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AbstractMigration is a phenomenon common to all countries and reverse migration is reflective of migration from urban to rural areas. It is a phenomenon that gradually increases and could have consequences in the society. The purpose of this study is to investigate environmental, physical, economic, and social causes and consequences of reverse migration to rural areas of Buin and Miandasht. This research is descriptive-analytical in which the data were collected using the library-field method. From the 5 rural districts of this county, 5 villages that had the most reverse migrant households were selected. Then, a sample of 290 reverse migrants was determined and questioned using the Cochran method. According to descriptive data, environmental-physical aspects with a mean of 40.14 have been the most important factors of migration. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis and the path coefficient of the main causes show a 40% influence of social causes, 41.7% of economic causes, and 48.2% of physical-environmental causes on reverse migration. The results of the independent t-test for all variables (i.e. positive and negative consequences of reverse migration) also showed that the average negative effects are physical (29.86%), economic (14.09%), and social (20.90%). The average positive effects are physical (14.38%), economic (24.68%), and social (30.13%). In examining the results, the change in natural landscapes with an average of 3.96 had the greatest environmental-physical impact. The improvement of educational indicators with an average of 3.44 had the greatest social impact and increasing land and housing price with an average of 3.45 had the greatest economic impact.Keywords: migration, Reverse Migration, Migration Causes and Consequences, Rural Areas, Buin and Miandasht. Introduction Migration and population movements show the subtleties of human life. Migration is a common phenomenon in all countries and reverse migration represents migration from city to village. In fact, today, two-way migration is usually more evident; albeit at a slower step, movement from villages to cities and migration from cities to villages still exists. In fact, the sharing of migrants to the villages has taken on a reverse trend in some regions and the villages are moving towards ‘accepting migrants’ and especially the migration of city dwellers to the villages or "reverse migration". Therefore, this study investigates the causes and consequences of this type of migration in rural areas of Buin and Miandasht County and also analyzes the probable differences between different villages. Materials and MethodsThe present study is survey in nature using the descriptive-analytical method. The library and field methods are used to collect the data. The statistical population includes reverse and return migrants to the rural areas of Bouin and Miandasht. According to the topic, firstly, 5 villages named Qara Boltaq, Qaim Abad, Boltaq, Betlijeh, and Dashkasan were selected among five rural districts by the cluster sampling method. Then, 290 people from migrant households were selected based on Cochran's formula by simple random sampling, and a questionnaire was completed by the participants. The normality of the data was confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Factor analysis, t-test, Friedman, and analysis of variance tests have also been used to check the indicators. Research FindingsThe obtained results showed that environmental-physical factors are the most important causes of migration. In this context, the highest mean of environmental-physical aspects belongs to the components of pollution in the urban environment (lack of healthy weather and natural landscapes and the absence of pollution in the village). The highest mean of the economic dimension belongs to the appropriate price of land and housing and the low cost of living in the village. In the social dimension, the components of kinship relations, sense of place belonging, social security, and retirement have had the highest mean. The results of the structural equations model of factor analysis showed that 40% of social causes, 41.7% of economic causes, and 48.2% of physical-environmental causes are the main causes of reverse migration. Descriptive findings also confirm physical-environmental causes with an average of 40.14 as the most important factor. Examining the mean of positive and negative consequences also shows that the averages of negative physical, economic, and social effects are 29.86, 14.09, and 20.90, respectively. The average positive effects of physical, economic, and social factors are 14.38, 24.68, and 13.30, respectively. Therefore, the highest averages are linked to negative physical and positive social effects, respectively. The results of variance analysis to compare different factors affecting reverse migration showed that there is a significant difference between the villages of Qara Botlaq and Qaim Abad in terms of physical factors, and there is no difference between different villages and also between different factors. There is no significant difference in positive environmental-physical and economic effects among villages, but there is a difference in social effects among villages. There is a significant difference between the negative physical-environmental effects in the villages of Qara Boltaq and Dashkasan. There is a significant difference between the social effects of the two villages of Boltaq and Dashksan, Boltaq and Qaimabad, but the negative economic effects do not have a significant difference. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsRegarding the age group (both young and old), the results clearly show the need for providing jobs and housing, on the one hand, and special services on the other hand. Regarding the activity status, since the highest percentage is assigned to retired people, it shows the effect of the age of the population in the region in the future. The return time of more than 66% of people has been in the last 5 years and shows an increasing trend in the coming years. The satisfaction of about 80% of people on the average level of moving to the village can be seen from the numbers. Generally, suitable planning and considering the new conditions are necessary for the villages. Based on the descriptive findings, the government's support has the lowest average for the rural economy, and local management needs more attention to this issue. According to the path coefficient results, the main causes of reverse migration are physical-environmental causes. Due to regional differences and natural characteristics, and the problems of cities and metropolises that are the origin of reverse migration, this result has been different from other studies. Regarding the positive and negative consequences, the highest averages are related to negative physical and positive social effects, respectively, and these results are consistent with other studies. Another important point is that the causes of migration are almost the same at the city level and there is no noticeable difference in location. Also, there is no significant difference in positive environmental and economic effects among villages, but there are differences in social effects between villages. In other words, the social differences are more visible resulting from the arrival of immigrants in the mentioned rural areas. ReferencesPersian References- Afarakhteh, H., Manafi Azar, R., & Valaei, M. (2016). Spatial effects of return migration in Miandoab County. 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AbstractProblem Definition: In recent decades, the catastrophic increase in environmental degradation in its various dimensions has been considered by the international community. In the context of these environmental disorders, many inappropriate behaviors that are the result of ignorance and lack of environmental knowledge should not be ignored and rural areas can have a double impact in this regard due to their closer relationship with the environment.Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the level of environmental knowledge and awareness of the villagers in the rural area of Choghakhor.Methodology: This research is applied and descriptive-analytical (based on survey) in terms of type and method, respectively. The statistical population includes villagers in the Choghakhor area of Boroujen County. Accordingly, 251 samples from 2065 households were selected by random sampling and questioned.Results: The results of the study show that the average score of environmental knowledge in the sample group is 140.27 which is higher than the cut-off score; therefore, the level of villagers’ environmental awareness and knowledge is above average. The results of the chi-square test and ETA correlation coefficient show that there is a positive and moderate relationship between gender and marital status with the level of awareness and environmental knowledge. For the variables of age and education, according to the value of Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient -0.179 and 0.401, this relationship is negative-weak and positive-average, respectively. But, there is no relationship between the level of environmental awareness and knowledge and the villagers’ employment status or occupation. Conversely, this relationship exists weakly for the income variable. The results of one-way analysis of variance with the F value (1.248) are not significant and this shows that the spatial difference is not significant with respect to environmental awareness and knowledge.Innovation: The innovation of research lies in the application of indicators appropriate to local conditions, type of tests, and research location. Keywords: Village, Sustainable Rural Development, Environmental Awareness and Knowledge, Choghakhor Area. References- Abdul-Halim, N. S., Ruslan, N. S., Idris, N. S. U., & Nawawi, S. A. (2021). Knowledge, attitude and practice of environmental sustainability among Sustainable Science students in Universiti Malaysia Kelantan. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 842, No. 1, p. 012048). IOP Publishing.- Ahmadian, D., & Haghighatian, M. (2016). Sociological analysis of the role of cultural factors on urban environmental behaviors studied (citizens of Kermanshah). 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Influence of Environmental Knowledge and Attitude on Employee Green Behaviour. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(6), 937–946.- Dehkhoda, A. A. (1994). Dictionary of Dehkhoda. Tehran: University of Tehran (in Persian).- Fazeli, M., & Salehi, J. (2014). The gap between tourists' attitudes, knowledge and environmental behavior. Journal of Tourism Management Studies, 22, 161-137 (in Persian).- Frick, J., Kaiser, F. G., & Wilson, M. (2004). Environmental knowledge and conservation behavior: Exploring prevalence and structure in a representative sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(8), 1597-1613.- Geiger, S. M., Geiger, M., & Wilhelm, O. (2019). Environment-specific vs. general knowledge and their role in pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 718.- Sareban, V. H., & Toutakhane, A. M. (2019). Modeling the environmental knowledge of local communities in tourist villages case study: touristic road of Qaleh Chaei, Ajabshir County. Journal of Rural Development Strategies, 6(1).- Khoshfar, G., Salehi, S., Vesal, Z., & Abaszade, M. R. (2015). Evaluate the Social factors affecting environmental awareness of villagers (Case study: The Village-city of Jagharq in Binalud county). Journal of Rural Research, 6(1), 137-158 (in Persian).- Lin, S. T., & Niu, H. J. (2018). Green consumption: Environmental knowledge, environmental consciousness, social norms, and purchasing behavior. Journal of Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(8), 1679-1688.- Liu, P., Teng, M., & Han, C. (2020). How does environmental knowledge translate into pro-environmental behaviors?: The mediating role of environmental attitudes and behavioral intentions. Journal of Science of the Total Environment, 126-138.- Makhdoom, M. (1996). Sustainable Development. Journal of Jihad, 194, 3-10 (in Persian).- McBride, B. B., Brewer, C. A., Berkowitz, A. R., & Borrie, W. T. (2013). Environmental literacy, ecological literacy, ecoliteracy: What do we mean and how did we get here? Ecosphere, 4(5), 1-20- Mikuła, A., Raczkowska, M., & Utzig, M. (2021). Pro-Environmental Behaviour in the European Union Countries. Energies, 14(18), 5689.- Mostafa, M. M. (2007). Gender differences in Egyptian consumers’ green purchase behaviour: the effects of environmental knowledge, concern and attitude. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 31(3), 220-229.- Noori, H., & Norouzi, A. (2017). Fundamentals of Environmental Planning for Sustainable Rural Development. Isfahan: University of Isfahan Press (in Persian).- Pourtarery, M., Roknedin Eftekhari, A., & Rahmati, M. (2013). The Impacts of Legal Knowledge in Rural Social Welfare (A Case: Study of Western Mian Kohe, Country area Poldokhtar-Lorestan Province-Iran). Journal of Geography and Planning, 16(42), 45-63.- Riahi, V., Javan, F., & Dehghani, N. (2017). Analysis of the viewpoint of training the villagers to protect the environment of rural areas (Case Study: Rezvanshahr city). Journal of Human and Environment, 14(39), 67-78 (in Persian).- Salehi, S. (2012). Environmental Behvaior and Education. Journal of Educational Sciences, 18(2), 201-226 (in Persian).- Salehi, S., & Imam Gholi, L. (2012). Experimental study of the relationship between environmental awareness and behaviors (study of urban and rural areas of Sanandaj city). Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 1, 121-147 (in Persian).- Shakouei, H. (2011). New Thoughts in the Philosophy of Geography. Seventh Edition. Tehran: Gitashenasi Publication (in Persian).- Sojasi Qeidari, H., & Faal Jalali, A. (2018). Assessing the Villagers’ Environmental Behavior and Awareness (Case Study: Zanglanloo Rural District). Journal of Spatial Planning, 8(1), 29-50 (in Persian).- Sojasi Qeidary, H., & Azizi, S. (2016). Assessing Rural Farmers Environmental Literacy Level (Case Study: Villages of Zoeram Dehestan in Shirvan District). Journal of Geography and Environmental Planning, 27(3), 107-130 (in Persian).- Statistics Center of Iran (2016). General Census of Population and Housing in 2016, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. (n.p) (in Persian).- Webster (2022). Merriam-webster Dictionary. Retrieved from:https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/environment.

Purpose- In addition to preservation of and getting religious and legal rights of the government and people, one of the most important goals of ownership and consolidation of national and government domains is to keep and develop renewable natural resources and to allocate them for development of agricultural and productive activities. The ultimate goal of the legislator, has been movement towards comprehensive agricultural self-sufficiency, deprivation reduction, and development in villages. The present study aims at investigating the effect of national land resource allocation on rural sustainable development. As a result, the rural districts of Northern and Southern Bar’an, as a part of the central province of Isfahan, were selected. Design/methodology/approach- The present study is applied in terms of aims, descriptive-analytical in terms of research method, and survey study in terms of data collection. Data collection was performed through library and field studies. The population of the research consisted of farmers of five villages of the Northern Bar’an rural district and five villages of the Southern Bar’an rural district and 30 experts. A sample 260 farmers were selected using Cochran formula. Findings- The results indicated that the effectiveness of the allocation of national and government lands on the dimensions of rural sustainable development is at a moderate level. It shows poor efficiency of allocation of national and public land resources. Research limitations / implications- Problems like farmers' reluctance to cooperate and questionnaire distribution were among the challenges faced in this research. Originality/value: Given the importance of the studied region in production and agricultural, the findings of the present study can be regarded a big step in exploiting the potentiality of this region to determine strategies for sustainable rural development.

We have investigated the drivers of agricultural land use change to villa gardens in South Baraan and Kararaj rural districts in Isfahan County. Questionnaires were distributed among 184 farmers randomly selected from 426 in five selected villages. As the results showed, among spatial (i.e. environmental, economic, and social) drivers, environmental drivers (including dehydration) had the greatest impact. Social drivers, including the prevalence of constructing second homes and increasing demand in the land market, and economic drivers, including high agricultural inputs, were in the next ranks. The study of managerial drivers suggested that the interference of government in the agricultural market was a major driver in land use change. The same questionnaire was taken by 30 different land use experts selected by the snowball method. The results showed that, among locational-spatial drivers, social drivers had the greatest and economic drivers had the least impact on land use change. Also, among social drivers, the most effective factor was the purchase of land and construction of second homes. Among environmental drivers, the most effective factor was the cut-off of the Zayandehrud River. Of economic drivers, the most effective one was the higher income of tourism land use. Finally, the most effective management drivers were the poor monitoring, administrative corruption, and the ploy of some employees in government institutions. In the examined conditions, the farmers had little tendency to continue farming activities. This was strengthened by the shift of land use to more productive and less cumbersome activities.

Purpose- Today, tourism has become the largest industry in the world with both direct and indirect socio-economic effects. Given the diverse climatic conditions and limited water resources for agriculture in Iran, among various forms of tourism, tourism in desert areas with a multifaceted approach can narrow the gap caused by environmental constraints and play an important role in the development of different areas such as eastern regions of Isfahan province, which have many tourist attractions. In this research, we try to identify and evaluate land suitability for tourism development in counties located in desert areas of Isfahan province. Design/methodology/approach- In this research, the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method was used in the GIS environment. Considering the variety of criteria used, before preparing the final map of land suitability, selected criteria were categorized in different groups with regard to topography, climate, land covers and animal species diversity, environment, hazards, socio-economic aspects. Then, land suitability classes in each of the mentioned groups were identified. In the following step, the maps produced in each of these groups were given to the relevant experts to generate the final map of the land suitability according to the current situation, weigh the selected criteria based on the AHP paired comparison, and implement the results of this comparison in the GIS environment through applying weighted linear combination (WLC) method. Findings- The results of multi-criteria evaluation showed that the study area has highly suitable lands in almost all assessment groups, and there were no specific human and natural constraints in this area. The result of the final land suitability map also showed that 21044 square kilometers of the total area (nearly 30 percent) were ranked in the “very suitable” and “suitable” classes, indicating high capacity and capabilities or minimum natural and human constraints for tourism development in the region. Practical implications- Making use of the capabilities of desert areas in eastern regions of Isfahan province and providing the necessary conditions for tourism development with regard to the particular natural and human conditions of this region can offer the best available, affordable, and effective alternatives in the short term to tackle the current problems based on the principles of sustainable development in these areas. The problems include socioeconomic inequalities between developed and underdeveloped regions of Isfahan province, limited water resources for development of agricultural activities, and low ecological capacity of the region for some activities especially in vulnerable communities.