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The COVID-19 epidemic has some beneficial effects. In the contemporary financial technology-based era, deferred payment is the latest feature of consumer purchase behavior. This study aims to better understand the variables that lead customers in Lucknow to use this facility to transact and buy goods and services. The majority of the study's core data came from 200 respondents has selected using a purposive sampling approach. Descriptive analysis has used to explore the variables driving customers to choose the purchase now-pay later form of payment. The analysis' conclusions show that the amount spent yearly on products acquired through this mechanism is greatly influenced by education, an increase in consumer demand for goods, and a rise in the level of life for people who use it.. The rises in spending also indicates the customers' purchasing choices. The study's findings imply that improving financial inclusion, reducing interbank diversity in payment methods, increasing information availability and accessibility, and making later payment options available in retail establishments and other places can all contribute to better outcomes.

Climate change is one of the leading challenges of this century with an impending threat to wipe out more vital butterfly species than ever before. Climate shift has the potential to affect their life cycles, flight times, essential bio-interactions, and ultimately survival. As the first such study in India, this case study highlights the inferential discussion on the importance of butterflies in maintaining the earth’s fragile ecological balance and consequently the impact of climate change upon them with inadvertent implications. Due to the shifting climate, a number of butterfly species are now migrating to newer places in their search for comfortable temperature and availability of food, as the reduction/loss/change of habitat lowers the diversity of microclimates and availability of food plants for larvae and adult butterflies. Consequently, the butterflies become even more vulnerable to natural perturbations and susceptible to predators and local extinctions.

The present study was carried out to reveal the butterfly species diversity in the Jabalpur City, Madhya Pradesh, India. Study was carried out from January 2008 to 2018. A total of 112 species were recorded, with an addition of 41 new species for Jabalpur district and one species for the state of Madhya Pradesh. Of the total, 42 species were very common, five were frequent common, 18 were rare, and four were very rare. Nymphalidae was dominant with 39 species, followed by Lycaenidae with 38, Pieridae with 15 species, Hesperiidae with 14, Papilionidae with eight and Riodinidae with one species. About six species of the recorded ones come under the protection category of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. The study illustrated the value of Jabalpur City area in hosting valuable resources for butterflies.

Indian economic development has brought with itself various challenges and health hazards. Rise of deadly diseases, are result of ecological degradation. The transportation system is one major catalyst to urban ecological imbalance. Epidemiological studies have shown that, air pollution causes thousands of health problems leading to number of deaths in Indian cities. Other effects of ecological disturbance include global warming and increase in natural calamities which are now forcing us to take major decisions related to conservation of environment. Keeping in view, there is an urgent need of the entire stakeholder to take remedial actions to reduce the pace of further degradation of existing environment. Since transportation is the back bone of any economy so this sector needs serious attention regarding formulation of necessary rules and regulations, strict enforcement of emission norms for vehicles, proper traffic planning, use of clean fuel etc., and also to make aware the public about necessity of sustainable environment in cities. Thus, this study is an attempt to know the understanding of public about green marketing initiatives and green vehicles. The customer is key to any marketing effort. An effort has been taken to understand, if the customer is aware about eco-friendly two wheeler and is ready to make changes in his purchase behavior accordingly. For the same a structured questionnaire had been designed to collect information from 135 educated residents of Lucknow.

Global-localisation is the development by which regional economics, societies and cultures incorporated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportations and trade. The movement towards the expansion of economics and social ties among countries through the spread of corporate institutions and capitalist philosophy leads to the shrinking of the world. The result is the coming out of the specialization in international trade in term of exchange of the goods, services and resources. This paper puts more stress on the trade potential of Indian with other south eastern countries. Study includes revealed comparative advantages, intra-industry trade and trade potential indices. It assesses and analyses challenges and recommendation to overcome those challenges.

Cement industry has a huge contribution to India’s GDP and infrastructure development. Due to demand of cement new companies from outside also started functioning in our country but there are several problems which are faced by these industries. Companies are closed or merged due to lack of financial sustainability and capital structure problems. The study is based on the trade off relationship between debt and equity in the firm. In this study as a researcher, it has been tried to study and find out the relation of ROA, ROE, advantage ratios and correlation with EPS. For this, the sample size is 5 companies for BSE list (Bombay Stock Exchange) and about last ten years of data is studied. As cement industry is capital-centric in nature, this study will help the industry to understand the facts, which fulfill the financial objectives.

In the comprehensive rearing of lepidopterans from peninsular India, eleven species of Lycaenidae were parasitized by ten species of wasps. Four new taxa of lycaenid associated microgastrine wasps Parapanteles eros Gupta n. sp., P. arka Gupta n. sp., P. esha Gupta n. sp., and P. regale Gupta n. sp. reared from Chilades pandava (Horsfield), Curetis thetis (Drury), Prosotas dubiosa (Semper), Tajuria cippus (Fabricius), respectively, are described with diagnostic details and illustrations along with documentation of six species of wasps viz., Apanteles folia, Apanteles sp., Protapanteles sp. 0102 (Braconidae), Charops obtusus obtusus Morley (Ichneumonidae), and Brachymeria lasus (Walker) (Chalcididae). This is the first record of host-parasitoid association of lycaenid butterflies with Parapanteles. Wasps from three different families were recorded: Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Chalcididae. The parasitoid species were reared from the following Lycaenidae hosts: Anthene lycaenina (Felder), Arhopala amantes Hewitson, Chilades pandava (Horsfield), Curetis thetis (Drury), Jamides celeno (Cramer), Prosotas dubiosa (Semper), Rathinda amor (Fabricius), Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius), Tajuria cippus (Fabricius), Tarucus balkanicus nigra Bethune-Baker, and Tarucus callinara Butler. All lycaenids were collected from peninsular India, except T. callinara (central India). A comparative account of all newly described species is provided along with the detailed illustrated description and differences vis-à-vis its closely allied Indian species. Also a comprehensive table comprising parasitoid species, associated host, stage of parasitism, and nature of cocoon is provided.

A model polyurethane (PUr) adhesive has been modified by the addition of various silane adhesion promoters and used to bond PVC, ABS, a polyblend and glass. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) data showed that epoxy silane substantially increased the surface reactivity of the adhesive while maintaining its amphoteric character. An aminosilane shifted the PUr surface to basicity, while vinyl, mercapto and chlorosilanes promoted surface acidity. Lap-shear data identified the amphoteric epoxy silane as the most successful adhesion promoter in all polymer and glass assemblies, increasing their initial bond strengths and also their residual bond strengths following accelerated aging. Elsewhere, the success of silane additives reflected the strength of interfacial acid/base interactions, the aminosilane being favored for bonding PVC, the others being preferred for the basic ABS and polyblend substrates. Correlations were developed between residual bond strength and initial bond properties of the assemblie...

We have previously reported that pretreatment of rats with capsaicin (an agent that ablates sensory neurons) or CP-96345 (a substance P receptor antagonist) dramatically inhibits fluid secretion and intestinal inflammation in ileal loops exposed to Clostridium difficile toxin A. The aim of this study was to determine whether calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide also found in sensory afferent neurons, participates in the enterotoxic effects of toxin A. Administration of toxin A was also found to increase CGRP content in dorsal root ganglia and ileal mucosa 60 min after toxin exposure. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies demonstrated increased neuronal staining for CGRP 2 h after toxin A treatment. Pretreatment of rats with CGRP-(8—37), a specific CGRP antagonist, before instillation of toxin A into ileal loops significantly inhibited toxin-mediated fluid secretion (by 48%), mannitol permeability (by 83%), and histological damage. We conclude that CGRP, like substance P, contributes to the secretory and inflammatory effects of toxin A via increased production of this peptide from intestinal nerves, including primary sensory afferent neurons.

The surface characteristics of a two-part polyurethane adhesive formulation, based on controlled amounts of polyol, isocyanate, and catalyst, have been studied by methods including contact angle analysis, 1R spectroscopy, and inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The response of surface properties to various cure regimes and to exposure to water has been established. IGC analyses show that the adhesive surface is mildly basic, and as first evaluated by contact angle methods, has a surface energy close to 40 mJ/m2. This is largely accounted for by dispersion forces. Following immersion in water at 60°C, however, the surface energies change, the most important effect being an increase in the non-dispersive component. FTIR spectra show that immersion in water also produces chemical changes in the surface region, likely related to enolization effects. On subsequent immersion of the adhesive surface in non-polar n-heptane, the non-dispersive component of the surface energy is again reduced, showing that surface re...

In the comprehensive rearing of lepidopterans from peninsular India, eleven species of Lycaenidae were parasitized by ten species of wasps. Four new taxa of lycaenid associated microgastrine wasps Parapanteles eros Gupta n. sp., P. arka Gupta n. sp., P. esha Gupta n. sp., and P. regale Gupta n. sp. reared from Chilades pandava (Horsfield), Curetis thetis (Drury), Prosotas dubiosa (Semper), Tajuria cippus (Fabricius), respectively, are described with diagnostic details and illustrations along with documentation of six species of wasps viz., Apanteles folia, Apanteles sp., Protapanteles sp. 01 & 02 (Braconidae), Charops obtusus obtusus Morley (Ichneumonidae), and Brachymeria lasus (Walker) (Chalcididae). This is the first record of host-parasitoid association of lycaenid butterflies with Parapanteles. Wasps from three different families were recorded: Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Chalcididae. The parasitoid species were reared from the following Lycaenidae hosts: Anthene lycaenina (Felder), Arhopala amantes Hewitson, Chilades pandava (Horsfield), Curetis thetis (Drury), Jamides celeno (Cramer), Prosotas dubiosa (Semper), Rathinda amor (Fabricius), Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius), Tajuria cippus (Fabricius), Tarucus balkanicus nigra Bethune-Baker, and Tarucus callinara Butler. All lycaenids were collected from peninsular India, except T. callinara (central India). A comparative account of all newly described species is provided along with the detailed illustrated description and differences vis-a-vis its closely allied Indian species. Also a comprehensive table comprising parasitoid species, associated host, stage of parasitism, and nature of cocoon is provided.

In this study we evaluated the role of nitric oxide (NO) on gallbladder motility in the normal prairie dog by 1) immunohistochemistry, 2) an enzymatic assay for NO synthase (NOS), and 3) an in vivo model to measure whole gallbladder tone and contractility. NOS was localized to gallbladder mucosal cells by NADPH-diaphorase and polyclonal antibodies to a constitutive brain NOS. Gallbladder mucosal homogenates demonstrated total NOS activity in the range of 578 +/- 115 pmol x mg protein(-1) x 30 min(-1). Blockade of NOS activity in vivo using N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester resulted in an up to 80% increase in gallbladder tone from basal. A 40% increase in tone was seen with methylene blue, suggesting that tone was maintained by both NO activation of guanylate cyclase and possibly direct effects on Ca2+ channels. An exogenous nitrosothiol, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-cysteine, abolished cholecystokinin (CCK) octapeptide and bethanechol-stimulated gallbladder contraction. We conclude that the prairie dog gallbladder contains constitutive NOS and synthesizes NO, which is important for the maintenance of basal gallbladder tone and is an inhibitor of the contractile response of the gallbladder to agonists such as CCK and bethanechol.

Neutron moderation in an infinite homogeneous medium with constant cross sections, which is traditionally treated by Taylor series approximation methods, bears a close correspondence with the exact transcendental equation approach, as has been demonstrated by reducing the exact result to approximate forms. In this paper we give an alternative approach in which the convergence of the approximations to the exact result is derived by allowing the order of approximation to increase indefinitely. The approach is based on the fact that the usual approximations do not give a self consistent definition of the effective mass parameter. The present result can hence be considered as the slowing down counterpart of Davison's treatment of the one speed equation in the Pl approximation.

A formula that allows the exact determination of the non-trivial root ξ ∗ arising in the solution q(u) = ξ ∗ (u)F(u) to the slowing down equation is given. A general approximation scheme for obtaining approximations to ξ ∗ is derived. The classical approximations of Fermi and of Greuling and Goertzel are the two lowest order approximations of this scheme. A method of consistent approximation, as opposed to the usual inconsistent method of which the Fermi and GG are particular examples, is also introduced. It is shown that this consistent approach greatly improves on the inconsistent one. A new physical interpretation of ξ ∗ is discussed.