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Curcumin is a natural yellow pigmented phytoconstituent isolated from the powdered rhizome of Curcuma longa linn belongs to family Zinzieberacea. Curcuma longa linn is commonly known as turmeric (Haldi), a well-known Indian spice used as a traditional medicine from ancient era. In literature, there are different analytical methods for detection of curcumin such as HPLC, UPLC and LC-MS/MS. It contains a mixture of different phytoconstituents, therefore it is problematic to separate, identify and isolate pure curcumin from Curcuma longa linn. Hence, in the present review article we have tried to summarize the important analytical parameters required to analyze the curcumin compound in Curcuma longa linn. as it can help the authors to find out best readings to for identification and isolation of curcumin. This review gives a combined study of various analytical methods used for detection of curcumin with retention time, methods used, column used, wavelength, LOD, LOQ etc using different types of well-established HPLC, LCMS, UPLC methods which can be used for isolation, identification and quantitative estimation of curcumin in Curcuma longa linn.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus, an epidemic of the 21st century, is listed as one of the top ten causes of death around the world by the World Health Organization and is a complicated disease to deal with. Medically, a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and altered metabolism of biological macromolecules, mainly carbohydrates. Diabetes mellitus has a worldwide prevalence, and populations of all high, middle, as well as low-income countries, are affected by it. More than 400 million persons are currently living with diabetes. Many risk factors, such as lack of exercise, irregular diet, drinking, and smoking habits, as well as genetic factors, also contribute to the increased incidence of diabetes mellitus in the modern era. The conventional therapies for diabetes are based on insulin, insulin analogues, peptides, and oral hypoglycemics. The primary objective is to lower the elevated blood glucose levels and manage the distress to enhance the quality of life of the patient. The management of diabetes is very crucial to avoid complications having serious consequences such as the extra economic burden due to these complications. Conventional drug therapy has its own adverse effects, and its timely availability and cost are still an issue in many low and middle-income countries. Diabetes mellitus has been reported in various ancient kinds of literature along with various natural remedies (plants/herbals) useful in it. These plant-based remedies offer the benefits of lesser or no adverse effects, easy availability due to natural abundance, and low cost. Therefore, extensive research work is carried out in the past few decades to identify and understand the underlying principles of plant-based/herbal medicines to develop new potential lead molecules and a relatively safer, easily available and more economical alternative treatment therapy for diabetes mellitus.

The “serotonin hypothesis of depression” is approximately fifty years old, and in spite of vast literature, the exact role of serotonin in depression pathophysiology is still unclear, as whether a lower serotonin level causes depression or depression causes a reduction in serotonin level has become a tough challenge for researchers to understand the actual involvement of serotonin in depression. Several pre-clinical and clinical studies have illustrated the multi-faceted signalling action of serotonin in depression and vouch for the significant or unavoidable role of serotonin in depression. In this review, the journey of the serotonin hypothesis of depression from the 1950s to the present time has been analysed to understand the serotonin hypothesis of depression and investigate the new molecular targets for the development of new future anti- depressants. The old and new theories of possible cellular mechanisms found to be involved in the pathophysiology of major depression or stress, such as polymorphism of serotonin transporters, enzyme modulating serotonergic activity, reduction in the level of serotonin and involvement of different sub-types of receptors, have been discussed in the respective review. Thus, in this review, the new signature targets to increase serotonin levels have been identified, which would help the researcher in the drug development of new faster-acting antidepressants.

The easy, rapid, accurate, and specific demonstrating UV spectroscopic process for validation of Dopamine in pure bulk and nanoformulation has been developed. Dopamine works as a precursor in a bio...

Lipids are used as vehicles for the preparation of various formulations prescribed for administrations, including emulsions, ointments, suspension, tablets, and suppositories. The first parental nano-emulsion was discovered from the 1950s when it was added to the intravenous administration of lipid and lipid-soluble substances. Lipid-based drug delivery systems are important nowadays. Solid nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are very proficient due to the ease of production process, scale-up capability, bio-compatibility, the biodegradability of formulation components and other specific features of the proposed route. The administration or nature of the materials must be loaded into these delivery systems. The main objectives of this review are to discuss an overview of second-generation nanoparticles, their limitations, structures, and route of administration, with emphasis on the effectiveness of such formulations. NLC is the second generation of lipid nanoparticles having a structure like nanoemulsion. The first generation of nanoparticles was SLN. The difference between both of them is at its core. Both of them are a colloidal carrier in submicron size in the range of 40-1000 nm. NLC is the most promising novel drug delivery system over the SLN due to solving the problem of drug loading and drug crystallinity. Solid and liquid lipids combination in NLC formation, improve its quality as compare to SLN. NLC has three types of structures: random, amorphous, and multiple. The random structure containing solid-liquid lipids and consisting crystal and the liquid lipid irregular in shape; thereby enhance the ability of the lipid layer to pass through the membrane. The second is the amorphous structure. It is less crystalline in nature and can prevent the leakage of the loaded drug. The third type is multiple structures, which have higher liquid lipid concentrations than other types. The excipients used to form the NLC are bio-compatible, biodegradable and non-irritating, most of which can be detected using GRAS. NLC is a promising delivery system to deliver the drug through pulmonary, ocular, CNS, and oral route of administration. Various methods of preparation and composition of NLC influence its stability Parameters. In recent years at the educational level, the potential of NLC as a delivery mechanism targeting various organs has been investigated in detail.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder involving various inflammatory processes that mainly affect the foot and hand joints. It strikes between the ages of 40–70 and often leads to pain and deformity. The pathogenesis of RA still remains unclear, but various genetic factors and environmental factors are thought to be responsible for the initiation of inflammation processes. Uncontrolled inflammation arises due to uncontrolled production and activity of proinflammatory cytokines in the joint, which leads to bone erosion and cartilage destruction. The increased level of proinflammatory cytokines, TNFα, IL-1, IL-17, IL-6, and the resulting inflammation is responsible for the pain, tenderness, swelling, redness, and stiffness of joints. Thymoquinone is a phytochemical shown to be responsible for the majority of the therapeutic benefits of Nigella sativa, popularly known as black seed or black cumin and used as a spice in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. It has received enormous attention due to its pleiotropic pharmacological activities. It has also been shown to be beneficial against rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune disease. The mechanism of action in reducing inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis includes inhibition of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes; inhibition of elastase and myeloperoxidase; inhibition of lipid peroxidation; inhibition of nitric oxide; and attenuation of the induction release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, Il-6, and TNF-α. Based on the available literature, it's evident that thymoquinone has the potential to attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation. Available studies results suggest that thymoquinone can be a promising drug candidate for further pharmaceutical development in future.

This review confirms that naringenin is having a beneficial and protective effect on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It has been proven that naringenin acts through different mechanisms to cure RA by inhibiting various inflammatory processes. Therefore, a potent pharmaceutical preparation of naringenin should be prepared and clinical trials should be carried out in RA patients to ensure its therapeutic efficacy.