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Background: To conserve the tooth structure, bonded restorations are popular nowadays. Bonding to enamel is predictable by acid-etch technique. However, bonding to dentin remains a challenge. Aim: To determine the better bonding agent between universal bonding agent and total-etch bonding agents based on shear bond strength using universal testing machine. Methodology: Eighteen human permanent mandibular molars were sectioned longitudinally to obtain thirty-six samples. Samples were randomly divided into three groups according to the bonding agent, Group A (Unbonded), Group B (Universal bonding agent) which was again divided into Subgroup B1 (Superficial dentin), Subgroup B2 (Deep dentin) and Group C (total-etch bonding agent) which was again divided into Subgroup c1 (Superficial dentin) ,Subgroup c2 (Deep dentin). Composite block was built up and samples were mounted in acrylic resin. Thermocycling was done and then samples were subjected to Universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis: The data was analysed using One-way ANOVA and Post hoc tests. Result: Universal bonding agent showed higher mean shear bond strength than total-etch bonding agent at both superficial and deep dentin level. Conclusion: The shear bond strengths of Universal Bonding agent and total-etch bonding agents were affected by the dentin level i.e., superficial and deep dentin.

There are a number of different substances and treatments that are effective in mitigating the negative effects of tooth bleaching. It is essential, however, to consider whether or not the presence of these factors affects the efficiency of the bleaching agent.The purpose of this study is to determine how the pretreated enamel with a Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser affects the bleaching effect of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 35%.Thirty samples were prepared from human-extracted permanent anterior teeth and stained using a tea solution. Based on the pre-treatment protocol, the samples were split into two equal groups (n = 15): In Group I, samples were submerged in saline solution for five minutes, while in Group II, Nd:YAG laser treatment was performed. Following pretreatment, samples from both groups were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide. Colour analysis of all samples was done before and after bleaching using a spectrophotometer. For the colour analysis, the CIE L*a*b* (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) System of colour measurement was used. For statistical analysis, Student t-tests (two-tailed, unpaired) were used to compare the means of two groups on a continuous scale.Samples from both groups became lighter in colour following bleaching. After bleaching, there was no discernible difference in the total colour change between the two groups.The application of the Nd:YAG laser before bleaching did not influence the whitening efficacy of 35% hydrogen peroxide.

To assess the impact of early intervention services provided to children with visual loss and to report how parents perceive them in terms of a child's development and the family dynamics.: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted on a purposively selected sample of 15 children with severe visual impairment, availing early intervention services at a tertiary care facility in Pune, Maharashtra. Data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews of the parents with the help of a semi-structured interview topic guide. Participants were asked in detail about how and whether various components of the early intervention program (EIP) had an impact on their child. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated into English, and the resultant textual data were analyzed using the qualitative research software NVIVO 12 to identify themes and sub-themes under each domain.: A total of 15 children were included in the study, with ages ranging from 13 months to 5 years. All the children included in the study suffered from severe visual impairment in infancy (Vision 3/60 - PL). In the course of this EIP, the majority of the children showed consistent progress in various aspects of child development. According to the parents, the most beneficial components of EIP were visual stimulation exercises, an improvised teaching methodology, and counseling services.: Almost all the parents included in the study reported a positive change in the behavior and development of the child as well as improved family dynamics after implementation of EIP.

Mukha ( mouth or oral cavity) is one of the important parts of our body. The digestive system starts from mukha so it is important to maintain proper oral hygiene for our overall health status. Mukhapaka is a commonest disease of oral mucosa found in India as well as all over the world. Mukhapaka can be correlated with stomatitis or mouth ulcers as per modern science. Oral ulceration is encountered frequently in our daily practice. Stomatitis is curable & not considered a threat to life but these ulcers have a significant negative impact on oral health, affecting the quality of life. It also affects normal activities like eating & swallowing. Sometimes brushing & talking also becomes painful. In Ayurveda various treatment modalities are described for mukhapaka. I have selected one of them to establish the efficacy of Gandush on mukhapaka in my present case study.

Aim: To compare the push-out bond strength and modes of failure of fiber post cemented with different adhesive resin cements. Materials and Method: Forty five single rooted teeth were randomly divided into three groups as, group 1- Fluorocore 2+, group 2- Rely-X U200 and group 3-G-Cem, according to the adhesive resin cement used. The roots were subjected to chemo-mechanical preparation and cemented with adhesive resin cement. The teeth were sectioned into slices of the different root thirds and tested for bond strength (push out). Results were analysed using Chi square, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis test was used to find the significance of study parameters between three or more groups, with p = 0.05 for statistical significance. Result: Push out bond strength of Fluorocore 2+ is significantly higher at coronal level than apical level. No significant difference observed between coronal, middle and apical levels in group 2 and in group 3. Conclusion: Fluorocore 2+ adhesive resin cement is best to use for luting the fibre post. Fluorocore 2+ forms better bonding with post as well as dentin proving its better efficiency clinically.

Eye is considered as the most important & delicate sense organ of human body. The eye, an organ of sight is of most importance as far as ones existence is concerned. Eyes hold special status among all the senses. Eyes are the most specious gift of the God to the living beings. Good vision is crucial for social and intellectual development of a person. So to protect this organ is not only a necessity but also a responsibility of every individual. The symptom of dry eye like pain, blurry vision, foreign body sensation,burning sensation ,sensitivity to light are similar to that seen in Shushkakshipaka. It is very commonly found in human being as per chikitsa aspect according to susharuta from 52 sadhya netra roga . Shushkakshipaka is sadhya roga. So according to modern ophthalmology Shushkakshipaka can be correlated with Dry Eye. The recent international Dry Eye workshop report Define Dry Eye as a multifactoral disease of the tears and ocular surface that result in symptoms of discomfort visual disturbance and tearfilm instability. Tarpan and Nasya is treatment of ocular disease in shushkakshipaka chikitsa karma there is clinical study of Yashthimadhu Siddha Ghruta & Anutail Nasya. So I have selected this topic “Comparative clinical study of Role of Yashthimadhu Siddha Ghruta Tarpan & Anutail Nasya in Shushakakshipaka “. As Yashthimadhu, Content of Anutail and Go Ghruta these dravya are stated as pathyakar and chakshushya.

Background We have recently reported that cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments derived from dying cells that circulate in blood are biologically active molecules and can readily enter into healthy cells to activate DNA damage and apoptotic responses in the recipients. However, DNA is not conventionally known to spontaneously enter into cells or to have any intrinsic biological activity. We hypothesized that cellular entry and acquisition of biological properties are functions of the size of DNA. Results To test this hypothesis, we generated small DNA fragments by sonicating high molecular weight DNA (HMW DNA) to mimic circulating cfDNA. Sonication of HMW DNA isolated from cancerous and non-cancerous human cells, bacteria and plant generated fragments 300–3000 bp in size which are similar to that reported for circulating cfDNA. We show here that while HMW DNAs were incapable of entering into cells, sonicated DNA (sDNA) from different sources could do so indiscriminately without heed to species or kingdom boundaries. Thus, sDNA from human cells and those from bacteria and plant could enter into nuclei of mouse cells and sDNA from human, bacterial and plant sources could spontaneously enter into bacteria. The intracellular sDNA associated themselves with host cell chromosomes and integrated into their genomes. Furthermore, sDNA, but not HMW DNA, from all four sources could phosphorylate H2AX and activate the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NFκB in mouse cells, indicating that sDNAs had acquired biological activities. Conclusions Our results show that small fragments of DNA from different sources can indiscriminately enter into other cells across species and kingdom boundaries to integrate into their genomes and activate biological processes. This raises the possibility that fragmented DNA that are generated following organismal cell-death may have evolutionary implications by acting as mobile genetic elements that are involved in horizontal gene transfer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12867-017-0098-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Whether nucleic acids that circulate in blood have any patho-physiological functions in the host have not been explored.We report here that far from being inert molecules, circulating nucleic acids have significant biological activities of their own that are deleterious to healthy cells of the body. Fragmented DNA and chromatin (DNAfs and Cfs) isolated from blood of cancer patients and healthy volunteers are readily taken up by a variety of cells in culture to be localized in their nuclei within a few minutes. The intra-nuclear DNAfs and Cfs associate themselves with host cell chromosomes to evoke a cellular DNA-damage-repair-response (DDR) followed by their incorporation into the host cell genomes. Whole genome sequencing detected the presence of tens of thousands of human sequence reads in the recipient mouse cells. Genomic incorporation of DNAfs and Cfs leads to dsDNA breaks and activation of apoptotic pathways in the treated cells. When injected intravenously into Balb/C mice, DNAfs and Cfs undergo genomic integration into cells of their vital organs resulting in activation of DDR and apoptotic proteins in the recipient cells. Cfs have significantly greater activity than DNAfs with respect to all parameters examined, while both DNAfs and Cfs isolated from cancer patients are more active than those from normal volunteers. All the above pathological actions of DNAfs and Cfs described above can be abrogated by concurrent treatment with DNase I and/or anti-histone antibody complexed nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that circulating DNAfs and Cfs are physiological, continuously arising, endogenous DNA damaging agents with implications to ageing and a multitude of human pathologies including initiation of cancer.

Additional file 2. Data sets. Data generated or analyzed in this study.

Bystander cells of the tumor microenvironment show evidence of DNA damage and inflammation that can lead to their oncogenic transformation. Mediator(s) of cell–cell communication that brings about these pro-oncogenic pathologies has not been identified. We show here that cell-free chromatin (cfCh) released from dying cancer cells are the key mediators that trigger both DNA damage and inflammation in the surrounding healthy cells. When dying human cancer cells were cultured along with NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, numerous cfCh emerged from them and rapidly entered into nuclei of bystander NIH3T3 cells to integrate into their genomes. This led to activation of H2AX and inflammatory cytokines NFκB, IL-6, TNFα and IFNγ. Genomic integration of cfCh triggered global deregulation of transcription and upregulation of pathways related to phagocytosis, DNA damage and inflammation. None of these activities were observed when living cancer cells were co-cultivated with NIH3T3 cells. However, upon intravenous injection into mice, both dead and live cells were found to be active. Living cancer cells are known to undergo extensive cell death when injected intravenously, and we observed that cfCh emerging from both types of cells integrated into genomes of cells of distant organs and induced DNA damage and inflammation. γH2AX and NFκB were frequently co-expressed in the same cells suggesting that DNA damage and inflammation are closely linked pathologies. As concurrent DNA damage and inflammation is a potent stimulus for oncogenic transformation, our results suggest that cfCh from dying cancer cells can transform cells of the microenvironment both locally and in distant organs providing a novel mechanism of tumor invasion and metastasis. The afore-described pro-oncogenic pathologies could be abrogated by concurrent treatment with chromatin neutralizing/degrading agents suggesting therapeutic possibilities.

Objective The percentage of general dental practitioners is very common in India, so the purpose of this study was to assess attitude of general dental practitioners toward root canal treatment (RCT) procedures. Materials and methods In a cross-sectional study, 178 dentists (96 males and 82 females) were surveyed using a selfadministered, structured questionnaire pretested through a pilot survey. The questionnaire collected information regarding RCT procedures among participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15. Frequency and percentage distributions were calculated. Results In the present study most of the participants, i.e. 86.4% reported that they perform (RCT) procedures in posterior teeth. Isolation is mainly done with cotton rolls only (74.6%) and very few are using rubber dam in their practice (3.2%). Radiographs were not taken after every step in most of the cases. Rotary instruments were used in less number of cases and K-files were the most popular instruments (66.2%). Also single sitting RCT was not commonly seen. Clinical significance This study indicates that most of the general dental practitioners’ do not comply with quality standards guidelines such as use of rubber dam as isolation. So dentist should update their knowledge and practices with current techniques and materials through CDE programs. How to cite this article Gaikwad A, Jain D, Rane P, Bhondwe S, Taur S, Doshi S. Attitude of General Dental Practitioners toward Root Canal Treatment Procedures in India. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):528-531.