Search

Lima bean is an important crop in Northeastern Brazil and a source of food and income for farmers in the region. However, there have been few genetic studies on this species, which limits the knowledge available for use in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the relationship between cycle and production traits using canonical correlation analysis and to identify traits that can be used for the indirect selection of lima bean. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Plant Science of the Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, in a randomized block design with five replications, in which 11 agronomic traits from six lima bean populations in the F3 generation originating from biparental crosses were evaluated in 2019. The data were subjected to canonical correlation analysis using the virtual environment R. The results showed that only the first coefficient of the canonical pair was significant (r = 0.5531) by the quisquare test, suggesting that the studied groups were not independent, as the cycle traits showed coefficients of large magnitudes in the relationship between groups. The canonical correlation results suggested that there is a linear association between cycle and production traits in lima beans, in which days to flowering, days to maturation, pod length, seed width, and seed thickness contribute the most to the association between groups. RESUMO O feijão-fava é uma cultura importante no Nordeste do Brasil, sendo fonte de alimentação e renda para os agricultores da região. Estudos genéticos com a espécie são escassos, o que limita o conhecimento disponível para ser usado em programas de melhoramento. Assim, objetivou-se estimar a relação entre caracteres relacionados ao ciclo e à produção de grãos, por meio da análise de correlações canônicas, e identificar caracteres que possam ser utilizados na seleção indireta em feijão-fava. O experimento foi instalado no Departamento de Fitotecnia, do Centro de Ciências Agrárias, da Universidade Federal do Piauí, em Teresina - PI, no delineamento de blocos cazualizados, com cinco repetições, no qual foram avaliados 11 caracteres agronômicos em seis populações F3 de feijão-fava, geradas de cruzamentos bi parentais, no ano de 2019. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de correlações canônicas, por meio do ambiente virtual R, mostrando que o primeiro coeficiente do par canônico foi significativo (r = 0.5531) pelo teste qui-quadrado, o que indica dependência entre os grupos estudados. Assim, existe associação linear entre os caracteres relacionados ao ciclo e à produção de grãos em feijão-fava, sendo que número de dias até o início da floração, número de dias para maturação, comprimento da vagem, largura da semente e espessura da semente são os que mais contribuem para a associação entre grupos.

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) is the second most important socioeconomic species of the genus, consisting of a food alternative as green or mature beans. It is an income option for family farmers and the lack of superior varieties makes its recommendation difficult, considering the peculiar lima bean variability. Thus, aimed to select landraces of lima beans based on desirable agronomic traits, enabling their use in breeding programs and later recommendations to family farmers. Evaluation trials were carried out with 14 landraces of lima beans in the municipalities of São Domingos do Maranhão - MA, Teresina - PI, Bom Jesus - PI, and Tianguá - CE. The agronomic traits were evaluated: number of days until flowering, number of days until pod maturation, pod length, pod width, pod thickness, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, and grain yield. The data were initially subjected to univariate analysis of variance to determine the genetic variability in different environments and, subsequently, to multivariate and cluster analyses. The evaluated landraces showed genetic divergence, not being grouped according to geographic origin, demonstrating the existence of similarity between germplasms of rural communities in neighboring states. The varieties Boca de Moça, Raio de Sol, and Fava Branca CE are the earliest; Boca de Moça, Rajada, and Raio de Sol presented the longest pods and largest seeds; and Boca de Moça, Rajada, and Mulatinha are the most productive. Therefore, it qualifies them for recommendation to family farmers and/or incorporation in lima bean breeding programs. RESUMO O feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.) é a segunda espécie de maior importância socioeconômica do gênero, constituindo alternativa alimentar na forma de grãos verdes ou maduros. Sendo uma opção de renda para agricultores familiares, a falta de variedades superiores dificulta a recomendação considerando a peculiar variabilidade do feijão-fava. Objetivou-se selecionar variedades crioulas de feijão-fava com base em caracteres agronômicos, visando a utilização em programas de melhoramento e posterior recomendação para agricultores. Foram conduzidos ensaios de avaliação com 14 variedades crioulas de feijão-fava, nos municípios de São Domingos do Maranhão - MA, Teresina - PI, Bom Jesus - PI e Tianguá - CE. Foram avaliados: número de dias até o início da floração, número de dias até a maturação das vagens, comprimento da vagem, largura da vagem, espessura da vagem, número de sementes por vagem, peso de 100 sementes e produtividade de grãos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância univariada, para determinação da variabilidade genética em diferentes ambientes, e, em seguida, às análises multivariada e de agrupamento. As variedades crioulas apresentam divergência genética, mas não se agrupam segundo origem geográfica, demonstrando a existência de similaridade entre o germoplasma de comunidades rurais estados vizinhos. As variedades Boca de Moça, Raio de Sol e Fava Branca CE são as mais precoces; Boca de Moça, Rajada e Raio de Sol as de vagens mais longas e sementes maiores; e Boca de Moça, Rajada e Mulatinha são as mais produtivas, o que as credencia para recomendação para agricultores familiares e/ou incorporação em programas de melhoramento do feijão- fava.

The Capsicum genus is widely studied in many countries but most of research focuses on C. annuum. Although its importance as potential genetic resource for breeding to disease resistance and fruit quality, studies on genetics and breeding in C. baccatum var. pendulum are still scarce and it still remains as an underexploited crop. This paper aimed to study the inheritance of agronomic characteristics, to estimate the genetic parameters for seven agronomic traits in C. baccatum var. pendulum, using generation mean analysis and to verify the existence of major genes and polygenes with additive and non-additive effects, using the method of maximum likelihood with the aid of Monogen software. The agronomic traits evaluated were: number of fruits per plant (NFP); average fruit mass per plant (AFM); fruit length (FRL); fruit diameter (FRD); fruit pulp thickness (FPT); soluble solids content (SSC) and fruit dry mass (FDM). There was a significant difference among generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) for all traits evaluated. Narrow sense heritability estimates ranged from 45% for NFP to 75% for FRD. By estimating the average degree of dominance (ADD), we found that partial dominance is the gene action involved in the genetic control for FRL and FRD, while additive effect was observed for NFP, FPT and SSC, complete dominance for FDM and overdominance for AFM. The additive-dominant model was sufficient to explain the results obtained for all evaluated traits. Maximum likelihood method identified the existence of polygenes with additive and dominance effects in SSC, FPT and FDM. Major gene effect was identified for FRL and NFP characteristics. The results indicated the complexity of the inheritance of these traits with the presence of major gene involved. RESUMO O gênero Capsicum é amplamente estudado em muitos países, porém a maioria das pesquisas se concentra em C. annuum. Apesar de sua importância como potencial recurso genético para a resistência a doenças e qualidade dos frutos, os estudos sobre a genética e o melhoramento de C. baccatum var. pendulum ainda são escassos, além de ser considerada uma espécie subexplorada. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: estudar a herança de sete características agronômicas; estimar os parâmetros genéticos para esses caracteres por meio da análise de médias de gerações e verificar a existência de gene de efeito maior e de possíveis poligenes de efeitos aditivos e não aditivos, utilizando-se o método da máxima verossimilhança com auxílio do programa Monogen. As características agronômicas avaliadas foram: número de frutos por planta (NFP); massa média de frutos por planta (MMF); comprimento do fruto (CPF); diâmetro do fruto (DFR); espessura de polpa do fruto (EPF); teor de sólidos solúveis totais (TSS) e massa seca de fruto (MSF). Houve diferença significativa entre as gerações (P1, P2, F1, F2, RC1 e RC2) para todas as características avaliadas. As estimativas da herdabilidade no sentido restrito variaram de 45% (NFP) a 75% (DFR). Constatou-se que a ação gênica de dominância parcial está envolvida no controle genético das características CPF e DFR, enquanto que a ação aditiva foi observada para NFP, EPF e TSS, dominância completa para MSF e sobredominância para MMF. O modelo aditivo-dominante foi suficiente para explicar os resultados obtidos para todas as características avaliadas. Já pelo método da máxima verossimilhança pode-se identificar a existência de poligenes com efeitos aditivos e de dominância nas características TSS, EPF e MSF. A ação de gene de efeito maior foi detectada para CPF e NFP. Os resultados apontam a complexidade da herança das características avaliadas, com presença de gene de efeito maior envolvido.

In all countries, members of the UPOV (Union Internationale pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales), of which Brazil is a signatory, to protect a new plant variety is necessary to carry out DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) tests. DUS testing forCapsicum spp. is based on 48 descriptors, which involve qualitative and quantitative traits, observed from germination to fruit harvest. This paper describes the performance of DUS tests on lines of chili peppers, which are candidates for protection; we discuss the main aspects related to operational difficulties, the relevance of some descriptors for the protection process and highlight the importance of protecting new plant varieties as national intellectual property. Four C. annuum var.annuum recombinant inbred lines were tested. The Capsicum Breeding Program of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro developed the lines, which are resistant to bacterial spot. They were tested under greenhouse conditions from June to November 2013; and from January to July 2014 in Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The 'Jalapeño M' commercial genotype was used as control and treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with seven plants per plot with five replications. Besides the 48 descriptors, stipulated by legislation for Capsicum DUS testing, we included a descriptor for bacterial spot resistance. The descriptors that enabled distinction varied with each line. Although being distinctive for some descriptors, L1 and L2 lines were neither homogeneous nor stable. L6 and L8 recombined lines were characterized by homogeneity and stability. Fruit shape, capsaicin presence, number of days for flowering and bacterial spot resistance were descriptors that allowed for differentiation between treatments. In conclusion, the L6 and L8 recombined lines met the DUS test requirements; therefore, they may be subjected to the protection process with the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. RESUMO: Em todos os países, membros da UPOV (Union Internationale pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales), da qual o Brasil é signatário, para que uma nova cultivar tenha sua proteção efetivada, é necessária a realização de testes de DHE (Distinguibilidade, Homogeneidade e Estabilidade). O teste de DHE para Capsicum spp. é baseado em 48 descritores, envolvendo caracteres qualitativos e quantitativos, observados desde a germinação até a colheita dos frutos. Neste trabalho descreve-se a execução de ensaios de DHE com linhagens de pimentas, candidatas à proteção, discutem-se os principais aspectos relacionados às dificuldades operacionais, a relevância de alguns descritores para o processo de proteção e aborda-se a importância da proteção de cultivares como propriedade intelectual para o País. Quatro linhagens de C. annuum var. annuumresistentes à mancha bacteriana desenvolvidas pelo Programa de Melhoramento Genético de Capsicum da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro foram testadas em casa de vegetação nos períodos de junho a novembro de 2013 e janeiro a julho de 2014, em Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. A cultivar Jalapeño M foi utilizada como testemunha. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições e sete plantas por parcela. Além dos 48 descritores estipulados pela legislação para o DHE em Capsicum, incluiu-se um descritor para a resistência à mancha bacteriana. Os descritores que permitiram a distinção variaram para cada linhagem. Apesar de serem distintas em alguns descritores, as linhagens L1 e L2 não foram homogêneas e estáveis. As linhagens L6 e L8 se caracterizaram pela homogeneidade e estabilidade. Entre os descritores que permitiram a distinção entre os tratamentos estão o formato do fruto, a presença de capsaicina, o número de dias até o florescimento e a resistência à mancha bacteriana. Ao fim, as linhagens L6 e L8 atenderam às exigências de DHE e poderão ser submetidas ao processo de proteção junto ao Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento.

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of phosphorus at different soil base saturation in soybean production. Two experiments were conducted (greenhouse and field) in the 2016/2017 growing season in a DBC experimental design, with a factorial arrangement 3 (base saturation) x 4 (phosphorus levels), with four replications. Number of pods per plant (NVP), number of grains per plant (NGP), first pod height (A1V), number of grains per pod (NGV), one thousand grain weight (PMG) and yield (PROD) were evaluated. In the greenhouse experiment, there was a significant difference for the interaction SxP (base saturation x phosphorus levels) for the variables NVP, NGP and yield, and for the field experiment, only the yield was significant. For the base saturation, only the A1V was significant and for the phosphorus, only the NVP had a significant effect. Phosphorus fertilization in Cerrado soils increases soybean yield and has an agronomic efficiency of 14.59 kg in soils with 50% base saturation and 12.87 kg soybean grains per kilogram of phosphorus applied in soils with base saturation at 70%, within high yield standards. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia agronómica del fósforo a diferentes saturaciones de bases del suelo en la producción de soja. Se realizaron dos experimentos (invernadero y campo) en la temporada de crecimiento 2016/2017 en un diseño experimental DBC, con arreglo factorial 3 (saturación de bases) x 4 (niveles de fósforo), con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó el número de vainas por planta (NVP), el número de granos por planta (NGP), la altura de la primera vaina (A1V), el número de granos por vaina (NGV), el peso de mil granos (PMG) y el rendimiento (PROD). En el experimento de invernadero, hubo una diferencia significativa para la interacción SxP (saturación de bases x niveles de fósforo) para las variables NVP, NGP y rendimiento, y para el experimento de campo, solo el rendimiento fue significativo. Para la saturación de bases, solo el A1V fue significativo y para el fósforo, solo el NVP tuvo un efecto significativo. La fertilización con fósforo en suelos del Cerrado aumenta el rendimiento de la soja y tiene una eficiencia agronómica de 14,59 kg en suelos con 50% de saturación de bases y 12,87 kg de granos de soja por kilogramo de fósforo aplicado en suelos con saturación de bases al 70%, dentro de estándares de alto rendimiento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência agronômica do fósforo em diferentes níveis de saturação por bases do solo na produção de soja. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos (casa de vegetação e campo) na safra 2016/2017 em delineamento experimental DBC, com arranjo fatorial 3 (saturação por bases) x 4 (níveis de fósforo), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o número de vagens por planta (NVP), número de grãos por planta (NGP), altura da primeira vagem (A1V), número de grãos por vagem (NGV), peso de mil grãos (PMG) e produtividade (PROD). No experimento em casa de vegetação, houve diferença significativa para a interação SxP (saturação por bases x níveis de fósforo) para as variáveis ​​NVP, NGP e produtividade, e para o experimento em campo, apenas a produtividade foi significativa. Para a saturação de bases, apenas o A1V foi significativo e para o fósforo, apenas o NVP teve efeito significativo. A fertilização com fósforo em solos de Cerrado aumenta a produtividade da soja e tem uma eficiência agronômica de 14,59 kg em solos com 50% de saturação por bases e 12,87 kg de grãos de soja por quilograma de fósforo aplicado em solos com saturação por bases de 70%, dentro de padrões de alto rendimento.

New varieties of autogamous plant have been developed over the decades using different classical breeding methods, including pedigree. Our goal was to associated pedigree with mixed model analysis to select plants with superior agronomic performance in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum, an autogamous species that has been underexploited by plant breeders. An F2 population was developed from biparental crosses (UENF 1616 × UENF 1732) and 45 F2 individuals were selected using Mulamba and Mock Index considering dry fruit mass, fruit length, fruit wall thickness and soluble solid content. Lines F2:3 along with parents and a standard genotype were tested in field conditions and eight agronomic traits were evaluated. Considering genetic parameters estimation by mixed models, the heritability estimate of the progeny mean was high magnitude ranging from 0.68 to 0.88 while the narrow sense heritability ranged from 0.23 to 0.46 and the additive heritability within the plot reached magnitude between 0.15 and 0.43 for most characteristics, with an accuracy of selection close to unity indicating high accuracy in selection for all traits. Twenty lines with superior performance for each trait were selected considering the values for predict genetic additive effect ranking along with the new mean of improved population. Comparing the 20 selected lines with parents and standard genotype it was possible to observe that lines were superior for eleven out of the thirteen agronomic traits evaluated. The association of the classical pedigree method with more accurate statistical procedure can be useful to assist breeders in autogamous breeding program.

In Brazil, cultivation of hybrid plants comprise near 40% of the area grown with vegetables. For Capsicum, hybrids of bell and chili peppers have already exceeded 50% and over 25% of all are commercialized seeds. This study aimed to evaluate new pepper hybrids in two environments, Caceres, MT, and Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil. Nine experimental hybrids of C. baccatum var. pendulum were tested and trials were performed in a randomized block design, with three replications and eight plants per plot. In each environment, plants were assessed for canopy diameter, plant height, number of fruit per plant, mean fruit mass per plant, fruit length and diameter, pulp thickness, and content of soluble solids. Seven of the eight traits have differed significantly due to environment variation. Furthermore, genotype and environment interaction was highly significant for number of fruit per plant, mean fruit mass per plant, fruit length, and fruit diameter. Choosing a hybrid to be grown in one of the studied locations must be in accordance with the sought characteristics since there is a complex interaction for some studied traits.

This study aimed to investigate the reaction of unripe and ripe fruits of Capsicum spp. accessions to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides during the pre- and post-harvest periods, and to identify sources of resistance for use in plant breeding programs. Thirty-seven Capsicum spp. accessions of the Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro were evaluated. They were cultivated in a greenhouse and arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications. Twenty fruits from each accession were inoculated at two stages (unripe and ripe) in two different environments (fruits inoculated in the plant and detached fruit inoculated under laboratory conditions). The symptoms were assessed every 24 hours between the 1st and 8th days after inoculation. There were highly significant differences in the values of the area under the disease progress curve and in severity, considering all sources of individual variation and their interactions. Values of low and moderate correlation were observed for inoculation of unripe and ripe fruit in both environments. These results indicate the existence of distinct genes responsible for resistance at different stages of fruit development. Complete lack of symptoms was registered only for accessions UENF 1718 and UENF 1797 (C. baccatum var. pendulum).

Resumen pt: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as correlacoes fenotipicas, genotipicas e ambientais e seus desdobramentos em efeitos diretos e indiretos pela anal...

Heterosis has been exploited in Capsicum annuum commercial hybrids; however, the use of heterosis in C. baccatum still remains to be explored, and studies related to the genetics and breeding of this species are scarce. The present study aimed to estimate the combining ability of five parents of C. baccatum var. pendulum , representatives of two distinct types of fruits (namely, lady's finger and cambuci), to calculate heterosis and to evaluate the agronomic potential of the hybrids for yield and fruit quality. The hybrids were produced from a complete diallel without reciprocals. The parents and hybrids were evaluated under field conditions in a randomized block design with three replications, and the following traits were assessed: number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, yield per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and soluble solids. All traits were significant for general and specific combining ability, indicating that additive and non-additive effects are involved in the genetic control of these traits. The hybrid combinations between the types lady's finger and cambuci provided elongated fruits with smaller diameters and greater weight compared with the parents of the cambuci type. However, these factors did not lead to a significant increase in the yield per plant due to the decreased number of fruits except in hybrid UENF 1616 x UENF 1732. Considering only the parents and hybrids within each type of fruit, the genitor UENF 1624 (lady's finger) and the hybrid UENF 1639 x UENF 1732 (cambuci x cambuci) stood out for achieving a high yield per plant.

A breeding program carried out under Brazilian growing conditions to obtain Capsicum annuum cultivars with disease resistance to bacterial spot (BS) produced 8 promising recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The present study aimed to characterize these RILs using phenotypic descriptors and molecular markers (inter-simple sequence repeat) and to confirm their resistance to BS. Twenty-two phenotypic descriptors and 15 inter-simple sequence repeat primers were used to characterize the RILs. The parent, UENF 1381, which is resistant to BS, and 'Casca Dura Ikeda', a traditional cultivar, were used as standards. Variability among genotypes was observed considering either binary or multicategorical characteristics, such as fruit length, fruit diameter, and fruit longitudinal and transversal section. Such variability in fruit traits can be exploited to develop new genotypes with BS resistance for various types of market consumption. RILs numbered 1, 3, and 6 were the most homogenous, whereas those coded 2, 5, 8, and 11 had the same level of heterogeneity as that observed in 'Casca Dura Ikeda'. Molecular analysis clustered the genotypes into 5 groups, with RILs 1, 2, 3, and 5 allocated in isolated groups. RILs 1, 2, 6, and 8 confirmed resistance to BS. Considering homogeneity level and BS resistance, RILs 1 and 6 were suitable for use as pre-cultivars in final tests to register and release two new C. annuum cultivars.