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HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC stenosis (HPS) was first described in post-mortem reports in 1717 but was not established as a clinical diagnosis until 1888 when Hirschsprung successfully described two cases (Dudgeon 2005). Initial management of HPS involved medication and feeding, but a high mortality rate resulted. The first surgical treatment of the disease was by Lobker in 1898, however the child died several days later from sepsis (Dudgeon 2005). In 1911, Ramstedt first introduced the pyloromyotomy technique, which is essentially still used, but with a reduced mortality rate of less than 0.4 per cent (Dudgeon 2005). Although significant medical advances have improved the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of HP S (Panteli 2009), the cause of this disease process remains poorly understood (Dudgeon 2005, Panteli 2009). This article reviews the current literature on the pathophysiology and management of HP S in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the cost-effectiveness of meniscal repair (MR) using an all-suture-based technique when compared to partial meniscectomy (PM) for horizontal cleavage tears (HCTs) from a payor's perspective in the United States., Methods: A state-transition model and cost-utility analysis were developed from a US payor's perspective to project treatment costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in a cohort of 35-year-old patients without osteoarthritis at baseline and presenting with either a lateral or medial HCT. Two outpatient costing perspectives were used, namely ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs) and hospitals. The state-transition model had 7 health states with transition probabilities, costs, and utilities obtained from the existing literature. Cost-effectiveness was assessed using a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/QALY, and sensitivity analysis considered the effects of parameter uncertainty on model results. MR failure rates were focused on an all-suture-based technique; however, in a separate scenario, this study considered effectiveness data from various MR techniques and devices., Results: MR dominated PM over a lifetime horizon, increasing QALYs by 0.43 per patient and decreasing the cost by $12,227 per patient within a hospital setting (and by $12,570 within an ASC). MR with an all-suture-based technique continued to be the dominant treatment when age at primary treatment was varied between 30 and 60 years. Sensitivity analysis showed that MR was not cost-effective in year 1, was cost-effective from year 2, and was cost-saving from year 6 onward from both ASC and hospital perspectives. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis found that MR was cost-effective over a lifetime horizon in 99% of 10,000 iterations on base-case analysis., Conclusions: Using a lifetime horizon, this study found that from a payor's perspective, MR is a cost-saving intervention when compared with PM in patients with an HCT., Level of Evidence: Level III, economic analysis., Competing Interests: The authors report the following potential conflicts of interest or sources of funding: N.A. is employed by Smith & Nephew. L.M.N. is employed by Smith & Nephew. R.J.S. is employed by Smith and Nephew and reports other funding from Smith & Nephew, during the conduct of the study and funding outside the submitted work. D.C.F. is a consultant for Smith & Nephew, DePuy Mitek, Vericel, and ConMed; receives research support from 10.13039/100009026Smith & Nephew, 10.13039/100008426DePuy Mitek, Vericel, ConMed, Moximed, Episurf, KCRN, 10.13039/100014927Anika Therapeutics, and Aesculap, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relation, (© 2023 The Authors.)

Purpose: Research relating to Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) has found the anterior-based muscle-sparing (ABMS) approach improves both intraoperative and postoperative outcomes when compared to other THA approaches. This study compares the costs and outcomes of the ABMS approach and standard of care (SOC) to determine the relative cost-effectiveness., Methods: A decision-analytic model was utilized to estimate intraoperative outcomes (i.e. length of procedure, length of stay (LOS), and transfusion rates) and 90-day postoperative complications (deep infection, periprosthetic fracture, and dislocation). Data relating to postoperative complications, intraoperative outcomes, and costs (adjusted to 2023 USD) were obtained from the literature. Model results were presented as incremental costs and complications avoided using a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000. We conducted both one-way sensitivity analysis (OWSA), varying each parameter individually within a specific range, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) where parameters were varied simultaneously. In scenario analysis, ABMS was also compared to the posterior approach (PA) and direct anterior approach (DAA) individually., Results: ABMS THA was found to have superior results compared to SOC THA over a 90-day time horizon since it decreased major complications by 0.00186 per patient and cost by $3,851 per patient. The PSA found the ABMS approach dominates SOC and is cost-effective in approximately 98.29% and 100% of 10,000 iterations, respectively. Comparing ABMS with only PA procedures increased cost savings per patient to $4,766 while it decreased to $3,242 when comparing ABMS to only DAA procedures. Length of procedure, LOS, and discharge disposition were the main cost drivers., Conclusions: This analysis demonstrates the ABMS approach for THA is a cost-effective technique when compared to PA and DAA, which may provide an opportunity for cost savings to the healthcare system.

Background: In October 2015, the Massachusetts Medicaid program temporarily stopped reimbursement for procedures in which the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition, code for serum aneuploidy screening used by certain communities was stipulated. This change led to a substantial number of patients who went without aneuploidy screening for approximately 3 years., Objective: This study aimed to determine the change in use and cost-effectiveness of prenatal aneuploidy serum screening in a low-risk Hispanic Medicaid population in Massachusetts., Study Design: We conducted a retrospective chart review of Spanish-speaking pregnant patients younger than 35 years of age who underwent aneuploidy serum screening at a Massachusetts community health center. The study compared the aneuploidy serum screening rates for the periods before and after May 2016 when the Massachusetts Medicaid program, MassHealth, temporarily discontinued reimbursement for the screening. Based on these rates, we developed a Markov cohort simulation model to assess the economic value of reimbursed aneuploidy screening vs nonreimbursed or limited screening. Clinical outcomes included trisomy 21, live births, and therapeutic abortions for a trisomy 21 diagnosis. Economic outcomes included discounted quality-adjusted life years and lifetime medical costs, net health benefit, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios., Results: Before the MassHealth policy change, 69% (55/80) of pregnant individuals selected quad or sequential screens in comparison with only 9% (10/112) who selected screens after the policy change. Traditional aneuploidy serum screening in a low-risk (aged <35 years) Hispanic population was considered to be cost-saving (ie, led to lower incremental costs and higher incremental benefits when compared with nonreimbursed or limited screening)., Conclusion: From a United States healthcare payer perspective, aneuploidy serum screening for Hispanic pregnant individuals under 35 years of age is economically advantageous when compared with limited screening ., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Background: National projections of future joint arthroplasties are useful in understanding the changing burden of surgery and related outcomes on the health system. The aim of this study is to update the literature by producing Medicare projections for revision total joint arthroplasty procedures from 2040 through 2060., Methods: The study uses 2000-2019 data from the CMS Medicare Part-B National Summary and combines procedure counts using CPT codes for revision total joint arthroplasty procedures. In 2019, revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) and revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) procedures totaled 53,217 and 30,541, respectively, forming a baseline from which we generated point forecasts between 2020 and 2060 and 95% forecast intervals (FI)., Results: On average, the model projects an annual growth rate of 1.77% for rTHAs and 4.67% for rTKAs. By 2040, rTHAs were projected to be 43,514 (95% FI = 37,429-50,589) and rTKAs were projected to be 115,147 (95% FI = 105,640-125,510). By 2060, rTHAs was projected to be 61,764 (95% FI = 49,927-76,408) and rTKAs were projected to be 286,740 (95% FI = 253,882-323,852)., Conclusions: Based on 2019 total volume counts, the log-linear exponential model forecasts an increase in rTHA procedures of 42% by 2040 and 101% by 2060. Similarly, the estimated increase for rTKA is projected to be 149% by 2040 and 520% by 2060. An accurate projection of future revision procedure demands is important to understand future healthcare utilization and surgeon demand. This finding is only applicable to the Medicare population and demands further analysis for other population groups., (© 2023 The Authors.)

National projections of future joint arthroplasties are useful for understanding the changing burden of surgery and related outcomes on the health system. The aim of this study is to update the literature by producing Medicare projections for primary total joint arthroplasty (TJA) procedures until 2040 and 2060., Methods: The present study used data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Medicare/Medicaid Part B National Summary and combined procedure counts with use of Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes to identify whether the procedure was a primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedure. In 2019, the annual volume of primary TKA was 480,958 and that of primary THA was 262,369. These values formed a baseline from which we generated point forecasts for 2020-2060 and 95% forecast intervals (FIs)., Results: Between 2000 and 2019, the estimated annual volume of THA increased by 177% and that of TKA increased by 156% on average. Regression analysis projected an annual growth rate of 5.2% for THA and 4.44% for TKA. Based on these yearly projected increases, an estimated increase of 28.84% and 24.28% is expected for each 5-year period after 2020 for THA and TKA, respectively. By 2040, the number of THAs is projected to be 719,364 (95% FI, 624,766 to 828,286) and the number of TKA is projected to be 1,222,988 (95% FI, 988,714 to 1,512,772). By 2060, the number of THAs is projected to be 1,982,099 (95% FI, 1,624,215 to 2,418,839) and the number of TKAs is projected to be 2,917,959 (95% FI, 2,160,951 to 3,940,156). In 2019, Medicare data showed that THA constituted approximately 35% of TJA procedures performed., Conclusions: Based on 2019 total volume counts, our model forecasts an increase in THA procedures of 176% by 2040 and 659% by 2060. The estimated increase for TKA is projected to be 139% by 2040 and 469% by 2060. An accurate projection of future primary TJA procedure demands is important in order to understand future health-care utilization and surgeon demand. This finding is only applicable to a Medicare population and demands further analysis to see if this extends to other population groups., Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article (http://links.lww.com/JBJSOA/A482)., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated. All rights reserved.)

The study, outlined in this article, aimed to ascertain the effect of length of surgery and opioid consumption on length of stay and bowel dysfunction, and to review current post-operative bowel practices. A retrospective case note review was carried out of all patients with a diagnosis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (n=44) who had undergone a posterior spinal fusion between January 2012 and May 2014. Mean length of surgery was 3:24 hours (±0:40 hours), while average length of stay was 6 days (mean 6.27 days ±2.39). Average opioid consumption post-operatively was 152.15mg (±60.95mg). There were no statistically significant associations. Some form of laxative was received by 93% of (n=41) patients. Of those, 20 required an enema before discharge. This was most commonly administered on post-operative days four and five (65%). This service evaluation demonstrated that length of surgery and amount of opioid have no significant effect on length of stay for young people following a posterior spinal fusion. It is suggested that lactulose and senna are given in combination at doses as per the British National Formulary for Children starting on post-operative day two, which should avoid the need to administer an enema.