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As is well known, implication is transitive but probabilistic support is not. Eells and Sober, followed by Shogenji, showed that screening off is a sufficient constraint for the transitivity of probabilistic support. Moreover, this screening off condition can be weakened without sacrificing transitivity, as was demonstrated by Suppes and later by Roche. In this paper we introduce an even weaker sufficient condition for the transitivity of probabilistic support, in fact one that can be made as weak as one wishes. We explain that this condition has an interesting property: it shows that transitivity is retained even though the Simpson paradox reigns. We further show that by adding a certain restriction the condition can be turned into one that is both sufficient and necessary for transitivity.

The testing of vehicular communication technologies, the study of urban mobility patterns, the evaluation of new traffic policies cannot dispense from vehicle mobility simulation. As is often the case, the larger the dataset, the better. Indeed, in recent years, many projects in the fields of mobility or vehicular communication have sought new traffic simulators with extended areas of investigation, possibly covering a whole city and its suburbs. In this spirit, we have modeled an urban traffic simulation in a 600-Km 2 area in and around the Municipality of Turin, leveraging the SUMO tool. This paper aims at reporting in detail the methodology we followed in the creation of this dataset. Our results demonstrate that a complete modeling of such a wide area is possible at the expense of minor simplifications, reaching a very good level of approximation.

The crisis of 2007-08 called for a renewal of banking regulation that took the shape of a shift toward macroprudential policy. However, a comprehensive assessment of the current state of financial regulation reveals that this shift is incomplete. In particular, the notion of risk that lies at the heart of the Basel framework is still blind to extreme events. Climate risk and pandemic risk fall into this category. The purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand, we point out why current banking regulation is not adequate to face risks whose origin is grounded outside financial markets – as is the case for both the pandemic and the climate risks –; on the other hand, we offer avenues for reforming macroprudential regulation in a way that would allow to take those risks into account.

Reservoir characterization analysis resulting from incorrect applications of statistics can be found in the literature, particularly in applications where integration of various disciplines is needed. Here, we look at three misapplications of ordinary least squares linear regression (LSLR) and show how they can lead to poor results and offer better alternatives, where available. The issues are 1. Application of algebra to an LSLR-derived model to reverse the roles of explanatory and response variables that may give biased predictions. In particular, we examine pore throat size equations (e.g., Winland’s and Pittman’s equations) and find that claims of over-predicted permeability may in part be due to statistical mistakes. 2. Using a log-transformed variable in an LSLR model, de-transforming without accounting for the role of noise gives an equation which under-predicts the mean value. Several approaches exist to address this problem. 3. Mis-application of R2 in three cases that lead to misleading results. For example, model fitting in decline curve analysis gives optimistic R2 values, as is also the case where a multimodal explanatory variable is present. Using actual and synthetic datasets, we illustrate the effects that these errors have on analysis and some implications for using machine learning results.

Many expert reviews of products such as cars, books, movies and restaurants are non -blind. Whether such reviews can be taken at face value is questionable, but hard evidence on the presence of reviewer bias is rare. This holds particularly true for conflicts of interest that are thought to be common in non-blind product reviews but are not readily observ-able: ad hoc relationships between reviewers and producers. We present a textbook case of a long-running expert product review in the food service industry for which we know the reviewer's conflict of interest: being affiliated to one particular producer. As is typical, only insiders were aware of the possible source of bias in the review. The review resembles other non-blind tests of product quality. We find evidence of a sizable bias in the review-ers' ratings. Our findings suggest that reviewers' ad hoc relationships with producers, often dismissed as 'coming with the job', can be very harmful. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

Garfinkel writes: "When I speak of accountable my interests are directed to such matters as the following. I mean observable-and-reportable, i.e., available to members as situated practices of looking-and-tellin g" (1967: 1). The elucidation of these practices is a central objective of ethnomethodology. Certain of our practices might be called "unspecifying practices." Garfinkel (3) mentions three: "et cetera," "let it pass," and "unless." The et cetera move, for example, allows us to add initially unenvisioned and unspecified instances to some inventory, without being seen to have violated the rules or instructions for constituting that inventory.t Grice, with his notion of conversational implicature (1975), has proposed what we might call "specifying practices." This might appear to be exactly the sort of contribution that would be appreciated in ethnomethodology, and yet Grice, and conversational implicature in general, has received little attention from ethnomethodologists. Perhaps the reason for this is to be found in one of Garfinkel's dictums: "A leading policy is to refuse serious consideration to the prevailing proposal that ... rational properties of practical activities be assessed, recognized, categorized, described by using a rule or standard obtained outside actual settings within which such properties are recognized, used, produced, and talked about by settings' members" (33). It is not clear to me, though, whether this objection is properly applied to Grice's maxims. At any rate, implicature does seem to take place, members do on occasion seem to draw certain conclusions that are not asserted or logically implied, and Grice tries to describe and explain how they do it. Perhaps we can reconcile Grice and Garfinkel by treating Grice's maxims as resources that members can call upon and use according to the situation, that is, "as a recoverable, reproducible stock of knowledge and skills available in daily, routine, mundane ways of talking and acting" (Lee 1992:225). The Gricean maxims are precisely about "situated practices of looking-and-telling," i.e., about accounting practices. Although the maxims are given in general terms, they are deeply indexical:2 "Make your contribution as informative as is required" or "Be

Tax compliance is a big challenge in weakly institutionalized countries, in which citizens do not trust the State and prefer to evade. Can compliance be increased, and hence fiscal state capacity strengthened, using online strategies? We perform a randomized field experiment in Venezuela's capital, Caracas, to determine if email messages, Facebook ads, or a combination of both, can increase tax compliance. By varying the mechanism used to approach taxpayers, we are able to test if more direct and personalized methods, such as email messages, are more effective than general advertisement tools, such as Facebook ads. Moreover, our design allows us to test if both strategies complement each other and boost the capacity of a local government to increase compliance. Preliminary results suggest that these strategies are cost-effective methods for increasing tax revenues, even in a context of low confidence in the State, as is the case of Venezuela nowadays.

Economics takes an individualistic approach to human behaviour. This is reflected in the use of 'contingent valuation' surveys to conduct cost benefit analysis for economic policy evaluation. An individual's valuation of a policy is assumed to be unaffected by the burdens it places on others. We report a survey experiment to test this supposition in the context of climate change policy. Willingness to pay for climate change mitigation was higher when richer individuals were to bear higher costs than when, as is usual, no explicit information was provided about cost distribution. This result is inconsistent with the usual interpretation of contingent valuation data. It also suggests that the data may be biased indicators of policy acceptance. Additional survey questions suggest that a collective mode of reasoning is common.

Gravity variables such as distance, adjacency, colony, free trade agreements or language are used to capture the effects of trade costs in empirical studies. By using actual data on trade costs, this paper decomposes the overall effects of such variables on trade into those through three gravity channels: duties/tariffs (DC), transportation-costs (TC), and dyadic-preferences (PC). When PC is ignored as is typical in existing studies in the literature, it is shown that nearly all gravity effects are due to distance, 29 percent through DC and 71 percent through TC. The tables turn as the additional channel of PC is introduced and shown to dominate other channels, with adjacency contributing about 45 percent, distance about 32 percent, colony about 14 percent, free trade agreements about 7 percent, and language about 2 percent. It is implied that gravity variables mainly capture the effects of demand shifters rather than supply shifters (as implied by the existing literature). The results are further connected to several existing discussions in the literature, such as welfare gains from trade and the distance puzzle.

The aim of this chapter is to situate the debate on legal pluralism and Shari’a within Eisenstadt’s multiple modernity thesis, and to argue that, to move the matter further, we should work towards a new multi-faith pragmatic modern project. This, as is discussed, fits with Habermas’ post-secular project. This multiple modernities theory is tested on the Australian case and it is discovered that while the theory applies to Shari’a and finances, with regard to other personal laws, we are confronted instead with a new conservative modernity. The chapter concludes by proposing that this theory offers a third way between legal pluralism and ‘universal’ legalism.

This paper introduces a stress test framework designed to quantify financial stability risks related to the energy transition. As is standard in financial stress testing, we first construct various tail-event scenarios, in which we incorporate shocks to climate policy and energy technology. We then use various modeling approaches to derive macroeconomic and industry-specific implications of these shocks. To illustrate the framework, we use granular data on EUR 2.3 trillion in assets of more than 80 Dutch financial institutions. We find that financial losses due to credit and market risk could be sizeable. For instance, portfolios values can decline by up to 11%. Such magnitudes suggest that climate-transition risks warrant close attention from a financial stability perspective, while also underlining the importance of avoiding transitions that would be too late and too sudden.

A goal of any modern war ought to be the minimization of innocent death and injury, while at the same time, maximizing the potential to decisively defeat the enemy as quickly and efficiently as is possible. As the techniques for warfighting have evolved, a growing trend of reliance on sophisticated technology has followed. Likely, autonomous systems will increasingly play a role—lethal and non-lethal—in future wars. Much of the current debate surrounding such autonomous systems—autonomous weapons systems (AWS) to be exact—is “pre-implementational” and potentially lags the political and military realities in the. Nations and non-nation state groups are actively pursuing the possibility of deploying such systems on the battlefield. The “pre-implementation” nature of these discussions risks making any one of them irrelevant as these nations continue to move ahead with development. As such, philosophers, military tacticians, political leaders, and other researchers in the field of artificial intelligence ethics must “get ahead of the curve” and examine what the battlefield and the laws of armed conflict ought to look like when—not if—such systems are deployed. Supporting this move from “pre-implementation” to “post-implementation”, this paper makes a normative claim about the nature of the relationship between innocents on the battlefield and combatants, given certain pre-conditions are met. I argue that, if and only if autonomous weapon systems reach a point in their development where they are capable of being both more discriminating in their target selection and more proportionate in their response to threats, then innocents on the battlefield1 (as a social kind) have a claim-right to not be unjustly harmed against both sets of combatants, claiming that AWS be used in place of human soldiers.

Departing from popular imaginations around artificial intelligence (AI), this article engages in the I in the AI acronym but from perspectives outside of mathematics, computer science and machine learning. When intelligence is attended to here, it most often refers to narrow calculating tasks. This connotation to calculation provides AI an image of scientificity and objectivity, particularly attractive in societies with a pervasive desire for numbers. However, as is increasingly apparent today, when employed in more general areas of our messy socio-cultural realities, AI- powered automated systems often fail or have unintended consequences. This article will contribute to this critique of AI by attending to Nicholas of Cusa and his treatment of intelligence. According to him, intelligence is equally dependent on an ability to handle the unknown as it unfolds in the present moment. This suggests that intelligence is organic which ties Cusa to more contemporary discussions in tech philosophy, neurology, evolutionary biology, and cognitive sciences in which it is argued that intelligence is dependent on having—and acting through—an organic body. Understanding intelligence as organic thus suggests an oxymoronic relationship to artificial.

As is the case with other emerging technologies, commercializing blockchain technology via business models can provide radical opportunities for innovation. Existing studies on blockchain-service businesses lack research on how to develop business model ideas systematically; this study proposes a methodical process for generating these new ideas. Blockchain technology features were organized from the perspective of idea generation and leveraged to solve customer requirements. Through workshops, six business ideas were generated and evaluated by 26 experts. The proposed process proved it could generate innovative and qualitative ideas and could, thus, help business planners who are looking to generate new blockchain-service business model ideas.

This paper defends the need for evidential diversity and the mix of methods that that can in train require. The focus is on causal claims, especially ‘singular’ claims about the effects of causes in a specific setting—either what will happen or what has happened. I do so by offering a template that categorises kinds of evidence that can support these claims. The catalogue is generated by considering what needs to happen for a causal process to carry through from putative cause at the start to the targeted effect at the end. The usual call for mixed methods focusses on a single overall claim and argues that we increase certainty by the use of different methods with compensating strengths and weaknesses. My proposals instead focus on the evidence that supports the great many subsidiary claims that must hold if the overall one is to be true. As is typical for singular causal claims, the mix of methods that will generally be required to collect the kinds of evidence I urge will usually have little claim to the kind of rigour that is now widely demanded in evidencing causal claims, especially those for policy/treatment effectiveness. So I begin with an exploration of what seems to be intended by ‘rigour’ in such discussions, since it is seldom made clear just what makes the favoured methods especially rigorous. I then argue that the emphasis on rigour can be counterproductive. Rigour is often the enemy of evidential diversity, and evidential diversity—lots of it—can make for big improvements in the reliability of singular causal predictions and post hoc evaluations. I illustrate with the paragon of rigour for causal claims, randomised controlled trials (RCTs), rehearsing at some length what they can and cannot do to make it easier to assess the importance of rigour in warranting singular causal claims.

This essay studies the endowments of modern American colleges and universities. It examines the norms that govern the activities that affect the size of the endowment, specifically spending, acceptance of donations, and investment of endowment funds. The norms regulating the latter two are found to be insufficient, as is evidenced by their inconsistent application. However, American catholic colleges and universities apply the norms regulating investments more consistently than other schools. Catholic colleges' and universities' Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) practices are found to be rooted in the catholic church's official teaching on catholic universities as found in ex corde ecclesiae and the catechism of the catholic church. These documents suggest the need to develop, codify and apply even more rigorous norms governing the acceptance of donations and investment of endowment funds at every American catholic college and university.

POLCA is an important card-based control system for low volume, high variety production contexts. A job can only be produced at an upstream station if it has acquired a POLCA card that has returned from its downstream station. A common assumption in the POLCA literature is that cards are allocated to jobs as soon as they return to the upstream station. This dissects the queue in front of a station into jobs that have a card (and can be produced) and those that do not have a card (and cannot be produced). This artificially and prematurely constrains the dispatching decision, i.e. the decision concerning which job to produce next at a station. In response, this paper proposes integrating the card-allocation and dispatching decisions such that the allocation of POLCA cards to jobs is postponed until the dispatching decision is made. Simulation results demonstrate that this integrated approach does not improve performance under simple ERD dispatching, as is commonly applied in the POLCA literature. But when a more powerful rule is applied, percentage tardy and mean tardiness performance improve by more than 75% and 50%, respectively, for an integrated decision. Most importantly, results suggest that in production environments like the one considered in this study, the integrated approach dispenses with the use of POLCA altogether if a suitable priority rule is used.

The previous Emerging Trends article (Churchet al., 2021.Natural Language Engineering27(5), 631–645.) introduced deep nets to poets. Poets is an imperfect metaphor, intended as a gesture toward inclusion. The future for deep nets will benefit by reaching out to a broad audience of potential users, including people with little or no programming skills, and little interest in training models. That paper focused on inference, the use of pre-trained models, as is, without fine-tuning. The goal of this paper is to make fine-tuning more accessible to a broader audience. Since fine-tuning is more challenging than inference, the examples in this paper will require modest programming skills, as well as access to a GPU. Fine-tuning starts with a general purpose base (foundation) model and uses a small training set of labeled data to produce a model for a specific downstream application. There are many examples of fine-tuning in natural language processing (question answering (SQuAD) and GLUE benchmark), as well as vision and speech.

It is something of a convention to note the timeliness of books under review. This one is not so much timely as long overdue, as is the intervention it represents. This superb collection of essays,...

This paper is based on the premises that the conscious, active and purposeful use of self by the therapist in the therapeutic process is an essential aptitude in establishing an effective therapeutic relationship, and that this therapeutically purposeful use of self can and should be incorporated in the training of all therapists in a explicitly systematic manner. The paper will attempt to identify the contributions of the “what and how” the use of self by therapists contributes to the therapeutic process. First of all, therapists’ use of self is meant to be viewed as a Common Factor as defined by Sprenkle, Davis & Lebow (2009), which is a perspective about the effectiveness of therapy that “asserts that the qualities and capabilities of the person offering the treatment are more important than the treatment itself” (p. 4). Secondly, the use of self by therapists emphasizes developing the skill set of the therapist in the conscious, active and purposeful use of self as is in the moment of the therapeutic engagement with clients, and does so without denying the importance of therapists working to resolve personal issues of theirs that may interfere with the therapist's professional effectiveness. Therapists’ use of self gives particular emphasis to the purposeful use of self as is in therapy’s relationship, assessment and interventions whatever the therapy model (Aponte & Kissil, 2016). Thirdly, the use of self represents an aptitude that can be developed and refined through well elaborated structures for schooling therapists in the therapeutic use of all they bring of their personal selves to the therapy relationship including through the use of their human vulnerabilities as they exist at the moment of empathic engagement with clients.

Social work programs are preparing professionals to respond to natural disasters and global pandemics when they arise. However, literature on the learning experiences of students in the social work classroom with synchronous instruction during a natural disaster or global pandemic is limited, as is documentation of the experiences of social work faculty. Further, seldom discussed in the literature are the personal and emotional reflections of students and social work faculty. This paper provides the observations of two MSW students and their instructor within the context of the global pandemic of COVID-19 in order to more closely examine how this pandemic impacted their learning and teaching experiences in the classroom with synchronous instruction. Lessons learned from the authors’ experiences are outlined in an effort to identify key components for educators and social work programs to consider during and after a natural disaster or global pandemic.

A number of studies—including our own—find a mid-life dip in well-being. Yet several papers in the psychology literature claim that the evidence of a U-shape is "overblown" and if there is such a thing that any such decline is "trivial". Others have claimed that the evidence of a U-shape "is not as robust and generalizable as is often assumed," or simply "wrong." We identify 409 studies, mostly published in peer reviewed journals that find U-shapes that these researchers apparently were unaware of. We use data for Europe from the Eurobarometer Surveys (EB), 1980–2019; the Gallup World Poll (GWP), 2005–2019 and the UK's Annual Population Survey, 2016–2019 and the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey of August 2021, to examine U-shapes in age in well-being. We find remarkably strong and consistent evidence across countries of statistically significant and non-trivial U-shapes in age with and without socio-economic controls. We show that studies cited by psychologists claiming there are no U-shapes are in error; we reexamine their data and find differently. The effects of the mid-life dip we find are comparable to major life events such as losing a spouse or becoming unemployed. This decline is comparable to half of the unprecedented fall in well-being observed in the UK in 2020 and 2021, during the Covid19 pandemic and lockdown, which is hardly “inconsequential” as claimed.

Consumers often desire to become better versions of themselves. Reflecting this interest in self-improvement, the marketplace offers consumers a wide range of products and services that promise to improve or better the consumer in some way. But, in a world with unlimited opportunities to spend one’s time and money, what influences whether consumers will invest in products that enable self-improvement? We demonstrate that the degree to which God is salient has a negative effect on individuals’ preferences for consumption choices with self-improvement features compared to equally attractive options that do not include such features. We propose that this is because thoughts of God activate a greater sense of being loved for who you are (“loved ‘as-is’”), making self-improvement a lower priority. We demonstrate this basic effect across several experiments as well as archival data, provide process evidence through mediation and moderation, and address alternative explanations. We also identify important boundary conditions: God salience is less likely to decrease interest in self-improvement products when consumers do not believe in God, and when God is considered to be a punishing (vs. loving) entity.

The paper considers the main threats to human rights in connection with the introduction of digital profiles in the Russian Federation. Rights such as the right to privacy and the right to dignity are most at risk. In addition, the risk of discrimination increases. Analyzing the current legal regulation of the digital profile, the author concludes that it does not meet the criterion of legal certainty and creates increased risks of intrusion of the state and private structures into the sphere of a person’s private life. Despite the fact that currently digital profiles of citizens are only a set of official information contained in some state information systems and public registers, according to the author, in the future, this infrastructure can be used for profiling people, in-depth analysis, monitoring and forecasting their behavior, as is already done today by some other states and nongovernmental organizations.The legal regulation of the digital profile should be based on special guarantees of human rights in connection with the collection and processing of personal information about citizens available to the state. Among such guarantees, the author includes, in particular, the establishment in the law of a list of information that cannot be part of a digital profile of a citizen or be otherwise related to it, a list of unacceptable purposes for using digital profiles, as well as the establishment of the obligation of operators to inform subjects in an accessible form about the facts and legal consequences of profiling, about the principles and logical schemes underlying profiling.

Recent research has documented a small but significant correlation between psychopathic capacities and utilitarian moral judgment, although the findings are generally inconsistent and unclear. We propose that one way to make sense of mixed findings is to consider variation in perspective-taking capacities of psychopathic individuals. With this in mind, we had criminal offenders (n = 60), who varied in their psychopathy levels according to the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), respond to common sacrificial moral dilemmas (e.g., trolley dilemmas) under different conditions. In a baseline condition, participants simply responded to the sacrificial moral dilemmas as is typically done in previous research. In an "emotion-salient" condition, participants had to reason about the emotions of another person after solving moral dilemmas (deliberative processing). In the "emotion-ambiguous" condition, participants saw images of people in distress, after solving moral dilemmas, but did not have to explicitly reason about such emotions (spontaneous processing). The four PCL-R facets predicted distinct interference effects depending on spontaneous versus deliberative processing of hypothetical victim's emotions. The findings suggest that the use of a multi-faceted approach to account for cognitive and moral correlates of psychopathy may help address previously mixed results. Implications and future directions for theory and research are discussed.

BACKGROUND: Culture media are fundamental in clinical microbiology. In laboratories in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), they are mostly prepared in-house, which is challenging. OBJECTIVES: This narrative review describes challenges related to culture media in LMICs, compiles best practices for in-house media preparation, gives recommendations to improve access to quality-assured culture media products in LMICs and formulates outstanding questions for further research. SOURCES: Scientific literature was searched using PubMed and predefined MeSH terms. In addition, grey literature was screened, including manufacturer's websites and manuals as well as microbiology textbooks. CONTENT: Bacteriology laboratories in LMICs often face challenges at multiple levels: lack of clean water and uninterrupted power supply, high environmental temperatures and humidity, dust, inexperienced and poorly trained staff, and a variable supply of consumables (often of poor quality). To deal with this at a base level, one should be very careful in selecting culture media. It is recommended to look for products supported by the national reference laboratory that are being distributed by an in-country supplier. Correct storage is key, as is appropriate preparation and waste management. Centralized media acquisition has been advocated for LMICs, a role that can be taken up by the national reference laboratories, next to guidance and support of the local laboratories. In addition, there is an important role in tropicalization and customization of culture media formulations for private in vitro diagnostic manufacturers, who are often still unfamiliar with the LMIC market and the plethora of bacteriology products. IMPLICATION: The present narrative review will assist clinical microbiology laboratories in LMICs to establish best practices for handling culture media by defining quality, regulatory and research paths. ispartof: CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION vol:27 issue:10 pages:1400-1408 ispartof: location:England status: published

Many developers of digital Qur'an applications today still use tap to scrolling to run applications, although the features are interesting. This makes it less effective and efficient in opening the Qur'an. As is the case during the taklim assembly, some da'i are very interactive with jama'ah, asking to open certain surahs and verses so that there are some who have difficulty in searching. Therefore, the need for the Qur'anic application with voice command command to facilitate users. This research is the development of the Qur'an application with voice recognition feature. Using the waterfall method in development, voice command with google speech API as a voice command of surah and verse calling in the Qur'an application 30 juz. Conducted 10 randomized experiments with calls in the form of play or open surahs and certain verses give a 90% accuracy result. Commands can be given when online or offline. Then the use of google speech API can be very useful for use in the development of other applications. &nbsp, Banyak developer aplikasi Al-Qur’an digital saat ini masih menggunakan tap hingga scrolling untuk menjalankan aplikasi, meskipun fiturnya menarik. Hal itu menjadikan kurang efektif dan efisien dalam membuka Al-Qur’an. Seperti halnya saat majelis taklim, beberapa da’i sangat interaktif dengan jama’ah, meminta untuk membuka surah dan ayat tertentu sehingga ada beberapa yang kesulitan dalam mencari. Oleh karena itu perlunya aplikasi Al Qur’an dengan perintah voice command untuk memudahkan pengguna. Penelitian ini merupakan pengembangan aplikasi Al Qur’an dengan fitur voice recognition. Menggunakan metode waterfall dalam pengembangan, voice command dengan google speech API sebagai perintah suara pemanggilan surah dan ayat dalam aplikasi Al Qur’an 30 juz. Dilakukan 10 kali percobaan secara acak dengan pemanggilan berupa putar atau buka surah dan ayat tertentu memberikan hasil akurasi 90%. Perintah bisa diberikan ketika dalam keadaan online maupun offline. Maka penggunaan google speech API dapat sangat berguna untuk digunakan dalam pengembangan aplikasi lainnya.

Este artigo apresenta o processo de construção do novo acervo digital do Paulo Freire. O nome do educador é uma referência para a educação mundial, mais do que um método de alfabetização ele deixou um legado internacionalmente reconhecido. As plataformas digitais é outra forma disponível para o acesso à vida e à obra de Freire, como é o caso do repositório digital. Atualmente o repositório digital enfrenta diversos problemas como a dificuldade de localização de conteúdos por parte dos pesquisadores, interface pouco amigável e falhas de segurança, por conta da própria desatualização da ferramenta, entre outros. Desse modo, em parceria com o Instituto Paulo Freire, com vistas ao enfrentamento destes problemas, buscamos oferecer contribuições para ampliar o acesso à obra do educador Paulo Freire. Ao longo do tempo, várias atividades foram desenvolvidas, inicialmente foi realizada pesquisa para saber se seria feita uma atualização no sistema de gerenciamento do repositório já em uso, ou se seria implantado outro tipo de repositório, bem como exportações dos dados da versão antiga e importação para versão mais atualizada, elaboração de uma nova página de boas-vindas, bem como ferramentas de visualização que tem objetivo de promover uma melhor interação do usuário com os conteúdos do acervo assim como diversas tarefas necessárias para atualização ser efetivada com êxito. O lançamento do acervo digital foi promovido de forma on-line devido ao coronavírus, o COVID-19. O trabalho traz contribuições nas dimensões técnico-científica, de inovação e socioeconômica.

The international circulation of urban design concepts often leads to their characterization as transferable ideals defined by a set of universalized ‘best practices’ that are simply implemented in new localities, as is typical of top-down approaches to planning. Recently, the compact city and New Urbanism have become trendy concepts informing the development of urban projects across geographies. This research draws on ANT sensitivities and policy mobilities studies to examine the regeneration of Copenhagen’s Southern Harbour (Sydhavn) wherein the compact city and New Urbanism ideals, together with a declared inspiration from Dutch architecture, were originally incorporated in the masterplan. Through the analysis of documents and semi-structured interviews, the paper illustrates how these ideals – merged as 'New Compactism' – were mobilized and re-intepreted by local actors in Sydhavn. It thus adds to our understanding of how the circulation of such ideals is not a matter of implementation, but a complex social process of translation that entails struggle and transformation.

Aim. In academic writing, lack of coherence is thought to occur mostly due to the lack of necessary linguistic skills and knowledge in L2. Thus, the analysis of a written text is concerned with understanding the local relations among the ideas conveyed in a text. Concept. As is usually the case, students writing in a second language generally produce texts that contain varying degrees of grammatical and rhetorical errors. Most of the studies have been conducted with only one criterion for the analysis of coherence and they reported different results. Also, most of them have been conducted on a small scale in terms of the number of participants, and writing samples collected. Therefore, this study tries to investigate the coherence problems/errors of university students in their writing, if any, on a fairly large scale in light of the Cooperative principle and its maxims. Results and conclusion. The study revealed that the basic problem of the students in their essay writing was the way the text should be structured with reference to how cohesion and coherence are established. In the analysis of maxim violations, the violation of the Quality maxim was identified as making overgeneralisations or giving inadequate or no evidence/support for the claims/ideas. The violation of the Quality maxim indicates that students tend to do it due to their linguistic inadequacies.

Apart from “future-shaping” tools (such as forecasting, scenario planning, etc.), many countries also use “backward-looking” approaches to develop long-term strategies for switching to a new economic model. A retrospective assessment of accomplishments and failures (or policy learning, PL) helps learn lessons, and improve the effectiveness of innovation policy. Using the example of Iran, the paper examines the use of PL to assess key initiatives in the field of science, technology, and innovation over the past two decades. Field research allowed to identify the main policy goals, analyse their evolution and the changes in the perception of previously made decisions by politicians themselves. The active use of technical and conceptual PL indicates a relative progress in adjusting the policy vector. At the same time partisan policy learning remains common, applied to legitimise the current course, which indicates insufficient maturity of Iran’s political system (as is the case in many other developing countries). It is concluded that to make real progress and increase the effectiveness of innovation policy, technical, conceptual, and social PL should be applied, while keeping the use of partisan policy learning at the minimum.

There are so many students who feel uneasy in the implementation of learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, many of them complain that the continuity of learning at home is severely hampered because of the use of gadgets that can plunge them into playing online games. As we know, not only students among students at school, but many students also protest because they feel bored and do not enter the material taught by lecturers if explained through zoom meetings as is usually used in learning media, this makes various parties feel confused, is it actually the students who are lazy or the educators who can't master teaching skills? There must be a survey that proves accurately at each educational institution so that both parties feel benefited and can change for the better. The author conducted research into several educational institutions to find out how many students feel they care about themselves and their education, especially education that will be the bridge for their future, if they don't understand from the bottom it will be difficult. The research method that the author will do is by sharing a link containing a Questionnaire which will later get answers from various parties, such as students who are still in Elementary School, Junior High School, High School, and Students who are currently studying in Higher Education. , by not requiring them to mention the name of the school and the institution they are currently undergoing in order to maintain the good name of the school and related institutions. If this is not sufficient, then the author has a plan B, namely by interviewing several people around in order to obtain more accurate and honest results which are directly conveyed by the mouth of the informant.

The relationship between literature and journalism is regarded as ambiguous and conflicting. It would be necessary to underline the complementary nature of the two creative dimensions of human communication in order to assess the combination of creative resources available. By virtue of the exchange of stylistic and structural techniques and strategies produced at the crossroads of the two fields, it is essential to devote attention to the hybrid genres originated by such an encounter, as is the case with narrative reporting. Therefore, this study analyzes its connotative elements, reviewing the evolution of the leading classification theories of journalistic genres in the Spanish context from a comparative perspective.

Perkembangan perusahaan teknologi Smartphone yang semakin pesat dewasa ini sedikit banyaknya menimbulkan persaingan diantara perusahaan tersebut, sehingga menuntut para pengembang untuk menemukan strategi atau suatu pola yang dapat meningkatkan penjualan dan pemasaran produk, seperti halnya pada PT. Vivo Communication Indonesia cabang Pematangsiantar. Salah satu strateginya adalah memanfaatkan data transaksi dengan melakukan pengelompokkan untuk melihat produk mana yang lebih laku dipasaran dan mana yang tidak, agar dapat dilakukan evaluasi dalam perencanaan promosi produk Vivo selanjutnya. Metode pengelompokkan pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode Clustering K-Means. Metode K-Means adalah metode data mining yang mampu mengelompokkan beberapa data menjadi bagian-bagian tertentu. Pada makalah ini data penjualan yang telah diperoleh akan dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu penjualan rendah, penjualan sedang dan penjualan tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil Pengujian menggunakan metode K-Means terhadap data penjualan smartphone Vivo, diperoleh bahwa penjualan kelompok tertinggi hanya ada 1 data, yakni Vivo Y12 3+32GB. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode K-Means dapat diterapkan untuk melakukan pengelompokkan penjualan smartphone Vivo, karena sesuai dengan hasil penjualan yang sebenarnya

The aim of this study is to investigate the changes, uncertainties and differences experienced at everystage of education during the current pandemic process, teacher and student psychology and ways ofcoping with stress within the framework of the researched literature. Although it is an importantsituation for teachers and students to move forward by accepting the reality of the process we are in,every person in the world has their own responsibilities. In this study, document analysis which is aqualitative research method, was used. Education and training processes have a very important placein the current pandemic conditions. It is known that doing things that can be done from home duringthe pandemic is a good method to save lives. At this point, it was seen as inevitable that educationshould continue from home. All positive and negative situations experienced in this process areimportant on the psychology of teachers and students in education life. By using technology, gettingout of the usual situation and giving education as a teacher and trainer from home and gettingeducation as a student are among the most important factors that create stress. It is best to minimizethis stress level and to use the most appropriate methods of coping with stress and to turn thissituation into a positive one with the cooperation of teachers and students. In the process, thepsychological effects of distance education system on teacher and student have shown differences andsimilarities according to each level. Active participation of students in their lessons, providing a goodlearning environment and motivating teachers to their students will reduce the level of negative stressin the process in a psychological sense. At this level of stress, personal responsibility is moreimportant in the distance education system. This study examines the teacher and student psychologyrelated to the pandemic process and the scientific literature on coping with stress, and it is consideredimportant in terms of contributing to the field and guiding the researchers who will work in the field.

When planning is possible, as in predictive environments, comprehensive contracting is not only desirable, but also useful. However, under conditions of fundamental uncertainty, as is the case in non-predictive environments, incomplete contracting approaches likely prevail. In this study, we explore how trust in such environments affects the way in which venturing professionals negotiate, and how the outcome subsequently manifests itself in the negotiated agreement. In particular, building upon a sample of Norwegian firms, we find that stewardship relationships are more prone to incomplete contracting approaches than agency relationships, paving the way for a relational approach to contracting when uncertainty is high. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Due to the rising interest in healthy products, superfoods such as pomegranate have begun to spread widely on the international market in recent years. Identification of the consumer choice determinants is a key factor behind the success of innovative products. Nevertheless, to date, there has been no comprehensive analysis of consumers’ preferences for pomegranate. The aim of this study is to understand the characteristics of pomegranate and its derivatives that are most preferred by consumers and to identify the buyers’ profiles by performing a systematic review (SR). The results suggest that there is not equal interest in the literature in all areas of the review. Indeed, most efforts have been made in characterizing the products, whereas consumers’ profiles and their willingness to pay for the various products features have been scarcely investigated. The SR highlights that consumer preference is first correlated with taste and, in particular, with the sweetness (positively) and astringency (negatively) of the product. The red colour and uniform shape of the husk are attractive attributes for consumers, as is the juiciness of the arils. Some innovative methods of product storage, such as intermittent heating (for fruits) and the use of pectin methyl esterase (for arils), guarantee higher consumer acceptability due to the maintenance of product genuineness. Moreover, familiarity with the product seems to be the main driver influencing consumers’ purchase decisions; in addition, people who are more “future oriented” are more willing to pay for pomegranate because of the nutraceutical attributes stressed on the label.

In after-sales product support, both literature and practice have highlighted the advantages of paying for performance under performance-based contracts (PBC) over the more traditional transaction-based contracts (TBC) that tie supplier payments to each repair incident. Although PBC is believed to better align incentives in the supply chain when the supplier’s private effort is difficult to verify, emerging technologies can make the repair process more transparent, which can eliminate the supplier’s moral hazard problem. Meanwhile, fast growth of service outsourcing for established products makes information asymmetry with regards to product failure rates a new challenge for maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) operations. To analyze this changing environment, we build a stylized adverse selection model and explore which contract is more efficient in dealing with information asymmetry. We assume that equipment failure rates are only known by the customer, whose outside options are type dependent. The uninformed supplier has to design appropriate mechanisms to overcome the disadvantages of this information structure while maximizing profits. We show that the two contracts demonstrate different screening ability, and TBC may be preferred over PBC. Type-dependent outside options can lead to countervailing incentives, making PBC immune to information asymmetry and enabling it to achieve the first-best outcome. When the differential of outside options has a relatively stronger effect compared with the differential of failure rates, TBC can bring the supplier a higher ex ante payoff than PBC. Our paper brings to light a heretofore unknown advantage of TBC, and we demonstrate when these contracts are likely to be observed in the third-party MRO market. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management. Funding: This work was supported by the Fishman-Davidson Center at the Wharton School, Erasmus Research Institute of Management, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 71801228]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4606 .

Local wisdom in an architectural context is part of cultural heritage, passed down from generation to the next generation and gone through a long process of gaining community recognition as a reflection of the region's culture, also known as vernacular architecture. Vernacular architecture can be found in almost every region, as is the city of Medan. Medan city is famous for its culture, especially its Malay culture, formed by the Sultan of Deli's influence so that Malay Deli emerged. In its formation, aspects of the creation of vernacular architecture also influenced the development of Malay Deli, mainly traditional houses. These traditional houses is visible from one of its forming aspects in the form of technical aspects such as building structure systems. This study discusses the characteristic of system structure in the Malay Deli traditional house and aims to identify and examine these problems. This study adopted a qualitative descriptive method approach to collect and analyze data so that the results obtained in the form of technical aspects of the structure of vernacular building structures from traditional Malay. This study's findings are a reference source for traditional Malay houses' vernacular architecture, specifically Malay deli or design considerations.

Consensus mechanism plays an important role in blockchain. At present, mainstream consensus mechanisms include proof of work (PoW), proof of stake (PoS), and delegated proof of stake (DPoS). PoW, as is widely used in virtual currency, results in significant energy consumption; PoS and DPoS are proposed to reduce energy waste caused by PoW, but their disadvantage is that they tend to create Matthew Effect (ME): “the rich get richer.” In order to balance the discourse power of new nodes and elder ones, this paper proposes a flexible consensus mechanism called proof of engagement (PoE), based on the activity and contribution of network nodes. We analyze the incentive compatibility of PoE from the perspective of mechanism design. In our simulation experiments, we tested the profit changes under PoW, PoS, and PoE. The results illustrate it is easier for new nodes to accumulate their profits under PoE than under PoW or PoS, so as to reduce the negative impacts of ME.

This set of three case studies portrays a unique intervention undertaken at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in response to the COVID-19 pandemic with a goal to reduce the impact of absentee visitors during patient care on physicians, nurses, and the patient's loved ones. The intervention, known by the acronym TIMS, "This is My Story", involves a chaplain-initiated telephone call to a loved one, someone who has been identified by the patient as part of their care discussions, of hospitalized patients who have difficulty with communicating to the medical team. The call is recorded then edited for conciseness, and attached to the electronic health record for the entire medical care team to hear. The focus of the chaplain lead conversation with a loved one centers around gathering and presenting information about the patient as a person. Medical team members listen to the edited audio file either on rounds or by utilizing a hyperlink in the electronic health record (EHR). The audio file is two minutes or less in length, as this is the optimal size for comprehension without overburdening the care provider. While conducting the interview, there is an opportunity for chaplains to provide spiritual and emotional support to loved ones and medical staff, contributing substantively to patient care, as is illustrated in the case studies.

In the article, in connection with the introduction of amendments to the federal legislation, specific issues regarding the conducting of a psychological survey of citizens gun owners and candidates for gun ownership are considered. A battery of psychodiagnostic techniques that can be used in the course of a psychological examination (progressive matrices of J. Raven, a questionnaire of the Level of subjective control, and a method for diagnosing frustration tolerance from Rosenzweig, Minnesota Multidisciplinary Personality Questionnaire) is proposed and justified, as is an algorithm for conducting psychodiagnostic research. Furthermore, a proposal to include in the psychological examination, a psychological analysis of social networks (provided that the subject is a member of their group) has been made. The possible participation in the psychological survey gun owners and candidates for gun ownership psychologists of Rosgvardiya are justified and the specific form of their participation in the survey is indicated.

What contribution might social anthropology make to our understanding of the consequences of successive British governments’ attempts over the last two decades to widen participation in England’s universities? In this article I answer this question by examining a foundation year programme at a university in the nation’s former industrial heartland. Drawing on anthropological literature on rites of passage I analyse working-class participants’ experiences of this admission process. Its creators envisaged it as a rite that would seamlessly assimilate ‘diverse students’ into the university body, but I argue that it does not do so. Instead, as is to be expected from a rite, it marks participants. It thus prevents them from ever just being students in the eyes of themselves and their fellows.

Siza’s mastery in freehand drawing is well known, as is his ability to use the sketch to ideate new spaces. Perhaps what is less known is that for him neither drawing nor modelling, nor any other single design tool, including digital ones, is enough, as his methodology depends on the combination and integration of all of them. To watch a creative mind in action is fascinating, and it is not easy to disclose which is the precise role of each tool at a precise moment, but we know, as Siza says, that all these means are mutually supportive, and that architecture emerges from their interaction. To the observer they seem randomly used although they are not. As a matter of fact, it’s a complex process, where the main objective is the production of a qualified space for living, that is, architecture with a capital A. Models are only a piece of this mysterious puzzle. Indispensable, though.

open access article ver the years, the digitization of all aspects of life in modern societies is considered an acquired advantage. However, like the terrestrial world, the digital world is not perfect and many dangers and threats are present. In the present work, we conduct a systematic review of the methods of network detection and cyber attacks that can take place in critical infrastructure. As it is shown, the implementation of a system that learns from the system behavior (machine learning), on multiple levels and spots any diversity, is one of the most effective solutions.

Non-epistemic values pervade climate modelling, as is now well documented and widely discussed in the philosophy of climate science. Recently, Parker and Winsberg have drawn attention to what can be termed “epistemic inequality”: this is the risk that climate models might more accurately represent the future climates of the geographical regions prioritised by the values of the modellers. In this paper, we promote value management as a way of overcoming epistemic inequality. We argue that value management can be seriously considered as soon as the value-free ideal and inductive risk arguments commonly used to frame the discussions of value influence in climate science are replaced by alternative social accounts of objectivity. We consider objectivity in Longino's sense as well as strong objectivity in Harding's sense to be relevant options here, because they offer concrete proposals that can guide scientific practice in evaluating and designing so-called multi-model ensembles and, in fine, improve their capacity to quantify and express uncertainty in climate projections.

The aim of the article is to explain how the political forces in Moldova used the issue of fighting the COVID-19 pandemic to achieve their particular goals. The instrumentalization of the fight against the pandemic was particularly visible as an element of the political rivalry preceding the presidential election. The analysis of social data confirms that the pandemic situation has become another field of competition in the internal policy of the state, as is customary in Moldova during crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Problems of Post-Communism is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)