective of knowledge operation.

Textiles have an important role in many cultures and have been digitised. They are three-dimensional objects and have complex structures, especially archaeological fabric specimens and artifact textiles created manually by traditional craftsmen. In this article, we propose a novel algorithm for textile classification based on their structures. First, a hypergraph is used to represent the textile structure. Second, multisets of k -neighbourhoods are extracted from the hypergraph and converted to one feature vector for representation of each textile. Then, the k -neighbourhood vectors are classified using seven most popular supervised learning methods. Finally, we evaluate experimentally the different variants of our approach on a data set of 1,600 textile samples with the 4-fold cross-validation technique. The experimental results indicate that comparing the variants, the best classification accuracies are 0.999 with LR, 0.994 with LDA, 0.996 with KNN, 0.994 with CART, 0.998 with NB, 0.974 with SVM, and 0.999 with NNM.

This article reports the results of a research aimed to evaluate the ability of a haptic interface to improve the user experience (UX) with virtual museum systems. In particular, two user studies have been carried out to (1) compare the experience aroused during the manipulation of a 3D printed replica of an artifact with a pen-like stylus with that aroused during the interaction (visual and tactile) with a 3D rendering application using a haptic interface and PC monitor, and (2) compare the users’ perceived usability and UX among a traditional mouse-based desktop interface, haptic interface, and haptic gamified interface based on the SUS scale and the AttrakDiff2 questionnaire. A total of 65 people were involved. The considered haptic application is based on the haptic device Omega 6 produced by Force Dimension, and it is a permanent attraction of the Museo Archeologico Nazionale delle Marche. Results suggest that the proposed haptic interface is suitable for people who commonly use mouse-based computer interaction, but without previous experience with haptic systems, and provide some insights useful to better understand the role of haptic feedback and gamification in enhancing UX with virtual museums, and to guide the development of other similar applications in the future.

The peculiarities of software product testing processes while working in the Scrum-team were studied. The types of testing characteristic of the flexible testing technique are singled out, that make it possible to make the testing process constantly integrated into teamwork, both at the stage of requirements formation and design, and at the stage of coding and generation of test sets. This is possible by making the tester's recommendations in the process of creating user stories, planning the release of the software version in terms of testing and defects, planning a sprint based on user stories and defects, performing a sprint with continuous testing, regression testing after sprint ends and reporting of results of testing. The article highlights the stages of the flexible testing process in the Scrum team. It is proposed to automate the process of flexible testing for a training team project in the Visual Studio software environment based on Team Foundation Server. Author demonstrates an example of automation of the process of flexible testing by dividing it into four quadrants to comply with the principles of working on a flexible methodology of software development. In the first quadrant there is a study of the quality of the internal code of the software product, the modular testing. To implement modular testing in Visual Studio, a new solution is created in order to generate a class for testing, where the conditions for testing are prescribed in the body of the class. The second quadrant implements the principles of system testing. At this stage the features of creating such a test artifact as test cases are demonstrated. That provides for the fulfillment of certain conditions to verify the functionality of the developing software product; linking between created test cases to user stories presented as team project tasks Product Backlog. The study demonstrates an example of manual testing using a special tool Microsoft Test Manager, which allows you to create plans, add and update test cases, perform manual tests. In the third quadrant, it was performed a trial test in Microsoft Test Manager and it was created another test artifact - error reports. The fourth quadrant automatically tests non-functional software requirements.

Until recently, the kilogram was the only SI base unit having an artifact as its primary standard. For more than four decades, there have been continuous efforts worldwide toward redefining the kilogram, the SI unit of mass, to have an artifact-independent and time-invariant definition based on a fundamental constant. Due to the effort of metrologists across the globe, on 16th November 2018, in the 26th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measure (CGPM), the kilogram was finally redefined based on the Planck constant. This paper gives an overview of the limitations of an artifact-based definition and the significance of the redefinition, and, its implications. The principle of the Kibble balance and its major components and their role is also discussed.

Workflow management systems (WfMS) are considered as accomplish platforms which can provide structured organization in business process and service architecture design. The systems contain workflow models in foundation, which provide flow control in one or more task sequences in parallel. Manipulation and access of artifacts that occur in or between the task sequences can generate unexpected state of artifacts by inappropriate workflow design. The artifact anomalies in a workflow model are classified into two categories, which are types of continuous and concurrent anomalies. A continuous anomaly occurs while an artifact is written redundantly or accessed before production. On the other hand, a concurrent anomaly can occur while an artifact is conflict written in parallel in a workflow model. There are several methods presented for anomaly analysis, however, these methods cannot detect all anomalies due to their definitions and they are either inefficient or lack of proof for the correctness. In this article, we present improved detection methods with an improved C-tree structure, called SP-tree. Based on an updated anomaly definition, our anomaly detection includes two stages: 1) the transformation algorithm generates an equivalent SP-tree from a given structured workflow model; and 2) based on the generated equivalent SP-tree, a series of methods are applied to detect anomalies.

Intellectual Property (IP) protection and management is the base of an entrepreneurship ecosystem. However, how to teach IP management is a relatively new topic in Asian universities. This paper reports a simulation method for teaching IP management and its impact on student learning motivation and behavior. This method uses a computer-aided software system and random-generated artefacts to simulate new product idea, execute patent trading and coordinate student teams to compete among each other while executing an IP management strategy. The project was implemented in two universities in Hong Kong in the past three years. It is found that the simulation system is quite effective in implementing action-based learning, increasing attention, and motivating students to practice more interactive learning and teamwork. It is also found that artefacts in the simulation system help competing teams to converge group thinking, induce the follow-up group actions promptly, and at the same time develop peer support and interactions for problem solving.

Phishing is a significant security concern for organizations, threatening employees and members of the public. Phishing threats against employees can lead to severe security incidents, whereas those against the public can undermine trust, satisfaction, and brand equity. At the root of the problem is the inability of Internet users to identify phishing attacks even when using anti-phishing tools. We propose the phishing funnel model (PFM), a framework for predicting user susceptibility to phishing websites. PFM incorporates user, threat, and tool-related factors to predict actions during four key stages of the phishing process: visit, browse, consider legitimate, and intention to transact. We evaluated the efficacy of PFM in a 12-month longitudinal field experiment in two organizations involving 1,278 employees and 49,373 phishing interactions. PFM significantly outperformed competing models in terms of its ability to predict user susceptibility to phishing attacks. A follow-up three-month field study revealed that employees using PFM were significantly less likely to interact with phishing threats relative to comparison models and baseline warnings. Results of a cost-benefit analysis suggest that interventions guided by PFM could reduce annual phishing-related costs by nearly $1,900 per employee relative to comparison prediction methods.

The documentation of archival workflows plays an important role in digital curation practice. Capturing the various steps, tools, people, and software involved at different stages, workflow documentation visually represents complex activities, and at times, invisible labor. In this article, we reflect on findings from the OSSArcFlow project, a three-year, grant-funded initiative to investigate and document workflow activities of 12 cultural heritage institutions using three open-source software systems. Building on previously published research on documentation of current digital curation practices, this article reflects on the challenges the project team encountered in modeling archivists' aspirations for their workflows. While current practices could be accurately represented in linear process models, archivists' aspirations for how they might advance digital curation practices extended beyond adding or changing discrete workflow steps and often involved sociotechnical factors that could not be easily mapped. This article presents a taxonomy of archivists' aspirations for their born-digital archives, grouping these goals together around major themes that emerged throughout the research. Our findings show that workflow documentation is an essential artifact in helping archivists to understand gaps and challenges in their current workflows and to imagine the further development of digital curation tools, systems, and practices. Project participants especially benefited from engaging in this reflection on workflow documentation as part of a community of practitioners, with the opportunity to compare across institutional contexts.

The purpose of the article is to create a methodological system to research musical iconography in the decor of architectural structures, based on the typology of the artifact; to overview the existing scientific developments on the topic, taking a cue from the fieldspecific topic, to integrate them into the context of cultural discourse. Based on the typology of artefacts, as the primary tool in the research process, there is a research scheme in the context of cultural discourse. The article reviews the existing research on this topic and focuses on the need to develop musical iconography as a branch in the Ukrainian scientific space. Given the fact that this article aims to create a model of methodology for topics of a specific nature, the tools involved in this process as follows: first, it is a typology of artefacts by various criteria, as a critical factor in material order for analysis; secondly, the identification of factors that will take into account the historical and cultural context, expand the results of typology and allow to integrate it into the stream of culturology as a science confidently. It is important that the created methodological system can become relevant for working with topics related to several art fields: music, architecture, sculpture, as well as in studies that research the city as an art product. The integrative nature of the topic requires the same approach, so when choosing methodological tools, it is crucial to consider the nature of the industries that are combined to the extent permitted by the professional competence of the culture researcher. The scientific novelty is an attempt to create a methodological system relevant to research related to musical iconography in the decor of architectural structures. Conclusions. Scientific work with topics that have an interdisciplinary nature requires the detailed elaboration of variants of methodological tools. In each case, the choice of methods may be dictated by the inclination in a scientific direction. That is why creating a methodological system for the study of the theme of musical iconography in architecture in the context of culturology is necessary for the logical development of scientific research.

Arguably, automation is fast transforming many enterprise business processes, transforming operational jobs into monitoring tasks. Consequently, the ability to sustain attention during extended periods of monitoring is becoming a critical skill. This manuscript presents a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) prototype which seeks to combat decrements in sustained attention during monitoring tasks within an enterprise system. A brain-computer interface is a system which uses physiological signals output by the user as an input. The goal is to better understand human responses while performing tasks involving decision and monitoring cycles, finding ways to improve performance and decrease on-task error. Decision readiness and the ability to synthesize complex and abundant information in a brief period during critical events has never been more important. Closed-loop control and motivational control theory were synthesized to provide the basis from which a framework for a prototype was developed to demonstrate the feasibility and value of a BCI in critical enterprise activities. In this pilot study, the BCI was implemented and evaluated through laboratory experimentation using an ecologically valid task. The results show that the technological artifact allowed users to regulate sustained attention positively while performing the task. Levels of sustained attention were shown to be higher in the conditions assisted by the BCI. Furthermore, this increased cognitive response seems to be related to increased on-task action and a small reduction in on-task errors. The research concludes with a discussion of the future research directions and their application in the enterprise.

I defend the intention-dependence of artifacts (IDA), which says that something is an artifact of kind K only if it is the successful product of an intention to make an artifact of kind K. I consider objections from two directions. First, that artifacts are often mind- and intention-dependent, but that this isn’t necessary, as shown by swamp cases. I offer various error theories for why someone would have artifact intuitions in such cases. Second, that while artifacts are necessarily mind-dependent, they aren’t necessarily intention-dependent. I consider and reject three kinds of cases which purport to show this: accidental creation, automated production, and mass production. I argue that intentions are present in all of these cases, but not where we would normally expect.

For a firm in an open source software (OSS) ecosystem, the requirements engineering (RE) process is rather multifaceted. Apart from its typical RE process, there is a competing process, external to the firm and inherent to the firm's ecosystem. When trying to impose an agenda in competition with other firms, and aiming to align internal product planning with the ecosystem's RE process, firms need to consider who and how influential the other stakeholders are, and what their agendas are. The aim of the presented research is to help firms identify and analyze stakeholders in OSS ecosystems, in terms of their influence and interactions, to create awareness of their agendas, their collaborators, and how they invest their resources. To arrive at a solution artifact, we applied a design science research approach where we base artifact design on the literature and earlier work. A stakeholder influence analysis (SIA) method is proposed and demonstrated in terms of applicability and utility through a case study on the Apache Hadoop OSS ecosystem. SIA uses social network constructs to measure the stakeholders' influence and interactions and considers the special characteristics of OSS RE to help firms structure their stakeholder analysis processes in relation to an OSS ecosystem. SIA adds a strategic aspect to the stakeholder analysis process by addressing the concepts of influence and interactions, which are important to consider while acting in collaborative and meritocratic RE cultures of OSS ecosystems.

PurposeMany management scholars view templates as rigid rulebooks suffocating qualitative research. This viewpoint article recommends that, instead, templates should be viewed through the lens of organizational routines.Design/methodology/approachTo facilitate this viewpoint, this article first clarifies the confusions surrounding templates. It points out that how using templates, like following routines in an organization, constitutes three parts - the artifact, the ostensive and the performative; the latter two being often neglected by template critics. The use of templates is encouraged by discussing the learning advantages for novice researchers, through an autoethnographic note narrating the author’s own research and teaching experiences.FindingsThis article deliberates upon the criticisms against templates. It then discusses templates using a perspective offered by organizational routines. Thereafter, the use of templates in qualitative management research is discussed, with the help of examples from published reports. Finally, the article explains a way of reflexively using templates through an autoethnographic note detailing the author’s own research and teaching experiences.Originality/valueIn its entirety, the article submits that the artifacts offered by the templates and the ostensive and performative engagements of the template-users must co-exist for co-creating excellent qualitative research.

Work of all kinds increasingly takes place via networked digital environments that support diverse modes of collaboration. Previous work has investigated how collaborative writing takes place in shared and open workspaces. This study investigates how the "fork-and-pull'' model of distributed version management, now widely utilized in software development, supports coordination and public contribution in collaborative writing. We employ a case study approach to understand coordination around written artifacts in an open pull-based environment. Through interviews and archival analysis of two open text projects: a mathematics textbook on homotopy type theory (HoTT) and open source policies by 18F, a branch of federal agency, we reconstruct how text artifacts were created. We find that in both cases an intensive multi-channel communication among a small core preceded an explicit release action in the form of public communication to solicit broader contribution. Our analysis reveals a dichotomy between two modes of collaboration: a perfecting mode of crafting a public written document versus an evolution mode. In perfecting, authors used the fork-and-pull model to manage contributions refining the text to a more correct version. In evolution, authors used the fork-and-pull model to use a written artifact as a template and starting point, customizing it to their relevant scope. Based on our results, we consider how we might design systems and policies to support pull-based coordination around written artifacts and the forms it takes.

Scholars have previously described how online communities engage in particular discourses and forms of argumentation. In parallel, HCI and STS researchers have described discourses surrounding ethics and values and their role in shaping design processes and outcomes. However, little work has addressed the intersection of ethical concern and the discourses of non-expert users. In this paper, we describe the argumentation strategies used by Redditors on the subreddit 'r/assholedesign' as they discuss ethically problematic design artifacts. We used content and sequence analysis methods to identify the building blocks of ethical argumentation in this online community, including ethical positioning when raising issues of concern, identification of potential remedies to the original design artifact or issues of concern, and means of extending or negating these elements. Through this analysis, we reveal the breadth of ethical argumentation strategies used "in-the-wild" by non-experts, resulting in an increased awareness of the capacity of community members to engage in "everyday ethics" regardless of specific ethics training. We describe future opportunities to connect these ethical argumentation strategies with design practices, education, and methods.

We report on a research through design study of how our everyday objects, augmented with technologies, could contribute to disseminating people's lifestyle values in public. We developed Jarvis, a hybrid object combining a glass jar with a location-tracking system. The Jarvis endeavors to make lifestyle values visible, while sometimes hiding its values across different places. As a design research artifact, the Jarvis seeks to spark meaningful interactions as zero-waste practitioners carry it around in their daily routines in public. The data visualized through the Jarvis demonstrate how users' values are spread out locally. 18 zero-waste followers participated in a week-long deployment with a design probe followed by post-deployment interviews. Our findings highlight the role of different agencies in circulating values represented by the Jarvis. We discuss our methodological insights on hybrid objects, and how the circulation of values may inform us about the alternative roles of technologies in speaking for our lifestyle values.

At Play in the Cosmos is a game for University-level Astronomy courses. Designed as a collaboration between the Games + Learning + Society Center, an academic center at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Norton & Company, Cosmos is intended to support a “game-first” model of curriculum in which students play the game before engaging in other activities. Cosmos includes about 4 hours of game play and spans the entirety of course. It includes over 25 embedded simulations that are also used for homework, lectures, and demonstrations. The design process and resulting artifact was colored by institutional constraints, specifically a lengthy pre-production that demanded extensive documentation. The subsequent development process followed a relatively linear, waterfall process and resulted in linear game. Designers attempted to mediate this linearity through a crafting system that enabled players to explore the Universe and mine celestial bodies for resources. As a game intended to compete in the market, Cosmos included a relatively high production quality led by a team experienced in AAA development processes, and the chapter focuses on the development of art styles, interfaces, and fitting voice overs in on a constrained budget and timeline.

Software Requirements Specification (SRS) is considered a highly critical artifact in the software development. All phases in software development are influenced by this artifact. Defects in software requirements may higher the risk of project overschedule that contributes to cost overrun of the project.Researchers have shown that finding defects in the initial software development phase is important becausethe cost of the bug is cheaper if it is fixed early. Hence, our main goal is to provide a platform for requirement engineers to produce better requirement specifications. We propose AmbiDetect, a (prototype) tool toautomatically classify ambiguous software requirements. AmbiDetect combines text mining and machine learning for ambiguous requirement specification detection. The text mining technique is used to extract classification features as well as generating the training set.AmbiDetect usesa machine learning technique to perform the ambiguous requirement specification detection. From an initial user study to validate the tool, the result indicates that the accuracy of detection is reasonably acceptable.Although AmbiDetect is an early experimental tool, we optimist that this tool can be a platform to improve SRS quality.

O estudo utiliza a abordagem da Pesquisa Baseada em Design (PBD) e tem por objetivo investigar as potencialidades de uma sequência de atividades que explora o Regime de Capitalização Composta para Empréstimos. Foi aplicada na disciplina de Matemática Financeira com estudantes do curso de Bacharelado em Administração. O trabalho foi estruturado de acordo com as fases da PBD propostas por Reeves (2000), quais sejam: análise do problema educativo; elaboração do artefato pedagógico; intervenção; e, avaliação e reflexão para um redesign do processo. Na primeira fase foi realizada a análise do Projeto Pedagógico do curso de Administração, das Diretrizes da lei 9.394/96 e também dos trabalhos que tratam do ensino de Matemática Financeira; na segunda fase ocorreu a elaboração do artefato pedagógico; na terceira fase, a sequência foi aplicada e na quarta fase foram analisados o artefato e a proposta como um todo vislumbrando o redesign. Pode-se observar que as atividades propostas contribuíram para reflexão dos estudantes sobre a Educação Financeira a partir das aplicações do conteúdo em situações reais da vida cotidiana.

Today, Web3D technologies and the rise of new standards, combined with faster browsers and better hardware integration, allow the creation of engaging and interactive web applications that target the field of cultural heritage. Functional, accessible, and expressive approaches to discovering the past starting from the present (or vice-versa) are generally a strong requirement. Cultural heritage artifacts, decorated walls, etc. can be considered as palimpsests with a stratification of different actions over time (modifications, restorations, or even reconstruction of the original artifact). The details of such an articulated cultural record can be difficult to distinguish and communicate visually, while entire archaeological sites often exhibit profound changes in terms of shape and function due to human activities over time. The web offers an incredible opportunity to present and communicate enriched 3D content using common web browsers, although it raises additional challenges. We present an interactive 4D technique called “Temporal Lensing”, which is suitable for online multi-temporal virtual environments and offers an expressive, accessible, and effective way to locally peek into the past (or into the future) by targeting interactive Web3D applications, including those leveraging recent standards, such as WebXR (immersive VR on the web). This technique extends previous approaches and presents different contributions, including (1) a volumetric, temporal, and interactive lens approach, (2) complete decoupling of the involved 3D representations from the runtime perspective, (3) a wide range applications in terms of size (from small artifacts to entire archaeological sites), (4) cross-device scalability of the interaction model (mobile devices, multi-touch screens, kiosks, and immersive VR), and (5) simplicity of use. We implemented and developed the described technique on top of an open-source framework for interactive 3D presentation of CH content on the web. We show and discuss applications and results related to three case studies, as well as integrations of the temporal lensing with different input interfaces for dynamically interacting with its parameters. We also assessed the technique within a public event where a remote web application was deployed on tablets and smartphones, without any installation required by visitors. We discuss the implications of temporal lensing, its scalability from small to large virtual contexts, and its versatility for a wide range of interactive 3D applications.

Bu çalışmada Konya yöresinin tarihi eser değeri taşıyan çeşmelerinin arşivlenmesinde dijital metotların kullanılması ve klasik modellerle karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Tarihi eserlerin arşivlemesi kültürün gelecek nesillere aktarılması ve olası bir restorasyon gerekliliğinde planlarına erişilebilmesi açısından önemlidir. Tarihi bir yapıyı arşivlemek için sadece resim yetmez. Arşiv aynı zamanda yapının kendine has detaylarını ölçüleri ile birlikte içermelidir. Bu detaylar bazen büyük resimde olabileceği gibi bazen da dar alanlarda olabilir. Bu yüzden arşivde yalnızca bilgisayara güvenme ve otomatik şekillendirmek detay kaybına neden olabilir. Arşivde mutlaka deneyimli bir göze ihtiyaç vardır. Arşivi sadece manuel hale getirmek ise işin yavaşlamasına ve verim düşüklüğüne sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışma kabul edilebilir bir arşivin dijital ve el yapımı arşivlerle kıyaslamakta ve dijital çalışmalarda dikkat edilmesi gereken noktaları öne çıkarmaktadır. Böylece olası arşivlerde minimum detay kaybı ve maksimum özellik arşivlemeyi mümkün kılmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu arşiv denemesi gerçek tarihi eser niteliği taşıyan sille çeşmeleri üzerinde denenmiş ve iki tanesi ayrıntılı olarak bu makalede işlenmiştir.

Effective crisis response requires sophisticated knowledge management in organizations. Agile systems development capabilities for such crisis response systems are important, particularly for purposes of tailoring a crisis-oriented knowledge management system to a rapidly shifting threat landscape. We propose an architecture for achieving both of these ends in the form of an Agile Crisis Management System involving three specific stakeholders, and we discuss the steps, outcomes, and implications of such a system.

Restroom is as a supporting facility in a public building functioning to be a room for such activities as washing hand, washing face, urinating, and defecating. This room is equipped with a variety of toilet sets including wastafel (was basin), and some forms of closet, bidet and urinoir and other room facilities such as tissue paper and rubbish basket. Surakarta as a cultural, business, and trading business have many public buildings. Attention should be paid to how those buildings can have supporting facilities such as restroom with good sanitation, comfortable, and cultured as the form of good public service to children, adult, and disabled. This applied research aims to answer the problem related to the function of sanitation and restroom form existing in Surakarta and to give design-related solution based on field and literature data. The research procedure included identification, design experiment, and design trial. To explore data of artifact, literature, and informant, observation, literature study, interview, and documentation techniques were used. Design experiment was conducted using design approach and confirmed with evocative, educative, psychological, and social-cultural approaches. Out put this research in the form of an optimal restroom design on local content aspects by including Surakarta batik motifs including ‘kawung’, ‘truntum’, and ‘sidomukti’ to be applied to the walls of the room. Restroom design also incorporates ‘lingga’and ‘yoni’ shape transformation into wastafel design. Keywords: optimization, restroom design, public building, Surakarta

The vehicle as an artifact is an object related to humans through sense, so human behavior in using the product is related to the values that will underlie the interpretation that is carried out as behavior directed by attitudes, and the attitude itself is formed by the values held. This raises the consequence that the design of a product to use must consider the values adopted or that apply to the community, which in turn will underlie the design concept of the product itself. This research tries to offer an approach to get a value that applies to a particular society by interpreting the qualities that exist in the proverb or proverb that is used by the people who will receive the product so that it is expected to obtain a visual basic concept that is in accordance with the values that apply to the community. The method used is a qualitative research method with an analytical approach to observing the response to a given visual stimulus. Starting with the collection of sayings that apply to the prospective user community, formulated values adopted by the community are represented based on adjectives. The results of the formulation of values are then translated into visual concepts which are then tested on the community through questionnaires in the form of product image assessment. It was concluded that the community has the ability to capture the design value offered by a product so that a visual concept can be formulated for a design.

With the construction of smart cities entering a new phase, it is necessary to broaden the requirements of traditional roads to provide efficient operation and maintenance (OM (2) new Road Operation and Maintenance Functional Requirements (ROMFR) from the perspective of smart cities, which provide a complete definition of road intelligent OM and (3) based on ROMFR and a new generation of information technologies, the design and implementation of a system named RIOMS (Road intelligent operation and maintenance system) that supports the intelligent functional requirements. The proposed solution has been applied to Yanggao Road (Pudong New Area, Shanghai) as a case study to demonstrate its feasibility and validity. Specifically, the proposed ICT artifact has been utilized in handling typical scenarios of road O&M and its effectiveness has been assessed through survey questionnaire and smart city assessment system.

For the many journalists who use data and computation to report the news, data wrangling is an integral part of their work.Despite an abundance of literature on data wrangling in the context of enterprise data analysis, little is known about the specific operations, processes, and pain points journalists encounter while performing this tedious, time-consuming task. To better understand the needs of this user group, we conduct a technical observation study of 50 public repositories of data and analysis code authored by 33 professional journalists at 26 news organizations. We develop two detailed and cross-cutting taxonomies of data wrangling in computational journalism, for actions and for processes. We observe the extensive use of multiple tables, a notable gap in previous wrangling analyses. We develop a concise, actionable framework for general multi-table data wrangling that includes wrangling operations documented in our taxonomy that are without clear parallels in other work. This framework, the first to incorporate tablesas first-class objects, will support future interactive wrangling tools for both computational journalism and general-purpose use. We assess the generative and descriptive power of our framework through discussion of its relationship to our set of taxonomies., To appear, IEEE TVCG (Proc. InfoVis 2020)

This study examines changing team cognition and cognitive artifact use as agile software development iterations progress to better understand team member interactions. The four case studies conducted observed the distributed cognition on the team changing from planning, managing, developing, and concluding tasks in iterations to deliver working functionality. Cognitive artifacts used throughout the iteration also changed. This study provides a clearer understanding of how and when team cognition and artifact use change as agile software development teams use artifacts to manage projects. Interactions between team members and artifacts move from individual to social interactions as the iteration progresses with frequent, short, continuous communication and interactions.

Two studies ask whether scaffolded children (n = 243, 5-6 years and 9-10 years) recognize that assistance is needed to learn to use complex artifacts. In Study 1, children were asked to learn to use a toy pantograph. While children recognized the need for assistance for indirect knowledge, 70% of scaffolded children claimed that they would have learned to use the artifact without assistance, even though 0% of children actually succeeded without assistance. In Study 2, this illusion of self-sufficiency was significantly attenuated when observing another learner being scaffolded. Learners may fail to appreciate artifacts' opacity because self-directed exploration can be partially informative, such that learning to use artifacts is typically scaffolded instead of taught explicitly.

Making sense of data is fundamental to science. Yet, the form in which data are represented can make their interpretation challenging for students. We introduce an activity that transformed a data table into an embodied artifact. The activity helped 8th grade students interpret the data to find that cold water warmed “fast-then-slow,” in other words, that the rate of warming decreased over time. For the activity, students were invited to “act out” the temperature change by walking along a giant horizontal thermometer while their classmates clapped out the passage of time. To arrive at the correct temperature at the right time, students had to continually slow their pace. We offer a microgenetic analysis of the activity to illuminate how it helped participating students notice that the cold water’s temperature warmed fast-then-slow, developing an account of the students’ passage from action to understanding. We argue that embodied representations can be effectively coupled with tools and traditional symbolic systems to make abstract concepts more accessible, opening an alternative route for students to engage in rich mathematical reasoning and scientific sense-making.

This paper describes and examines students’ shared construction of meanings while learning about quadratic functions via digital artifacts that simulate real-world phenomena, like the motion of a ball on an inclined plane, focusing specifically on the role of the teacher in that construction process. The study follows the interactions of twenty 15-year-old students and their teacher during the completion of three sequential digital tasks, analyzing how these interactions promote the students’ ability to construct the mathematical meanings of the quadratic function. The study was guided by the theory of semiotic mediation, which treats artifacts as fundamental to cognition and views learning as the evolution from meanings connected to the use of a certain artifact to those recognizable as mathematical. The data analysis showed students progressing from the description of the real-world phenomenon toward a construction of the meaning of the quadratic function that models the phenomenon. While marking the “critical moments” in this progress, we analyze the communication strategies used by the teacher to facilitate it. Our research findings showed evidence that certain types of questions and the strategy “re-voicing” can be particularly effective in prompting students’ construction of mathematical meanings.