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Air conditioning system is necessary in automobile to maintain the comfort condition. Therefore, it is important to study transient response of vehicle under real driving conditions. The Heat Balance Method (HBM) is used for estimating the heating and cooling loads which develops inside the vehicle cabin. The Load Calculation of Automobile Air Conditioning System is calculated and presented. An hourly cooling load is calculated in Tirunelveli region with respect to its latitude. Tons of refrigeration required is also found out from the cooling load calculation and a review on cooling load calculation is also presented. This study gives overall cooling load and AC power consumption which can be used by HVAC engineers to design more efficient car AC systems. Only by knowing the cooling load and source of thermal load, we can develop intelligent system to reduce AC consumption. Environmental Control System (ECS) is a generic term used in aircraft industry for maintaining the required air temperature and pressure inside passenger and crew compartment. The real challenge for an ECS is to operate and supply adequate cooling over a wide range of ground and flight conditions in a most reliable and efficient manner. The most important aspect of ECS is to know the cabin heat loads during air cooling or air heating phases. A precise calculation of aircraft heat load would be a long process requiring detailed knowledge of the aircraft structure and of the quantities involved in the mechanism of heat pick up and interchange in the cabin. This paper describes a method that may be applied in calculating the heat load for any aircraft and calculations are shown for a typical light transport aircraft under the conditions that, the cabin altitude is maintained within 0 ft to 8000 ft (2438.4m) for the aircraft altitude of 0 ft to 25000ft (7620m). The system shall be capable of maintaining temperatures within 59°F to 75°F (15°C to 30°C).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US), AC (US), or air con (UK), is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior environment (sometimes referred to as "comfort cooling") and in some cases also strictly controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or alternatively a variety of other methods, including passive cooling or ventilative cooling. Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners, but use a reversing valve to allow them to heat and also cool an enclosed space. Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used within vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings. Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), as of 2018, 1.6 billion air conditioning units were installed, which accounted for an estimated 20% of electricity usage in buildings globally with the number expected to grow to 5.6 billion by 2050. The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation. CFC and HCFC refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer, and HFC refrigerants such as R-410a and R-404a, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change. Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of HFCs.

Nanorobots are the nano devices that are used for protecting or treatment against pathogens in humans. The use of nanorobots technology has become familiar and increasingly common, especially with pharmaceutical technology. We conducted this research paper by observing the different types of reviews, as well as conducting and evaluating literature review papers. This research is provided detailed overview of the types, properties and application of nanorobot in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of various diseases. Nanorobots technology is rapidly emerging in the medical field, and this subfield has been termed nanomedicine. Nanorobotics are developing wide potential applications across all fields of medicine, and expanding the number of therapeutic options available, while also improving the efficacy of existing treatments. The most recent applications of these devices include targeted drug delivery to the brain, glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes, bone reconstruction, cancer treatment, blood clot removal, nerve regeneration and protein peptide based drug delivery systems.

The perspective, experiences and insights of educators from various backgrounds, origin and educational levels were sought regarding the role of pharmacy education in providing pharmaceutical research and development workforce. These reforms must be accompanied by robust systems to assure that the quality of educational structures, processes and outcomes will produce competent pharmacy graduates in the future. It is also considered imperative that pharmacy academic institutions should establish collaboration with the drug development units, the pharmaceutical industry and government agencies for sustainability and positive research outcomes.

Vaccine development platform technologies that can produce a wide range of vaccines are emerging. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global pandemic which has induced unprecedented ramifications, severely affecting our society due to the long incubation time, unpredictably high prevalence and lack of effective vaccines. Safe and effective vaccine against coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, pharmaceutical formulation science plays a critical role throughout the development, manufacturing, distribution, and vaccination phases DNA technology can simplify the complexity of manufacturing and facilitate consistent production of large quantities of antigen. Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines have shown promise against infectious diseases and several types of cancer in the last two decades.

Arthritis is considered a common non-contagious disease, but it is widespread. There are different types of arthritis, most notably rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis. The least influential and the most difficult type in diagnosis is joint influenza. In this study, Arthritis (joint influenza) is investigated as a separate case and compared with other joint infections. After careful diagnosis and identification of its causes and symptoms, this type of arthritis was found to have symptoms of both rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis. A therapeutic method was considered as the method of diagnosis with a special diet.

Pharmacovigilance is science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem. We conducted this research paper by observing the different types of reviews, as well as conducting and evaluating literature review papers. Pharmacovigilance is worried about just two results: security and viability. It addresses pretty much every part of the medication lifecycle from preclinical improvement to post-market reconnaissance. Pharmacovigilance is the science and movement associated with collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and counteractive action of untoward impacts with pharmaceutical items.