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Latinx youth are often engaged in critical action to transform social injustices, yet we know little about the wellbeing of Latinx youth activists. This study draws on critical ethnographic research to understand the multidimensions of wellbeing that Latinx youth experienced when they engaged in critical action toward anti-immigrant politics during the Trump Era. Data collected through open-ended interviews with Latinx youth who participated in social protests revealed that (a) concepts of wellbeing need to be extensively explored for a more nuanced understanding of its characteristics, and (b) when youth engage in critical action, they experience physical and socioemotional wellbeing in distinct ways. This research contributes to the critical consciousness and wellbeing scholarship by (1) adding to the dearth of research on Latinx youth physical wellbeing and critical action, (2) theorizing nuances of physical, mental, and socioemotional wellbeing as simultaneously present during critical action, and (3) centering the voices and experiences of Latinx youth, specifically Latina youth, who have historically been omitted from the literature.

Latinx youth exhibit educational leadership and possess unique insight into experiences of youth of color in K-12 schooling. Yet, adultism hinders authentic youth participation in educational decision making. In this study we address the following question: What types of behavior do K-12 school leaders demonstrate in response to Latinx youths' experiences of racism? We share the story of a structured interaction, guided by social justice and forum theater, facilitated by Latinx youth to adult school leaders. We present our findings via the school leader lotería typology model and discuss the spectrum of adult educator behavior in response to youth voice.

Everyday tasks demand attentional resources to perceive, process, and respond to important information. Attempting to complete multiple tasks simultaneously, that is, multitasking, necessarily requires more resources than completing either task alone. Allocating common resources among two or more difficult tasks will lead to competition and result in performance deficits to one or more of the to-be-completed tasks. Multiple resource theory suggests separate pools for perceiving (aural, visual, tactile), processing (verbal, spatial), and responding (vocal, manual), but a common overarching resource pool still exists and is heavily taxed for the management of multiple ongoing tasks. We use the combination of neural activity and performance to estimate the degree to which the demands of a visual-spatial-manual (VSM) task impedes the performance of an auditory-verbal-vocal (AVV) task, where each taxes independent pools of attentional resources. We found AVV performance decreased when paired with a more difficult VSM task. Using components from group-level event related potentials (ERPs), we draw conclusions to estimate how and why cross-modal task performance changes, and diagnose resource bottlenecks and limitations. Specifically, we find auditory evoked potentials, P300, and Reorienting Negativity serve as fruitful indicators of not only high or low cross-modal load, but are predictive of (in)correct trial performance. Further, we discuss how these indicators provide insight to the underlying mechanisms driving misses, and whether crossmodal bottlenecks may occur at the perceptual, cognitive, or response stage.

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects approximately 2.5 billion people worldwide. Infection induces a rapid dissemination of parasites throughout the body followed by the formation of lifelong cysts within neurons of the host brain. Both stages require a dynamic immune response comprised of both innate and adaptive cells. Neutrophils are a primary responding cell to acute infection and have been observed in the brain during murine chronic infection. Previous studies investigating human neutrophils found that invasion by Toxoplasma tachyzoites inhibits apoptosis of neutrophils, prolonging their survival under inflammatory conditions. Here, we demonstrate the differentiation of two distinct subsets following exposure of human neutrophil-like-cells (HNLC) to Toxoplasma cysts. In vitro stimulation and imaging studies show cyst-specific induction of cytokines and cyst clearance by HNLCs. Further testing demonstrates that aged HNLCs perform less phagocytosis of cysts compared to non-aged HNLCs. In conclusion, this study identifies a novel response of HNLCs to Toxoplasma cysts and may indicate a role for neutrophils in the clearance of cysts during human infection with Toxoplasma.

Abstract The developing mammalian heart undergoes an important metabolic shift from glycolysis towards mitochondrial oxidation that is critical to support the increasing energetic demands of the maturing heart. Here, we describe a new mechanistic link between mitochondria and cardiac morphogenesis, uncovered by studying mitochondrial citrate carrier (SLC25A1) knockout mice. Slc25a1 null embryos displayed impaired growth, mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac malformations that recapitulate the congenital heart defects observed in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a microdeletion disorder involving the SLC25A1 locus. Importantly, Slc25a1 heterozygous embryos, while overtly indistinguishable from wild type, exhibited an increased frequency of these defects, suggesting Slc25a1 haploinsuffiency and dose-dependent effects. Mechanistically, SLC25A1 may link mitochondria to transcriptional regulation of metabolism through epigenetic control of gene expression to promote metabolic remodeling in the developing heart. Collectively, this work positions SLC25A1 as a novel mitochondrial regulator of cardiac morphogenesis and metabolic maturation, and suggests a role in congenital heart disease.

This article uses a framework that combines LatCrit theory, racist nativism, and liberating pedagogy of praxis (LPP) to examine how a community youth program's LPP practices countered the racist nativism Latinx youth experience in their high school. LPP practices challenged racist nativism by creating a space where Latinx youth faced each other in circles to engage in authentic collective intergenerational dialogue about lived experiences of racist nativism, which cultivated solidarity and a call to action.

Many factors influence whether Open Educational Resources (OER) and other affordable materials foster equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI). Cost savings to students and better outcomes are commonly cited as indicators. However, more research is needed to improve EDI outcomes in OER adoption. This article reports on survey responses from instructors and students from fourteen general education courses that used open and affordable materials. The survey explores three main topics: equitable use and access of the materials, diversity of representation within the content of the materials, and the possible change to pedagogy, specifically inclusive teaching. These topics are contextualized by comparing the responses of White students with underrepresented minority (URM) students.

Although research illustrates that community-based organizations (CBOs) offer critical support to the education of historically marginalized youth, less is known about CBOs' role in developing youth's critical civic praxis toward social justice. In this case study, we analyzed semi-structured interviews with youth who participated in a college preparation and social justice-focused CBO during high school in an urban community where many of them experienced profound disparities. The purpose of this study was to explore the role that CBOs play in shaping youth's critical civic praxis during and post high school. The study findings suggest that CBOs can significantly influence youth's commitment to social justice far beyond K-12 schooling, instilling community values such as reciprocity that reposition the pursuit of higher education as a form of social justice. We offer implications for CBOs who serve historically marginalized youth, whose commitment to improving educational opportunities include social justice for youth and their surrounding communities.

Purpose: We explore youth participation in school decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic, an area that is still underexamined. We use Mitra's pyramid of student voice to explore how students of color shaped decision-making processes during the pandemic shutdown at Sandoval School, a public school in the western United States. We respond to the following research questions: What types of youth voice opportunities arose at Sandoval School during the pandemic? How did the multiplicity of youth voice opportunities influence possibilities for change in online schooling approaches? What school-level constraints limited the influence of youth in school decision-making? Research Methods: We employed qualitative methods to conduct this research. Data collection, which began in October 2020 and ended in August 2022, involved semistructured interviews with students (grades 7-12) and school adults, as well as observations and artifact collection. Our data analysis was iterative in nature, involving a combination of inductive and deductive approaches. Findings: Our analysis led to the emergence of three main findings: (1) new initiatives provided youth with varying degrees of voice in school decision-making; (2) the quantity and diversity of youth voice opportunities appeared to amplify youth's influence in school decision-making; and (3) some adults' views and actions appeared to limit youth's influence. Implications: This study provides an understanding of youth voice as dynamic and fluid, ranging across levels of the pyramid of student voice. Our findings suggest that future research should further explore the interconnected nature of youth voice avenues, especially during times of crisis.

The purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the challenges and possibilities of compiling, co-constructing, and composing ethnodrama with young people via virtual workspaces. The following ethnodramatic vignettes are constructed from the stories of six Latina/x artivist-researchers in an intergenerational theatre troupe, Estrella Theatre (ET) company. This collection of scripts is based on critical and arts-based qualitative data collected during ET's arts-based youth participatory action research project. The stories were collected during arts-based elicitation and semi-structured interviews, participant observation, analytic memos, and artifacts over a seven-month period. In addition to illustrating how Latina/x youth in the United States. Southwest embody transformational resistance in their lives as they traverse school, home, and community spaces, I reveal the process, challenges, and possibilities of utilising Zoom towards ethnodramatic authorship with youth.

BackgroundAlthough guidelines support aerobic exercise in sub-acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), evidence for adults with persisting post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) after mTBI is lacking. The objective was to evaluate the impact of a sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise intervention on overall symptom burden and quality of life in adults with PPCS.MethodsThis prospective cohort study was nested within the ACTBI Trial (Aerobic Exercise for treatment of Chronic symptoms following mild Traumatic Brain Injury). A total of 50 adults with a diagnosis of mTBI, PPCS and exercise intolerance completed a 12-week sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise intervention either immediately after enrollment (i-AEP group; n = 27) or following 6-weeks of stretching (d-AEP group; n = 23). Data from all participants (n = 50) were included in the combined AEP (c-AEP) group. The primary outcome was symptom burden on the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ). Secondary outcomes included measures of quality of life and specific post-concussive symptoms (depressive and anxiety symptoms, functional impact of headache, fatigue, sleep, dizziness and exercise tolerance). Heart rate, blood pressure and heart rate variability were also assessed to understand autonomic function response to intervention.ResultsParticipants were a mean (SD) of 42.6 (10.9) years old (74% female) and 25.1 (14.1) months post-mTBI. Following 12-weeks of intervention participants had a significant improvement in symptom burden on the RPQ (i-AEP: mean change = −9.415, p

Here the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium presents a first draft of the human pangenome reference. The pangenome contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals1. These assemblies cover more than 99% of the expected sequence in each genome and are more than 99% accurate at the structural and base pair levels. Based on alignments of the assemblies, we generate a draft pangenome that captures known variants and haplotypes and reveals new alleles at structurally complex loci. We also add 119 million base pairs of euchromatic polymorphic sequences and 1,115 gene duplications relative to the existing reference GRCh38. Roughly 90 million of the additional base pairs are derived from structural variation. Using our draft pangenome to analyse short-read data reduced small variant discovery errors by 34% and increased the number of structural variants detected per haplotype by 104% compared with GRCh38-based workflows, which enabled the typing of the vast majority of structural variant alleles per sample.

Bachelor of Music Education degrees, like many professional programs, require a high number of credit hours for graduation. The marketization of higher education and efforts toward equitable access to a college education drive efforts to eliminate "excess" credits. Despite state and institutional mandates to reduce credit requirements to 120 hrs, many programs still exceed this target with some reaching nearly 150 credit hours. This descriptive survey study with follow-up document review examined how schools of music are responding to credit hour reduction policies limiting credits at or near 120 hrs. The findings of this study confirmed tensions between accreditation requirements, credit hour reduction policies, and curricular aims of music teacher preparation programs. The authors present reports regarding influencing factors and strategies for reconciling credit hours. They further discuss emerging questions regarding credit allotment and course hours, implications for student wellness and curricular reform, and suggestions for future research.

There has been tremendous progress in phased genome assembly production by combining long-read data with parental information or linked-read data. Nevertheless, a typical phased genome assembly generated by trio-hifiasm still generates more than 140 gaps. We perform a detailed analysis of gaps, assembly breaks, and misorientations from 182 haploid assemblies obtained from a diversity panel of 77 unique human samples. Although trio-based approaches using HiFi are the current gold standard, chromosome-wide phasing accuracy is comparable when using Strand-seq instead of parental data. Importantly, the majority of assembly gaps cluster near the largest and most identical repeats (including segmental duplications [35.4%], satellite DNA [22.3%], or regions enriched in GA/AT-rich DNA [27.4%]). Consequently, 1513 protein-coding genes overlap assembly gaps in at least one haplotype, and 231 are recurrently disrupted or missing from five or more haplotypes. Furthermore, we estimate that 6-7 Mbp of DNA are misorientated per haplotype irrespective of whether trio-free or trio-based approaches are used. Of these misorientations, 81% correspond to bona fide large inversion polymorphisms in the human species, most of which are flanked by large segmental duplications. We also identify large-scale alignment discontinuities consistent with 11.9 Mbp of deletions and 161.4 Mbp of insertions per haploid genome. Although 99% of this variation corresponds to satellite DNA, we identify 230 regions of euchromatic DNA with frequent expansions and contractions, nearly half of which overlap with 197 protein-coding genes. Such variable and incompletely assembled regions are important targets for future algorithmic development and pangenome representation.

EXAFS provides the capability to interrogate nanoparticle (NP) structure in atomistic detail without relying on long-range crystallinity. There is a limitation in that EXAFS provides averaged structural information, making it difficult to separate a small amount of heterogeneous structure from bulk. In this work, models were developed to extract surface-specific information from conventional EXAFS measurements collected on UO2 NPs of varying size. Specifically, the surface terminating species of UO2 NPs was determined from comparison of coordination numbers with geometric models while the origin of static disorder was interrogated from user-defined simulations. Results show that the degree of oxygenation on the NP surface does not significantly deviate from bulk surface and that static disorder is highly enhanced in NP surface layers but cannot be attributed to surface relaxation effects alone. The approach described herein has the potential to be adapted to a range of inorganic NP systems to interrogate surface structure.

We assessed different aspects of tactile perception in young children (3-6 years) with autism. Autistic and neurotypical children completed vibrotactile tasks assessing reaction time, amplitude discrimination (sequential and simultaneous) and temporal discrimination (temporal order judgment and duration discrimination). Autistic children had elevated and more variable reaction times, suggesting slower perceptual-motor processing speed and/or greater distractibility. Children with autism also showed higher amplitude discrimination and temporal order judgement thresholds compared to neurotypical children. Tactile perceptual metrics did not associate with social or tactile sensitivities measured by parent-reports. Altered tactile behavioral responses appear in early childhood, can be quantified but appear dissociated from sensitivity. This implies these measures are complementary, but not necessarily related, phenomena of atypical tactile perception in autism.

The current human reference genome, GRCh38, represents over 20 years of effort to generate a high-quality assembly, which has benefitted society1,2. However, it still has many gaps and errors, and does not represent a biological genome as it is a blend of multiple individuals3,4. Recently, a high-quality telomere-to-telomere reference, CHM13, was generated with the latest long-read technologies, but it was derived from a hydatidiform mole cell line with a nearly homozygous genome5. To address these limitations, the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium formed with the goal of creating high-quality, cost-effective, diploid genome assemblies for a pangenome reference that represents human genetic diversity6. Here, in our first scientific report, we determined which combination of current genome sequencing and assembly approaches yield the most complete and accurate diploid genome assembly with minimal manual curation. Approaches that used highly accurate long reads and parent-child data with graph-based haplotype phasing during assembly outperformed those that did not. Developing a combination of the top-performing methods, we generated our first high-quality diploid reference assembly, containing only approximately four gaps per chromosome on average, with most chromosomes within ±1% of the length of CHM13. Nearly 48% of protein-coding genes have non-synonymous amino acid changes between haplotypes, and centromeric regions showed the highest diversity. Our findings serve as a foundation for assembling near-complete diploid human genomes at scale for a pangenome reference to capture global genetic variation from single nucleotides to structural rearrangements.

Abstract Concussion is commonly characterized by a cascade of neurometabolic changes following injury. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) can be used to quantify neurometabolites non-invasively. Longitudinal changes in neurometabolites have rarely been studied in pediatric concussion, and fewer studies consider symptoms. This study examines longitudinal changes of neurometabolites in pediatric concussion and associations between neurometabolites and symptom burden. Participants who presented with concussion or orthopedic injury (OI, comparison group) were recruited. The first timepoint for MRS data collection was at a mean of 12 days post-injury (n = 545). Participants were then randomized to 3 (n = 243) or 6 (n = 215) months for MRS follow-up. Parents completed symptom questionnaires to quantify somatic and cognitive symptoms at multiple timepoints following injury. There were no significant changes in neurometabolites over time in the concussion group and neurometabolite trajectories did not differ between asymptomatic concussion, symptomatic concussion, and OI groups. Cross-sectionally, Choline was significantly lower in those with persistent somatic symptoms compared to OI controls at 3 months post-injury. Lower Choline was also significantly associated with higher somatic symptoms. Although overall neurometabolites do not change over time, choline differences that appear at 3 months and is related to somatic symptoms.

Abstract Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often regarded as experiencing wasting of muscle mass and declining muscle strength and function, collectively termed sarcopenia. The extent of skeletal muscle wasting in clinical and preclinical CKD populations is unclear. We evaluated skeletal muscle atrophy in preclinical and clinical models of CKD, with multiple sub‐analyses for muscle mass assessment methods, CKD severity, sex and across the different preclinical models of CKD. We performed a systematic literature review of clinical and preclinical studies that measured muscle mass/size using the following databases: Ovid Medline, Embase and Scopus. A random effects meta‐analysis was utilized to determine standard mean difference (SMD; Hedges' g) between healthy and CKD. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 statistic. Preclinical study quality was assessed via the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation and clinical studies quality was assessed via the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020180737) prior to initiation of the search. A total of 111 studies were included in this analysis using the following subgroups: 106 studies in the primary CKD analysis, 18 studies that accounted for diabetes and 7 kidney transplant studies. Significant atrophy was demonstrated in 78% of the preclinical studies and 49% of the clinical studies. The random effects model demonstrated a medium overall SMD (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.52–0.64) when combining clinical and preclinical studies, a medium SMD for the clinical population (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.42–0.55; all stages) and a large SMD for preclinical CKD (SMD = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.76–1.14). Further sub‐analyses were performed based upon assessment methods, disease status and animal model. Muscle atrophy was reported in 49% of the clinical studies, paired with small mean differences. Preclinical studies reported significant atrophy in 78% of studies, with large mean differences. Across multiple clinical sub‐analyses such as severity of CKD, dialysis modality and diabetes, a medium mean difference was found. Sub‐analyses in both clinical and preclinical studies found a large mean difference for males and medium for females suggesting sex‐specific implications. Muscle atrophy differences varied based upon assessment method for clinical and preclinical studies. Limitations in study design prevented conclusions to be made about the extent of muscle loss with disease progression, or the impact of dialysis. Future work would benefit from the use of standardized measurement methods and consistent clinical staging to improve our understanding of atrophy changes in CKD progression, and analysis of biological sex differences.

PurposeWe examined different methods to reduce the burden of accessing technology for videoconferencing during telerehabilitation for magnification devices for the visually impaired.MethodsDuring telerehabilitation studies over the past 5 years, vision rehabilitation providers assessed and gave training to visually impaired participants with newly dispensed magnification devices at home who connected to Zoom videoconferencing via loaner tablets or smartphones with assistance from (phase 1; n = 10) investigators by phone, (phase 2; n = 11) local Lions Club volunteers in participants' homes, or (phase 3; n = 24) remote access control software in a randomized controlled trial with 13 usual care controls who received in-office training. All participants completed the same post-telerehabilitation phone survey.ResultsA significantly greater proportion of phase 3 subjects indicated they strongly or mostly agreed that the technology did not interfere with the session (96%) compared to phase 1 (60%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-12.5; P = 0.03) or phase 2 (55%; 95% CI, 1.8-188; P = 0.01). The majority indicated telerehabilitation was as accurate as in person (68%), they were comfortable with telerehabilitation (91%) and interested in a future session (83%), and their magnifier use improved (79%), with no significant differences in these responses between phases (all P > 0.10), including comparisons of participants randomized to telerehabilitation or in-office training in phase 3 who reported similar overall satisfaction levels (P = 0.84).ConclusionsParticipants across all phases reported high levels of acceptance for telerehabilitation, with least interference from technology using remote access control in phase 3.Translational relevanceWith accommodations for accessibility to videoconferencing technology, telerehabilitation for magnification devices can be a feasible, acceptable, and valuable option in countries with resources to support the technology.

The purpose of this study was to examine music education faculty members' perceptions of admissions and selection criteria for entering master's students in music education degree programs. Using multistage sampling, we distributed a questionnaire to music education faculty at National Association of Schools of Music (NASM)-accredited institutions in the United States that offered master's degrees in music education. Results indicated that music education faculty were involved in most admission decisions, and that transcripts, interviews, and letters of recommendation were the most common materials submitted for review. In response to open-ended questions, participants reported that their admission decisions are usually determined by four criteria: academic skills, demonstration of potential as a graduate student, demonstration of teaching ability, and less measurable indicators. This exploration of the admissions and selection criteria that music education faculty use when making admission decisions provides music teacher educators a greater understanding of this important transition point.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has transformed over the past several decades through enhanced supportive care, reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), improved human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, and novel graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)-prevention and treatment strategies. Most notably, the implementation of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) has dramatically increased the safety and availability of this life-saving therapy. Given reductions in nonrelapse mortality (NRM) with these advances, the HCT community has placed even greater emphasis on developing ways to reduce relapse - the leading cause of death after HCT. When using RIC HCT, protection from relapse relies predominantly on graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactions. Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI), adoptive cellular therapy, checkpoint inhibition, and post-HCT maintenance strategies represent approaches under study that aim to augment or synergize with the GVL effects of HCT. Optimizing donor selection algorithms to leverage GVL represents another active area of research. Many of these strategies seek to harness the effects of T cells, which for decades were felt to be the primary mediators of GVL and the focus of investigation in relapse reduction. However, there is growing interest in capitalizing on the ability of natural killer (NK) cells to yield potent anti-tumor effects. A potential advantage of NK cell-based approaches over T cell-mediated is the potential to reduce NRM in addition to relapse. By decreasing infection, without increasing the risk of GVHD, NK cells may mitigate NRM, while still yielding relapse reduction through identification and clearance of cancer cells. Most T cell-focused relapse-prevention strategies must weigh the benefits of relapse reduction against the increased risk of NRM from GVHD. In contrast, NK cells have the potential to reduce both, potentially tipping the scales significantly in favor of survival. Here, we will review the role of NK cells in GVL, optimization of NK cell match or mismatch, and burgeoning areas of research in NK cell therapy such as adoptive transfer and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) NK cells.