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Key Points Question What are the incidence rates of gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection? Findings This systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 published and 6 preprint studies found that approximately 12% of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection reported gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Liver enzyme levels outside reference ranges were observed in 15% to 20% of patients, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in stool was detected in up to 41% of patients. Meaning These findings suggest that patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection can present with gastrointestinal symptoms with possible fecal-oral route of transmission due to the presence of viral RNA in stool., This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the prevalence of reported gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and of viral RNA shedding detected in these patients’ stool., Importance Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic and can involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including symptoms like diarrhea and shedding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in feces. Objective To provide a pooled estimate of GI symptoms, liver enzyme levels outside reference ranges, and fecal tests positive for SARS-CoV-2 among patients with COVID-19. Data Sources An electronic literature search was performed for published (using MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase) and preprint (using bioRxiv and medRxiv) studies of interest conducted from November 1, 2019, to March 30, 2020. Search terms included “COVID-19,” “SARS-Cov-2,” and/or “novel coronavirus.” Study Selection Eligible studies were those including patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who reported GI symptoms. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data on patients with GI symptoms (ie, diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting), liver enzyme level changes, and fecal shedding of virus were extracted. Quality of studies was examined using methodological index for nonrandomized studies. Pooled estimates (%) were reported with 95% CIs with level of heterogeneity (I2). Main Outcomes and Measures Study and patient characteristics with pooled detection rates for diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, liver enzyme levels outside reference ranges, and SARS-CoV-2 positivity in feces tests were analyzed. Results Of 1484 records reviewed, 23 published and 6 preprint studies were included in the analysis, with a total of 4805 patients (mean [SD] age, 52.2 [14.8] years; 1598 [33.2%] women) with COVID-19. The pooled rates were 7.4% (95% CI, 4.3%-12.2%) of patients reporting diarrhea and 4.6% (95% CI, 2.6%-8.0%) of patients reporting nausea or vomiting. The pooled rate for aspartate aminotransferase levels outside reference ranges was 20% (95% CI, 15.3%-25.6%) of patients, and the pooled rate for alanine aminotransferase levels outside reference ranges was 14.6% (95% CI, 12.8%-16.6%) of patients. Fecal tests that were positive for SARS-CoV-2 were reported in 8 studies, and viral RNA shedding was detected in feces in 40.5% (95% CI, 27.4%-55.1%) of patients. There was high level of heterogeneity (I2 = 94%), but no statistically significant publication bias noted. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that that 12% of patients with COVID-19 will manifest GI symptoms; however, SAR-CoV-2 shedding was observed in 40.5% of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. This highlights the need to better understand what measures are needed to prevent further spread of this highly contagious pathogen.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic pathology with disorders of the bowel-brain interaction, characterized by abdominal pain localized anywhere in the abdomen as well as bowel habit alteration (constipation, diarrhea or mixed), in the absence of any disease that can cause these symptoms. With the updated concepts according to the latest meeting of experts in Rome 2016, our goal is to raise awareness about irritable bowel syndrome, by reviewing the literature regarding definition, classification, pathophysiology, clinical aspects, treatment, prognosis and the future. IBS is a chronic pathology, characterized by abdominal pain, at least 1 day per week in the last 3 months, associated with the alteration of the intestinal bowel habits.With a classification based on the alteration of intestinal bowel movements and in addition to constipation induced by opioids or narcotics, the etiology and pathophysiology are not well explained or well-known so far. The clinical aspects are based on the Rome IV criteria. A good doctor-patient relationship is key to reassuring the patient’s doubts about his illness, which increases the chances of adherence to individualized treatment from patient to patient depending on the sing and symptoms that may manifest in those that include: dietary advice, psychological support, in some cases pharmacological prescription, suspension of medications or change medications, minimize the dose of drugs or suspend, according to the needs of the patient as is the case of opioids. The prognosis is still uncertain, and a promising future to illustrate new definitions, classifications, pathophysiologies, clinical aspects and treatments according to the type of clinical anifestation of each patient.

Biliary ileusis a uncommon cause of mechanical bowel obstruction, affecting older adult patients who often have other significant medical conditions. It is caused by intestinal impaction of a gallstone that enters the bowel via a cholecysto-enteric fistula. The mortality rate is considerable, ranging between 12 and 27%. Treatment in most cases is surgical, aimed at the resolution of the intestinal obstruction. We report the case of a 55 year old patient diagnosed with biliary ileus, wich evolved without complications after a enterolithotomy. We have concluded, based on the literature that an early diagnosis associated with appropriate therapy can lead to a better prognosis.

We report a patient with diffuse peritonitis due to perforation of Meckel's diverticulum. This patient was referred to the operating room and underwent bowel resection segment encompassing the area of the diverticulum and terminoterminal primary enteroanastomosis on two levels with good evolution. The diverticulum complications are often related to the presence of ectopic mucosa, especially the gastric and pancreatic type. Since preoperative diagnosis is difficult and infrequent, in most cases this anomaly is confirmed only during surgery. Surgical resection of the affected intestinal segment is the mainstay of treatment in both diverticula diagnosed incidentally, as the complicated by inflammation, bleeding, obstruction or perforation. We conclude that in cases of acute abdomen punctured, the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum should be considered.

The choice treatment for choledocholithiasis when associated with lithiasic cholecystitis is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, in some cases this therapeutic fails, which requires an alternative method to extract the stones. The surgical approach tends to be the next step, but it is related to greater complexity of achievement and higher complications rates. In 1993, Deslandres et al. developed the combined treatment called laparoendoscopic rendezvous, that unites in a single stage the endoscopic treatment of choledocholithiasis and laparoscopic removal of the gallbladder. We report the case of a patient diagnosed with common bile duct (CBD) stones, in which the conventional CPRE was not successful, and was taken to treatment by laparoendoscopic approach. We conclude, based on this case and on other published studies, that this therapeutic modality has advantages for being feasible, presenting low complications rate, shorter hospital stay and acceptable cost.

Introduction: Colorectal polyps are structures that project from the surface of the mucosal layer of the large intestine. They are classified as neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Early detection of pre-neoplastic lesions is important for preventing colorectal cancer. These can be resected so as to decrease the morbidity and mortality rates. Colonoscopy is the gold-standard procedure for diagnosing and resecting precursor lesions. Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological, endoscopic and histological aspects of endoscopic resection of lesions of the colon and rectum at a training center. Materials and method: A search was conducted in the database of our institution covering the period from January 2011 to July 2014. Cases that underwent endoscopic resection of polyps and/or colorectal lesions were selection. The following variables were defined: general data on the patients (age, gender and indication from the examination) and data on the polypoid lesion (number, histological type and topographic distribution). Results: 678 lesions were identified in 456 examinations. Regarding sex, 242 (53.1%) were female and 214 (46.9%) were male. The mean age was 64.54 years, with extremes of 5 and 94 years. The most frequent locations were the rectum (21%) and sigmoid (20%). Histologically, 34.7% were hyperplastic polyps and 58.9% were adenomatous polyps, of which 74.1% were tubular, 10.6% tubulovillous, 2% villous and 13% indeterminate; and 1.7% were adenocarcinomas. In 65.4% of the cases, the examination showed that only one polyps was present, while 34.6% had two or more lesions. Conclusion: In our clinic, with a mean of 250 examinations/month, the parameters evaluated were compatible with the results reported in the literature.

Double pylorus and gastroduodenal fistula are rare conditions and can be either congenital or acquired. We report a case of a 58-year-old man with epigastric pain and dyspepsia in which the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed an acquired double pylorus, probably caused by a gastric ulcer.

Introduction: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a safe and effective endoscopic surgical procedure for enteral access and gastrointestinal decompression, and it is an excellent alternative to surgical gastrostomy. There are various clinical indications and these mainly include the need for prolonged enteral nutritional support due to complications from neurological, geriatric and oncological diseases and decompression of the gastrointestinal tract. Although safe and effective, a number of possible complications relating to the time (early or late complications) and severity (minor or major complications) may occur. Objective: To evaluate the indications and complications relating to PEG among selected patients at the digestive endoscopy service of a regional referral hospital. Materials and methods: A retrospective study on patients who underwent PEG between May 2013 and April 2015 was conducted. The patients were identified through searching the medical records and using a standardized data form. Results: 53 cases were analyzed. The average age was 70.47 years and 60.37% of the patients were women. The main indication identified was the need for enteral nutritional support, and 73.58% of these indications were derived from neurological complications, 15.09% from geriatric complications and 9.43% from oncological complications and 1.88% were due to gastrointestinal decompression. Complications occurred in 24.52% of the cases: 23.07% were major and 76.93% were minor. Regarding the time, there were eight cases of late complications and five of early complications. Conclusion: PEG was shown to be an effective and safe method for enteral access. The indication and complication rates were similar to those reported in the literature.

Introduction: Duodenal perforations are an uncommon adverse event during ERCP. Patients can develop significant morbidity and mortality. Even though surgery has been used to manage duodenal complications, therapeutic endoscopy has seen significant advances. Objective: To compare endoscopic approach with surgical intervention in patients with duodenal perforations post-ERCP. Material and Methods: prospective randomized study in a tertiary center with 23 patients divided in 2 groups. Within 12 hours after the event, the patients underwent endoscopic or surgical approach. Endoscopic approach included closure of the perforation with endoclips and SEMS. Surgical repair included hepaticojejunostomy, suture of the perforation or duodenal suture. The success was defined as closure of the defect. Secondary outcomes included mortality, adverse events, days of hospitalization and costs. Results: The success was 100% in both groups. There was one death in the endoscopic group secondary to sepsis. There was no statistical difference in mortality or adverse events. We noticed statistical difference in favor of the endoscopic group considering shorter hospitalization (4.1 days versus 15.2 days, with p=0.0123) and lower cost per patient (U$14,700 versus U$19,872, with p=0.0103). Conclusions: Endoscopic approach with SEMS and endoclips is an alternative to surgery in large transmural duodenal perforations post-ERCP.

Biliary ileusis a uncommon cause of mechanical bowel obstruction, affecting older adult patients who often have other significant medical conditions. It is caused by intestinal impaction of a gallstone that enters the bowel via a cholecysto-enteric fistula. The mortality rate is considerable, ranging between 12 and 27%. Treatment in most cases is surgical, aimed at the resolution of the intestinal obstruction. We report the case of a 55 year old patient diagnosed with biliary ileus, wich evolved without complications after a enterolithotomy. We have concluded, based on the literature that an early diagnosis associated with appropriate therapy can lead to a better prognosis El íleo biliar es una causa poco frecuente de obstrucción intestinal mecánica, que afecta pacientes de edad avanzada que generalmente tienen comorbilidades significativas. Es causada por la impactación de un cálculo biliar en el intestino, que entra en el tracto digestivo por medio de una fístula colecisto-entérica. La tasa de mortalidad es considerable, que va de 12 a 27%. El tratamiento en la mayoría de los casos es quirúrgico y destinado a la resolución de la obstrucción intestinal. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 55 años diagnosticada con íleo biliar, que evolucionó sin complicaciones después de enterolitotomia. Llegamos a la conclusión, con base en la literatura, que un diagnóstico precoz asociado con el tratamiento adecuado conduce a un mejor pronóstico

Se describe el caso de un paciente con peritonitis difusa debido a la perforación de un divertículo de Meckel. Este paciente fue llevado a la sala de operaciones y fue sometido a resección del segmento intestinal incluyendo el área del divertículo y enteroanastomosis primaria termino-terminal en dos niveles, con buena evolución. Las complicaciones del divertículo a menudo están relacionadas con la presencia de mucosa ectópica especialmente del tipo gástrica y pancreática. Dado que el diagnóstico preoperatorio es difícil y poco frecuente, en la mayoría de los casos esta anomalía se confirma únicamente durante la intervención quirúrgica. La resección quirúrgica del segmento intestinal afectado es el pilar del tratamiento, tanto en los divertículos hechos con diagnóstico en forma casual, como el complicado por la inflamación, sangrado, obstrucción o perforación. Llegamos a la conclusión de que en los casos de abdomen agudo perforados el diagnóstico de divertículo de Meckel debe ser considerado. We report a patient with diffuse peritonitis due to perforation of Meckel's diverticulum. This patient was referred to the operating room and underwent bowel resection segment encompassing the area of the diverticulum and terminoterminal primary enteroanastomosis on two levels with good evolution. The diverticulum complications are often related to the presence of ectopic mucosa, especially the gastric and pancreatic type. Since preoperative diagnosis is difficult and infrequent, in most cases this anomaly is confirmed only during surgery. Surgical resection of the affected intestinal segment is the mainstay of treatment in both diverticula diagnosed incidentally, as the complicated by inflammation, bleeding, obstruction or perforation. We conclude that in cases of acute abdomen punctured, the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum should be considered.

The pancreatic biliary maljunction is a rare anomaly that affects mainly females, defined as an anatomical maljunction of the pancreatic duct and the biliary duct confluence, and may be a rare cause of recurrent acute pancreatitis. In order to early diagnosis and prompt treatment, ERCP has an important role in it.

The pancreatic biliary maljunction is a rare anomaly that affects mainly females, defined as an anatomical maljunction of the pancreatic duct and the biliary duct confluence, and may be a rare cause of recurrent acute pancreatitis. In order to early diagnosis and prompt treatment, ERCP has an important role in it La Malformación de la unión biliopancreática es una afección rara y ocurre más en mujeres jóvenes. Es una causa de pancreatitis aguda de causa no conocida. CPRE es una herramienta eficiente para el diagnóstico y también para ser de la terapéutica

New surgical techniques in the treatment of rectal cancer have improved survival mainly by reducing local recurrences. A preoperative staging method is required to accurately identify tumor stage and planning the appropriate treatment. MRI and ERUS are currently being used for the local staging (T stage). In this review, the accuracy of MRI and ERUS with rigid probe was compared against the gold standard of the pathological findings in the resection specimens. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. The accuracy was 91.0% to ERUS and 86.8% to MRI (p=0.27). The result has no statistical significance but with pronounced heterogeneity between the included trials as well as other published reviews. We can conclude that there is a clear need for good quality, larger scale and prospective studies.

New surgical techniques in the treatment of rectal cancer have improved survival mainly by reducing local recurrences. A preoperative staging method is required to accurately identify tumor stage and planning the appropriate treatment. MRI and ERUS are currently being used for the local staging (T stage). In this review, the accuracy of MRI and ERUS with rigid probe was compared against the gold standard of the pathological findings in the resection specimens. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. The accuracy was 91.0% to ERUS and 86.8% to MRI (p=0.27). The result has no statistical significance but with pronounced heterogeneity between the included trials as well as other published reviews. We can conclude that there is a clear need for good quality, larger scale and prospective studies Las nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas en el tratamiento del cáncer de recto han mejorado la supervivencia, principalmente mediante la reducción de las recidivas locales. Se requiere un método de estadificación preoperatoria para identificar con precisión el estádio del tumor y planificar el tratamiento adecuado. RNM y EAR actualmente están siendo utilizados para la estadificación local (estadio T). En esta revisión, La exactitud de la RNM y la EAR con sonda rígida se comparo com el patrón oro de los hallazgos patológicos em las muestras de resección. Cinco estudios cumplieronloscriterios de inclusión y fueron incluídos en este meta-análisis. La precisión fue 91,0% a 86,8% y EAR a la RNM (p=0,27). El resultado no tiene significación estadística pero com heterogeneidad marcada entre los ensayos incluidos, así como otras revisiones publicadas. Podemos concluir que existe una clara necesidad de buena calidad, a mayor escala y estudios prospectivos

Introduction: Duodenal perforations are an uncommon adverse event during ERCP. Patients can develop significant morbidity and mortality. Even though surgery has been used to manage duodenal complications, therapeutic endoscopy has seen significant advances. Objective: To compare endoscopic approach with surgical intervention in patients with duodenal perforations post-ERCP. Material and Methods: prospective randomized study in a tertiary center with 23 patients divided in 2 groups. Within 12 hours after the event, the patients underwent endoscopic or surgical approach. Endoscopic approach included closure of the perforation with endoclips and SEMS. Surgical repair included hepaticojejunostomy, suture of the perforation or duodenal suture. The success was defined as closure of the defect. Secondary outcomes included mortality, adverse events, days of hospitalization and costs. Results: The success was 100% in both groups. There was one death in the endoscopic group secondary to sepsis. There was no statistical difference in mortality or adverse events. We noticed statistical difference in favor of the endoscopic group considering shorter hospitalization (4.1 days versus 15.2 days, with p=0.0123) and lower cost per patient (U$14,700 versus U$19,872, with p=0.0103). Conclusions: Endoscopic approach with SEMS and endoclips is an alternative to surgery in large transmural duodenal perforations post-ERCP Introducción: Las perforaciones duodenales son un evento adverso poco frecuente durante la CPRE. Los pacientes pueden desarrollar morbilidad y mortalidad significativas. La cirugía se ha utilizado para tratar las complicaciones duodenales, pero la endoscopia terapéutica ha visto avances significativos. Objetivo: comparar abordaje endoscópico con intervención quirúrgica en perforaciones duodenales post CPRE. Materiales y Métodos: estudio prospectivo aleatorizado en un centro terciario con 23 pacientes divididos en 2 grupos. 12 horas después del evento, los pacientes fueron sometidos a tratamiento endoscópico o quirúrgico. El abordaje endoscópico incluyó el cierre de la perforación con endoclips y stent metálico autoexpandible. La reparación quirúrgica incluyó hepaticoyeyunostomía, sutura de la perforación o sutura duodenal. El éxito se definió como el cierre del defecto. Los resultados secundarios incluyeron: mortalidad, eventos adversos, días de hospitalización y costos. Resultados: El éxito fue del 100% en ambos grupos. Hubo una muerte en el grupo endoscópico secundaria a sepsis. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Hubo una diferencia estadística a favor del grupo endoscópico en vista de la hospitalización más corta (4,1 días frente a 15,2 días, p=0,0123) y menor costo por paciente (U$ 14 700 frente a U$ 19 872, p=0,0103). Conclusión: El abordaje endoscópico es una alternativa a la cirugía en perforaciones duodenales post CPRE

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of transpapillary papilloplasty in patients with choledocholithiasis. Materials and methods: All endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures performed at Hospital Ana Costa, in the city of Santos, Brazil, over the last five years were retrospectively evaluated using the hospital’s information database. The success of the procedure and complications due to residual calculi, pancreatitis, bleeding and perforation were evaluated. Results: From January 2010 to May 2014, 1860 ERCP procedures were performed. Fifty-five patients were evaluated here. Their ages ranged from 12 to 98 years (mean, 66.3; standard deviation, 19.34; median, 71). Thirty-two patients (58.2%) were women. Sixteen (29.1%) presented giant choledocholithiasis, with calculi larger than 12 mm. Twenty-seven (49.1%) had multiple choledocholithiasis. Conclusion: In view of the therapeutic efficacy and low complication rate among our patients, we can conclude that endoscopic papilloplasty is a safe and effective method for endoscopic treatment of choledocolithiasis in selected cases. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la papiloplastía trnaspapilar en la colédoco litiasis. Material y métodos: Todas las colangoipancreatografías retrogradas endoscópicas (CPRE) realizadas en el Hospital Ana Costa en la ciudad de Santos Brasil, en los últimos cinco años fueron evaluadas retrospectivamente usando la base de datos del hospital. El éxito y las complicaciones del procedimiento debido a cálculos residuales, pancreatitis, sangrados y perforación fueron estudiados. Resultados: De enero del 2010 a mayo del 2014, se realizaron 1860 CPREs. Se estudiaron 55 pacientes, cuyas edades fluctuaron entre 12 a 98 años con una media de 66,3 y desviación estándar de 19,34. Treinta dos pacientes fueron mujeres (58,2%). 16 (29,1%) tuvieron litiasis coledociana gigante con cálculos mayores de 12 mm y veintisiete (49,1%) tuvieron litiasis múltiple. Conclusión: En vista de la eficacia y la poca frecuencia de complicaciones entre nuestros pacientes podemos concluir que la papilotomía endoscópica es un método seguro y efectivo para el tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis en casos seleccionados.

El doble píloro y la fístula gastroduodenal son condiciones raras y pueden ser congénitas o adquiridas. Se reporta un caso de un varón de 58 años con dolor epigástrico y dispepsia en quien la endoscopía digestiva alta mostró un doble píloro adquirido, probablemente causado por una úlcera gástrica Double pylorus and gastroduodenal fistula are rare conditions and can be either congenital or acquired. We report a case of a 58-year-old man with epigastric pain and dyspepsia in which the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed an acquired double pylorus, probably caused by a gastric ulcer