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Urban green spaces are considered the most important element for keeping the balance between good environmental conditions, infrastructure development, and social sustainability in cities. Nevertheless, urban green spaces are declining in developing countries due to the fast diffusion of different human activities, raising the potential risk of social injustice and urban ecology meltdown. This study brings the example of Shahdara Town, a suburban area of Lahore, the second largest city and one of the most populated ones in Pakistan. In Shahdara Town, the scarcity of urban green spaces seems to achieve an unequal distribution of restorative places within crowded residential areas. By coupling the vegetation spectral index NDVI and Lahore institutional data to detect green spaces, this study maps the urban green area distribution and compares it with the population settlement pattern. An analysis was made to assess possible spatial relationships between green areas distribution, population density, and the social–economic profile of the residents. The distribution and accessibility of green spaces resulted insufficient for Shahdara Town’s population, highlighting local issues from a social perspective. The imbalanced provision of green spaces for densely populated areas is a big challenge for urban planners and policymakers because it jeopardizes the city life-quality and local ecological justice. Only the effort of conducting a good spatial assessment during urban planning processes can lead to a balanced and equal distribution of urban green spaces in developing cities, ensuring social and ecological justice for the population.

Background/Objective: Glioblastomas are among the commonest primary brain cancers. This study aimed to assess the trend shift of high-grade glioma in our setting among the young and pediatric population. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study; it was carried out at the Department of Neurosurgery, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, between duration. All cases with suspected brain tumors, irrespective of age or gender were assessed for glioblastoma. Once a solid tumor was identified on imaging with consistent features of glioblastoma, a provisional diagnosis was established. After that, the patient underwent a brain biopsy. Patients' gender, demographics, clinical presentation, radiologic records, etc. were collected in a predefined proforma. Results: 22 patients were diagnosed with glioblastoma with a high frequency of patients between the age range of 20 to 30 years. The most common location of the tumor was subcortical near the midline. There was slight male predominance. 8 patients had levels of KPS at presentation < 70 and among those two were infants, four were in a vegetative state, and two had a loss of consciousness secondary to increased intracranial pressure. The recurrence rate among those who came back for follow-ups was 27.2%. Conclusion: Though it is a short study with short follow-up results were astonishing due to perhaps trend shift among Glioblastoma patients, a further detailed workup is needed in different dimensions especially molecular level and genetics to know exactly about the disease and the national registry should be carried and alarmed to identify the problem at once, counter effectively and make a future strategy.

Background: Body Mass Index is an important predictor of physical fitness that needs to be addressed in job-related work in physical therapy profession. Objectives: To determine the association of BMI with fitness Index among physical therapy students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional associational study. The Sample of 156 undergraduate students between the ages of 20 to 30 years was included. By using a convenient sampling technique, data was collected from Azra Naheed Medical College and the Institute of Child Health and Children Hospital Lahore after ethical approval on 30th January 2018 from Azra Naheed Medical College. Harvard Step Index was used for measuring Fitness Index and Body Mass Index was measured using height and weight. SPSS 22 version was used for the analysis of outcomes of interest. Results: In our study 85 (54.4%) females and 71 (45.51%) males students with mean age of 25.4+4.6 participated. In male physiotherapy students, 11 (17.18%) out of 64 were excellent in physical fitness, 12 (18.75%) were good, 4 (6.25%) were average, 4 (6.25%) were low average and 54 (57.44%) were poor. While in female physiotherapy students only 6 (6.59%) out of 91 were excellent, 18 (19.78%) were good, 5 (5.49%) above average, 2 (2.19%) were low average and 40 (43.95%) were poor. Regarding BMI and Fitness Index, 47 (30.12%) had poor, while 28 (17.94%) had good and 14 (8.94%) had excellent fitness level. Conclusion: The study concluded that Physical therapy students were not having good fitness level. The male students were found fit compared to females, but they were also not to optimum required level of fitness. P value calculated through chi square test was 0.00 showed BMI and physical fitness was associated to each other.

Objective: To evaluate success rate of the endoscopic third Ventriculostomy (ETV) in non-communicating type of hydrocephalus in pediatric age group. Material and Methods: This study was carried in the department of neurosurgery at Liaquat university hospital, Jamshoro in which an endoscopic third Ventriculostomy procedure was performed in patients (n = 55) with non-communicating hydrocephalus from October 2016 to April 2017. Post-operative follow-up was done on the 15th day post-operative to assess clinical and radiological improvement. Results: 55 patients were included in this study, 26 (47.27%) males and 29 (52.73%) females. The mean age was 3.96 years. The most common etiology was aqueductal stenosis 28 (50.90%) patients followed by posterior fossa tumors in 18 (32.72%) patients. The operative technique was successful in 41 (74.55%) patients. Out of 41 successful patients, 34 (82.92%) patients had clinical as well as radiological improvement whereas 7 (17.07%) patients had clinical improvement only. Conclusion: The success rate of ETV was 74.55% in the non-communicating hydrocephalus in the pediatric age group in our study. Endoscopic third Ventriculostomy is an effective treatment for non-Communicating hydrocephalus in pediatric age groups by diversion of CSF intracranially. This procedure provides shunt freedom and can be used alternative to shunts in pediatric age groups with non-communicating hydrocephalus.

Аim. We analyze land use/land cover in the city of Mandi Bahauddin, Punjab, Pakistan in the period from 1996 to 2016. Methodology. Spatiotemporal aspects of land-use/land-cover changes in the city of Mandi Bahauddin are analyzed. Landsat satellite imageries of 3 different periods (1990, 2000 and 2016) are obtained from the Global Land Cover Facility site (GLCF) and Earth Explorer site to compute the changes in the land use and land cover (LULC) from 1990 to 2016. To classify different categories, a false-color composite is prepared by combining all bands of downloaded images. The false-color composite is prepared through layer stacking, and supervised classification is used to determine a change in residential land use in Mandi Bahauddin by ERDAS Imagine 10.2. The imageries of the area under study are categorized into three classes: agriculture land, barren land and built-up area. Results. The results of this study indicate that the size of the built-up area and barren land increased by 30% and 58%, respectively, and the size of the agricultural land decreased by 88%. Research implications. The land-use/land-cover changes have a great theoretical and practice interest for sustainability of environment and society. It is found that changes are mainly detected in the Mandi Bahauddin city where the population has rapidly increased. The results of investigation have demonstrated the land-use/land-cover changes and shifts from agriculture land to urban settlement. Urbanization is the major cause of land use change in the period from 1996 to 2016 according to the results of the study.

Slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) was effectively treated in sequential anaerobic and aerobic granular intermittent sequencing batch reactors (ASBR+ISBR) for 665 days at different HRTs (48 h, 32 h, 24 h, and 12 h). The ASBR was stable at each HRT but performed relatively well at 12 h (OLR - 7.8-9.8 kg COD/m

A strong need exists to increase the knowledge and recognize the values of neighborhood services. This paper makes an attempt to examine the impact of neighborhood services on land values, through analysis based on results obtained from multi linear regression analysis. This case study was done in area of dense urban settlement to check the consequence of neighborhood services through the hedonic pricing model base variables which include the structural, locational, community and neighborhood services. The regression coefficient was checked at (p 2 (0.856) and coefficient tables to represent the effect of each individual variable on property and land values. Every individual variable play role in defining the values of land and property based upon its utilization such as larger the structure of a property, more the covered area, larger size of a property more the land area higher price. Similarly, for locational factor study in geography, a piece of land adjacent to the road have high land values 50–70% compare to those located at distance. Very less attention has been paid on such issues in the world due to lack of effective urban planning and research on such crucial issues. If empirical studies on such issue has been done, effective way can be obtained for urban planning.

Background:Rosai Dorfman disease is a benign lymphohistiocytosis that often involves lymph nodes and present as massive painless lymphadenopathy with sinus histiocytosis. Usually systemic involvement and with rare intracranial and extremely rarely intracranial involvement without the involvement of lymphadenopathy. Case Presentation:We presented a case of 60 years old female with seizures and left side weakness and no lymphadenopathy. The MRI revealed contrasting right frontal homogenously enhancing convexity mass. Management & Results:The patient was kept on antiepileptic medications but soon presented with fits and slight expansion in frontal mass. Surgery was performed (right frontal craniotomy), the mass was surgically resected and biopsy indicated Rosai Dorfman disease. Conclusion: By now only 7 of such cases are reported and prognosis of the disease is not poor if surgically treated however other measures including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, steroids are not very effective for treating the disease. And due to the rarity of disease suspicion of such disease should always be kept as a key differential in homogenously enhancing lesions with dural involvement with or without lymphadenopathy. Link: http://aeirc-edu.com/ojs14/index.php/IJEHSR/article/view/91/540

Low strength domestic sewage was treated in an Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor. The first phase was focused on the enhancement of denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs) for the concurrent removal of nitrogen and phosphate. 16S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of Flavobacterium spp. and Pseudomonasalcaligenes spp. which are dominant DPAOs. The second phase was the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) enrichment phase, and it exhibited much higher chemical oxygen demand (87%) and nitrogen removal (90%) as compared to the first phase. However, it had failed to remove the phosphate from the system. In case of anammox, the dominant specie detected was Candidatus Brocadia, along with minor counts of Candidatus Jettenia and Anammoxoglobus Propionicus. Apart from that, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosomonas nitrosa) and methanogens (Methanosaeta, Methanobacterium) were also detected in the system. This study showed the feasibility of anammox species over DPAOs in treating domestic sewage.

Background:With recent development in imaging and bone fixation technology, the orbital fracture is now considered an emerging reconstruction technique for the fixation of even the most severe injuries. This study aims to explore the success rate of functional recovery through different orbital approaches in orbital fractures and reconstruction in patients having craniofacial injuries with clinical and neurological deficits. Methodology:This observational study was conducted from 2016 to 2018, at the Department of Neurosurgery, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS). A total number of 30 patients were enrolled through consecutive sampling. The patients with any clinical and neurological deficit were included in this study, while the patients with craniofacial fractures with comorbidities were excluded. The evaluation of clinical and neurological deficits in the admitted patients was noted pre-operatively and re-assessment of the same deficit postoperatively was done during the tenure of 1-6 months. All orbital floor fractures were approached via a sub-ciliary or transconjunctival incision with a supraciliary approach used for all supra orbital injuries. The reconstruction of the fracture was done within 5 to 10 days of admission. Results:A total of 30 patients underwent surgery for the repair of an orbital floor fracture. The mean age observed was 32.09±10.36 years. The patient age range was 20-50 years. Among the patients 22 (73.3.0%) were male and 8(26.7%) patients were female. The improvement of symptoms observed after surgical intervention includes sub-ciliary approach that resides the recovery of diplopia (95%), paraesthesia (75%), enophthalmos (100%) and vertical Dystopia (100%). On the other hand, trans-conjuctival approach resides in the recovery of diplopia (95%), paraesthesia (100%), enophthalmos (100%) and vertical Dystopia (100%). Conclusion:It is concluded that the surgical treatment of orbital fracture shows promising results in the recovery of neurological deficit among patients with crani-o-facial injuries. Moreover, the trans-conjuctival approach holds much promising results in the improvement of infra-orbital para-aesthesia (100%) as compared to the sub-ciliary approach (75%). Link:http://aeirc-edu.com/ojs14/index.php/IJEHSR/article/view/380/686

Muscle energy technique (MET) is used by many professions which are relevant to manual therapy. Bountiful objectives of this technique which are claimed to be efficacious are such as lengthening of contracted or shortened muscle, strengthening of weakened muscles and increasing the joint range of motion (ROM). Although research and clinical experience have shown that treatment of Hamstring flexibility is important, there is no widely acceptable form of treatment that is agreed upon to successfully improve the flexibility of hamstrings which may indirectly affect the back region. Post-isometric muscle relaxation and static stretch with stabilizing exercises led to increase in flexibility of hamstring and trunk forward bend in healthy people. Common disorder is low back pain that involves the muscles, nerves or bone of back. Pain may be of three types depending upon duration of pain that is acute, subacute or chronic. Muscle energy techniques and static passive stretching, both were effective in improving the hamstring flexibility and had better effect on improving hamstring flexibility in patients of non-specific low back pain. The use of METs and Static stretching Exercise for the improvement in health-related quality of life, pain and Range of Motion can be a useful approach. Keywords: Muscle energy techniques, routine exercises, Muscle Energy Techniques, low back pain, Pain, Quality of Life , Hamstring flexibility

The performance of a column-type anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) with a high height-to-diameter (H/D) ratio of 10 was evaluated while treating slaughterhouse wastewater. The react...

Background:Delayed in achieving milestones is a rare but still devastating effect with a vast amount of etiologies resides in it. At least 89% of patients with development delay showed additional clinical features. One of the best techniques used to investigate such patients is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI helps in the early diagnosis of children's delayed milestones that helps for parental counselling and identifies any recurrence risk in patients’ siblings. The study aims to identify the incidental pathologies on MRI in patients with developmental delay. Methodology:It is a cross-sectional study of MRI that includes 22 patients diagnosed with additional clinical features associated with developmental delay. All the patients enrolled in the study were recruited from Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro and Hyderabad, developing decay for six months from January 2019 to June 2019. History and clinical examination with MRI of the included study participants were made on GE 1.5 Tesla with appropriate sequence after sedation. Various anatomical structures like ventricles, corpus Collosum etc., were further examined systematically. Results:A total of 22 patients were enrolled in the study, including 11 male and 11 female. MRI findings suggest that most of the presentations, i.e. 45.5% in the study, were around 2-5 years. Furthermore, mostly founded incidental pathologies were atrophic brain (13.6%), enlarged arachnoid Space (13.6%) and Sinusitis (13.6%). Besides this, Canavan Disease and sigmoid sinus thrombosis were found together. MRI scans suggest that sinusitis usually involved mastoid antrum most often and, in some cases, it is found together with a subdural hematoma and mucosal enlargement. Conclusion:In conclusion, MRI findings in delayed milestones patient's show atrophic brain (13.6%), enlarged arachnoid spaces (13.6%) and sinusitis (13.6%). All these are not uncommon pathologies that can be the inductive factor for the pathogenesis of delayed milestone brains. This suggests that further cross-sectional studies are required to develop the findings associated with clinical features regarding incidental pathologies in developmental delay in pediatric patients. Link:http://aeirc-edu.com/ojs14/index.php/IJEHSR/article/view/278/654

Background: Hamstring tightness or decreased flexibility is a predisposing cause for the hamstring strain, lumbar spine disorders, and low back pain.. Objective: To determine whether muscle energy technique or static-passive stretch is the better treatment for increasing hamstring flexibility in patients suffering from nonspecific chronic low back pain. Materials and methods: It were a quasi-experimental study which completed in 4 months from November 2016 to February 2017. A total of 60 subjects of chronic nonspecific low back pain who fulfilled inclusion criteria were selected from different hospital settings of Lahore through convenient sampling and allocated into Group A and Group B. After pre-testing through active knee extension test, subjects in Group A were given muscle energy technique along with conventional physiotherapy and subjects in Group B were given static passive stretching along with conventional physiotherapy treatment. Post-test measurements were taken after 4 weeks. The treatment of five sessions a week, for a total of four weeks, was given to both groups. Improvement in hamstring flexibility was measured through active knee extension test. Results: SPSS version 20 was used for analysis. Within groups analysis showed that mean popliteal angle of Group A in pretest measurements was 146.03±12.92 and in posttest measurements was 158.70±9.87 (p Mean of difference of pretest-posttest popliteal angle measurement in Group A was 12.67±6.53 and in Group B was 8.37±3.85 (P=0.003) showing that there was statistically significant difference between improvement of both groups and interventions of Group A (METs) are better in improving hamstring flexibility as compared to interventions in group B (static passive stretch) Conclusion: Muscle energy techniques and static passive stretching, both were effective in improving the hamstring flexibility but muscle energy techniques were found to have better effect as compared to static passive stretching in improving hamstring flexibility in patients with non-specific low back pain Keywords: Muscle energy techniques, passive static stretching, popliteal angle, hamstring flexibility, low back pain, active knee extension test

Background: Hamstring tightness or decreased flexibility is a predisposing cause for the hamstring strain, lumbar spine disorders, and low back pain.. Objective: To determine whether muscle energy technique or static-passive stretch is the better treatment for increasing hamstring flexibility in patients suffering from nonspecific chronic low back pain. Materials and methods: It were a quasi-experimental study which completed in 4 months from November 2016 to February 2017. A total of 60 subjects of chronic nonspecific low back pain who fulfilled inclusion criteria were selected from different hospital settings of Lahore through convenient sampling and allocated into Group A and Group B. After pre-testing through active knee extension test, subjects in Group A were given muscle energy technique along with conventional physiotherapy and subjects in Group B were given static passive stretching along with conventional physiotherapy treatment. Post-test measurements were taken after 4 weeks. The treatment of five sessions a week, for a total of four weeks, was given to both groups. Improvement in hamstring flexibility was measured through active knee extension test. Results: SPSS version 20 was used for analysis. Within groups analysis showed that mean popliteal angle of Group A in pretest measurements was 146.03±12.92 and in posttest measurements was 158.70±9.87 (p Mean of difference of pretest-posttest popliteal angle measurement in Group A was 12.67±6.53 and in Group B was 8.37±3.85 (P=0.003) showing that there was statistically significant difference between improvement of both groups and interventions of Group A (METs) are better in improving hamstring flexibility as compared to interventions in group B (static passive stretch) Conclusion: Muscle energy techniques and static passive stretching, both were effective in improving the hamstring flexibility but muscle energy techniques were found to have better effect as compared to static passive stretching in improving hamstring flexibility in patients with non-specific low back pain Keywords: Muscle energy techniques, passive static stretching, popliteal angle, hamstring flexibility, low back pain, active knee extension test

In this paper, two novel waveguides with ELC like-shaped and Z-shaped grooves have been proposed to achieve highly efficient and strongly confined spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) propagation. Low-dispersion bands can be realized by such structures with tight field confinement of SSPPs, resulting in size miniaturization of the proposed waveguides. Specifically, our method yields deep physical insight into the effect that the geometrically induced modifications of the supporting structure has on the dispersion properties and field confinement capabilities of SSPPs. In comparison, SSPP waveguide results presented in Aziz (2021 Results Opt. 5 100116) are given which is regarded to have stronger SSPPs field confinement as compared to previously reported different grooves shapes based SSPP waveguides. It is found that the dispersion and waveguide propagation characteristics can be directly manipulated by varying the geometrical parameters of the horizontal and slanted slits of Z-shaped and ELC-like shaped plasmonic waveguides without increasing the lateral dimension of the waveguides. Based on this waveguiding scheme, the proposed waveguides exhibit much lower asymptotic frequency of the dispersion relation and even tighter SSPPs field confinement than I-shaped plasmonic waveguide. Then, broadband transitions with a tapered metallic strip and an array of graded height ELC-like and Z-shaped units with good impedance matching and high mode conversion efficiency are designed. Fully controlled field enhancement functionality has been performed, by using such metamaterial particles in the form of grooves, decorated in SSPP waveguide. Simulated results have demonstrated that the proposed SSPP waveguides have much stronger field confinement than the highly efficient I-shaped grooves based SSPP waveguide. The proposed waveguides can be a significant contribution towards the advancement of plasmonic functional devices and integrated circuits in microwave frequencies.

Antibiotics are considered emerging contaminants that may cause substantial detrimental effects on the environment. The severe threat is the development of antibiotic resistance due to its frequent consumption. This review presents the feasibility of anaerobic digestion (AD) in eliminating antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) from the environment. This review concludes that anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) is the most productive technology for antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, clarithromycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, cefalexin, cephradine) and ARGs removal (sul1, sul2, tetO, tetW, ermF, ermB, blaNDM-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaoxa-48, blaoxa-1). Inhibition to AD in terms of biogas or methane production upon antibiotics exposure has been observed for sulfamethoxazole (>25 mg/l), tetracycline (>1 mg/l), ofloxacin (>10 mg/l), ciprofloxacin (>80 mg/l), sulfamerazine (>90 mg/l), tylosin (>130 mg/l) and ceftiofur (>10 mg/l). This review also fortifies those microorganisms belonging to phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Thermotogae, Euryarchaeota, Elusmicrobia, Chlorobi, Spirochaetes, Synergistetes, and Actinobacteria are important for stable performance of AD in terms of antibiotics removal and bioenergy production. However, the effects of antibiotics (individual and combined) on bioenergy production and microbial compositions have not been extensively investigated for AnMBR. Thus, further research must focus on these research gaps. In addition, AnMBR can be integrated with microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to enhance antibiotics and ARGs removal and mitigate membrane fouling issues while simultaneously producing bioelectricity and chemicals. Hence, future studies must examine their combined performance for antibiotic wastewater treatment. Additionally, mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digesters are exceptional in eliminating major ARGs (tetracyclines, sulfonamides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, beta-lactamase, aminoglycosides, florfenicol) from both biosolids (sludge) and manure. Nevertheless, forthcoming research must investigate their combined performance especially by using activated carbon and nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) in eliminating ARGs and enhancing bioenergy production.

INTRODUCTION: Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer in the world with the highest recurrence rate of all malignancies. Cystoscopy, cytology and biopsy are the main diagnostic tests. Many recent studies have found that diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) on MRI can be a useful test in assessing the severity of bladder cancer with significantly strong compliance with the histopathological diagnosis of cystoscopic biopsy. Therefore, DWI can be used for preoperative diagnosis of cancer stage, and therefore can help in the proper planning of treatment. Although controversy has emerged in current literature, this study did not require publication at local level. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of agreement between DW1 and histopathology for ‘T’ staging of urinary bladder cancers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted at CMH Lahore from July 2018 to July 2019; included 100 patients aged 20 to 70 years diagnosed with bladder cancer. DWI MR was made for T-Staging. Histopathology of cystoscopic biopsy has been recognized as the gold standard. " RESULTS: The age of the patients ranged from 35 to 70 years, and the average was 57.56 ± 9.79 years. The study group included 82 (82.0%) men and 18 (18.0%) women. The male to female ratio was 4.6: 1. ADC values ranged from 0.60 × 10–3 mm2 / s to 1.50 × 10–. On average 1.07 ± 0.28 × 10-3 mm2 / s at 3 mm2 / s. MRI diagnosis included stages T1, T2, T3 and T4 in 57 (57.0%), 22 (22.0%), 15 (15.0%) and 6 (6.0%) patients, while the true diagnosis in histopathology was T1, T2. T3 and stage T4 in 58 (58.0%), 21 (21.0%), 15 (15.0%) and 6 (6.0%) patients. The frequency of agreement between DWI and T on MRI was 80.0%. There was a significant correlation between DWI and T staging in MR in histopathology (kappa = 0.665, p CONCLUSION: The frequency of agreement between DWI and T MRI bladder cancer stage was 80.0%. There was a significant correlation between DWI and T staging in MR in histopathology (kappa = 0.665, p KEYWORDS: bladder cancer, T-grade assessment, diffusion-weighted images, magnetic resonance imaging, cystoscopic biopsy, compliance.

Introduction: Lung consolidation is the area of fluid-filled lung tissue and can occurs due to cancer, pneumonia and pulmonary hemorrhage. Uncomplicated cases of consolidation due to pneumonia have a good prognosis and can be properly diagnosed using Lungs ultrasound (LUS) and chest radiography (CXR). LUS has the advantage of a bedside technique and does not pose a radiation hazard. Aim: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of chest ultrasound (LUS) in detecting lung consolidation by adopting computed tomography (CT) as the gold standard. Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at CMH Lahore between January 16, 2017 and January 15, 2018. LUS was done in patients who met the criteria of inclusion. Later, patients were planned for CT by a senior IT technician and interpreted by one senior radiologist. The results are recorded and compared. Results: The average age of patients was 42.34 ± 15.98. The LUS diagnostic accuracy was 98.26% with sensitivity 97.37% & specificity 97.75% respectively taking CT scan as gold standard. Conclusion: LUS is a useful tool for detecting lung consolidation, has high sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy and can replace chest radiographs. Keywords: CXR, ultrasound, computed tomography, lung consolidation

Aerobic Granulation Technology for treatment of wastewater is developed in last two decades. Aerobic Granules are special type of self-immobilization of microorganisms, without any surface medium for growth of microbial film. They have compact cores and have high diffusional confrontations to external particles and, hence have high acceptance of the toxic compounds to their integral cells. Most aerobic granules are large and have a compact core, and so are recommended for use in the biological treatment of high-strength industrial wastewaters. This technology requires small foot print, 25% of the area of conventional activated sludge setup and this process can reduce up to 50% on energy-costs. This paper reviews on start-ups, advances in aerobic granulation technology from laboratory studies to pilot scale and to its full-scale application for treatment of different types of domestic and industrial wastewater. Gaps in knowledge and new ideas for future work of aerobic granulation technology are also being discussed.

The behavior of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at a planar non-integer dimensional dielectric-metal interface has been studied for the first time. The dimension of the interface is shown to have a strong effect on the behavior of SPPs. Dimensions of both the half spaces are different from each other which can be used to distinguish between them besides their different wavenumbers. Lossless dielectric medium has non-integer dimensions while metal has integer dimension. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) only exist for p-polarization and no surface modes exist for s-polarization because the partnering non-integer dimensional dielectric material is homogeneous (Polo and Lakhtakia, 2011). Two methods are used in order to verify the proposed idea. First method is named as so-called indirect method, by using this method, it has been observed that SPP waves are excited only at one incident angle [θi=54.87°] for p-polarized incidence. It has been investigated that the behavior of SPPs changes with change in order of non-integer dimension. The absorption of SPPs increases by decreasing dimensionality for p-polarization at the excitation angle. Second method is named as so-called direct method, according to this method, by solving the presented idea directly using SPP waves fields expressions in NID space, it is conceived that SPPs with same polarization state, but with different phase speeds, attenuation rates, along with propagation lengths can be directed by such interface which incorporates metal and a non-integer dimensional dielectric medium. The results achieved by both methods (so-called indirect and direct methods) complement each other tremendously, validating the efficiency of our proposed concept regarding propagation of SPP waves at a planar non-integer dimensional dielectric-metal interface. Furthermore, the effect of relative permittivity of non-integer dimensional dielectric medium on SPPs is also discussed. The conventional results for integer dimensional space can be recovered as a special case. Keywords: Surface plasmon-polariton waves, Non-integer dimensional dielectric medium, Metal, P-polarization, Non-integer dimensional (NID) space

Introduction: DWI MRI is useful in assessing anal fistulas because it allows detecting small and multiple tracks simultaneously and assessing their degree of inflammation and can be used for monitoring. Aim: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the diffusion-weighted image for the diagnosis of perianal fistula, taking the surgical results as the gold standard. Study design: Descriptive, cross-sectional. Study time: From August 30, 2017 to February 29, 2018. Location: Department of Radiology, United Military Hospital, Lahore Materials and methods: The study included 218 patients aged 20 to 60 years with symptoms of rectal fistula. Patients with recurrent fistula who were unable to perform MRI were excluded from the study. DW-MRI was performed in all patients and a rectal fistula was sought. DW-MRI results correlated with surgical results. Results: The mean age was 46.51 ± 9.82 years. Of these 218 patients, 132 (60.55%) were male, 86 (39.45%) were 2.5: 1 women, DW-MRI positive, true positive were 123 cases and false positive were 12. Of the 83 DW-MRI negative patients, false negative cases were 10 and true negative cases were 73. Overall specificity, sensitivity, positive, negative predictive value, predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of diffusion weighted imaging for the diagnosis of perianal fistula taking surgical findings as gold standard was 92.48%, 85.88%, 91.11%, 87.95% and 89.91% respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that DW-MRI is a very sensitive and precise method of preoperative detection of perianal fistula. Key words: perianal fistula, weighted diffusion image, non-invasive, sensitivity.

Due to the abilities of remarkable field confinements and enhancements, plasmonic surfaces supporting spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are important artificial structures with many potential applications. In this paper, we propose analytical derivation to the dispersion formulation of metallic surface with complicated subwavelength decorations using a field-network joint solution, which offers a new scheme to obtain the dispersion relations of plasmonic surfaces. Based on the proposed method, we could predict not only the dispersion relationship between the frequency and wavenumber but also the approximate near-field distribution on the plasmonic surface rapidly and accurately. As an example, we analyze a series of complex-decorated metallic plasmonic surfaces, with comparisons to the full-wave simulation and experiment. The analytical, numerical, and experimental results show that these plasmonic surfaces support electromagnetic surface modes that are similar to the SPPs at the optical frequency. Meanwhile, the calculated dispersion curve and field form have great matching to the simulation and measured results.