Search

A re-description of the little-known holothurian species Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875 is given. It is based on the single recovered type specimen and an individual recently collected on Glorioso Islands, near Madagascar. A key to separate three closely related and commonly confused species, i.e., Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Selenka, 1867, Holothuria (Lessenothuria) verrucosa Selenka, 1867 and Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875, is presented.

Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa (s.s.) Gmelin, 1791 Figure 2, Table 4 Synonymy. Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791, p. 3138; Grube, 1840, p. 35; Selenka, 1867, p. 323, pl. 18, figs. 42–43; Heller, 1868, p. 72; Marenzeller, 1874, p. 314; Ludwig, 1879, p. 570; Lampert, 1885, p. 76, fig. 34; Koehler, 1921, p. 174, fig. 130; Koehler, 1927, p. 215, pl. 16, fig. 25; Hérouard, 1929, p. 48; Nobre, 1931, p. 141, fig. 66, pl. 13; Panning, 1934, p. 77, fig. 60; Tortonese, 1934, p. 226; Tortonese, 1935, p. 261; Mayer, 1937, p. 15, figs. 5–6; Tortonese, 1952, p. 225; Cherbonnier, 1956, p. 22; Gustato & Villari, 1979, p. 107 –110, figs. 1–2; Tortonese, 1965, p. 53, figs. 16–17; Rowe, 1969, p.152 –154, fig. 17; Mezali, 1998, p. 59 –63, fig. 11. Holothuria tremula Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1090. Holothuria columnae de Blainville, 1821, p. 316. Holothuria petagnae Delle Chiaje, 1824, p. 82. Holothuria maxima Delle Chiaje, 1823, p. 82. Holothuria columnae Delle Chiaje, 1824, p. 79. Remarks. The forms described below comply with the description of H. tubulosa by Koehler (1921) which description was recommended by Rowe (1969) for this species, in his excellent revision of the Holothuriidae. Thus, this form is here regarded as Holothuria (H.) tubulosa (s.s.). Material examined. UF3847; UF5471; UF5476; UF3844, Stidia, Algeria, 35°49.922’N, 0°1.174’O, 3 m, Summer 2006, 4 specs. UF5470, Sidi-Fredj, Algeria, 36°45.000’N, 2°50.000’E, 0.5–10 m, Summer 2006, 1 spec. UF4471, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France, 42°29.040’N, 3°7.970’E, 3 m, Summer 2006, 1 spec. UF5462, Figuier-plage, Algeria, 36°46.750’N, 3°30.821’E, 0.5–10 m, Summer 2006, 1 spec. LPVCMRMS2020.201; LPVCMRMS2020.202, Ouillis, Algeria, 36°7.436’N, 0°15.219’E, 5 m, June 2020, 2 specs. Description. Body form (Figure 2, Table 4) almost cylindrical, length up to 200 mm, width 30–60 mm when contracted. Body wall thick (about 7 mm) and leathery. Dorsal surface (bivium) (Figure 2A) rounded, bearing small conical tubercles/verrucosities, scattered, each terminating in a small, elongated papilla. Ventral surface (trivium) (Figure 2B) rounded in contracted state. Pedicels/tube feet numerous, crowded, no regular arrangement. Mouth ventral, surrounded by 20 tentacles; anus ventral, anal papillae well developed (5 series of 3 each, in each ambulacrum). Live colouration varying from light brown, red mahogany, to brown or black; ventral surface generally lighter (light brown). Longitudinal muscles about 8–9 mm in thickness. Cuvierian tubules absent. Stone canals 1–2. Polian vesicles several, 1–4 (if 4, one on middle and three on right side of dorsal mesentery), average length Ossicles. Ossicle types from the dorsal and ventral surfaces appear identical, they comprise tables and buttons. Tables (Figure 2 Ca) small and four-pillared, average height of spire less than average diameter of disc. Disc slightly arched. Some tables with a thorny disc generally pierced with 4 large holes and a variable number of peripheral ones. Buttons (Figure 2 Cb) appear oval in shape, about 101.25 and 73.75 µm long dorsally and ventrally respectively and 44.25 and 38.70 µm wide dorsally and ventrally respectively, not very thick but with a regular, rough surface with small, conical or pointed spines; holes average about 7, with a roughened periphery, arranged in two rows relative to the central axis of the button; holes may be partitioned, round, irregular in outline, but often become minute or even completely obliterated, then giving the buttons a solid but rough appearance. Average width of the holes of buttons 6.75 and 5.75 μm dorsally and ventrally respectively. Pseudo-buttons abundant but fenestrated ellipsoids scarce. Pedicels contain perforated plates, which are of two types; the first are enlarged (Figure 2 Da), with large central perforations symmetrically arranged along the central axis, surrounded by other smaller perforations, the second type of plates are thick, rough and elongated (Figure 2 Db) with an irregular outline and with only few large perforations at their lateral and terminal ends. The enlarged plates of the ventral surface have a smooth surface but an irregular and prickly outline and with two rows of large perforations symmetrically arranged along the central axis of the plate and surrounded by several smaller perforations. Tentacles present two forms of thick rods (19 µm); straight rods (Figure 2 Ea) and those that are slightly arched (Figure 2 Eb)., Published as part of Mezali, Karim, Thandar, Ahmed S. & Khodja, Ihcene, 2021, On the taxonomic status of Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa (s. s.) from the Algerian coast with the description of a new Mediterranean species, Holothuria (Holothuria) algeriensis n. sp. (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae), pp. 89-106 in Zootaxa 4981 (1) on pages 92-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4981.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4897620, {"references":["Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Vermes. In: Gmelin, J. F. (Ed.), Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 13 th Edition. Tome 1 (6). G. E. Beer, Leipzig, pp. 3021 - 3910.","Grube, A. E. (1840) Actinien, Echinodermen und Wurmer des Adriatischen- und Mittelmeers, Nach Eigenen Sammlungen Beschrieben. J. H. Bon. Konigsberg, 92 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 23025","Selenka, E. (1867) Beitrage zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 17 (2), 291 - 374.","Heller, C. (1868) Die Zoophyten und Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres. Verhandlungen Der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch Botanisch Gesellschaft, Wien, 88 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11393","Marenzeller, E. V. (1874) s. n. In: Kritik Adriatischer Holothurien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft, Wien, pp. 299 - 320.","Ludwig, H. L. (1879) Die Echinodermen des Mittelmeeres. Prodromus einer monographischen Bearbeitung derselben. Mittheilungenaus der Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 1, 523 - 580.","Lampert, K. (1885) Die Seewalzen (Holothurioidea). In: Semper, C. (Ed.), Reisen Im Archipel der Philippinen, Zweiter Theil, wissenschaftliche Resultate, Wiesbaden, 4 (3), pp. x - 311.","Koehler, R. (1921) Faune de France. In: Lechevalier, P. (Eds.), Echinoderms. P. Lechevalier, Paris, pp. x - 210.","Koehler, R. (1927) Les Echinodermes des Mers d'Europe. Tome I et II. Librairie Octave, Gaston Doin, Paris, 339 pp.","Herouard, E. (1929) Holothuries de la cote atlantique du Maroc et de Mauritanie. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc, 9, 36 - 70.","Nobre, A. (1931) Echinodermes de Portugal. Instituto de Zoologia \" Dr. Augusto Nobre \", Porto, 176 pp.","Panning, A. (1934) Die Gattung Holothuria (2 Teil). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatsintstitut und Zoologischen Museum in Hamburg, 45, 24 - 50.","Tortonese, E. (1934) Echinodermi del Mar Ligure. Societa Italiana per il Progresso delle Scienze, 73, 213.","Tortonese, E. (1935) Note intorno a due Oloturie del golfo di Genova. Bollettino di Zoologia Italiana, 6, 317 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003509435636","Mayer, B. (1937) Die Holothurien der Adria, inbesonderer der Kuste von Rovigno. Thalassia, 2 (9), 1 - 54.","Tortonese, E. (1952) Gli Echinodermi del Mar Ligure e delle zone vicine. Atti dell'Accademia Ligure di Scienze e Lettere, 8, 163 - 242.","Cherbonnier, G. (1956) Les echinodermes de Tunisie. Bulletin Station Oceanographique Salammbo, 33, 1 - 23.","Gustato, G. & Villari, A. (1979) About the question of the taxonomic status of Holothuria stellati Delle Chiaje. In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Echinoderms: present and past: Proceedings of the European Colloquium on Echinoderms, Brussels. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 107 - 110. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781003078913 - 19","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna d'Italia Vol. 6 (VI). Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 419 pp.","Rowe, F. W. E. (1969) A review of the family Holothuriidae. Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Zoology, 18 (4), 117 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 18419","Mezali, K. (1998) Contribution a la systematique, la biologie, l'ecologie et la dynamique de cinq especes d'holothuries aspidochirotes [Holothuria (H.) tubulosa. H. (L.) polii, H. (H.) stellati, H. (P.) forskali et H. (P.) sanctori] de l'herbier a Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delille de la Presqu'ile de Sidi-Fredj. These de Magister. Ecole National des Sciences de la Mer et de l'amenagement du Littoral (Ex - ISMAL), Alger, Algerie, 192 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema naturae. Holmiae, 1, 1321 - 1336.","Blainville, H. M. D. de (1821) Holothuries. Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, 21, 310 - 319."]}

Holothuria (Roweothuria) poli Delle Chiaje, 1824 Figure 4A, Table 4 Material examined. UF3857, Tamentefoust, Algeria, 36°48.000’N, 3°13.000’E, 0.5–10 m, Summer 2006, 1 spec. LPVCMRMS2020.205, Ouillis, Algeria, 36°7.436’N, 0°15.219’E, 5 m, June 2020, 1 spec. Description. Soft cylindrical body, light brown to dark brown in color, sometimes exceeding 20 cm in length and 3–5 cm in width. Trivium (Figure 4 Ab) clearly separated from bivium (Figure 4 Aa) by a groove. Pedicels whitish (giving the body a white-spotted appearance), spots numerous, dense ventrally, often also dorsally but not obvious. Dorsal papillae thin, whitish, reduced, situated on reduced conical warts/tubercles. Mouth ventral; anus terminal. Tentacles 20, yellowish. Cuvierian tubules absent. Collar around mouth thin (about 0.50 mm). Calcareous ring with broad radial plates with deep, slit-like anterior notch with slightly bifurcate anterior portions and a convex posterior margin (Table 4). Ossicles. Ossicles of body wall tables and buttons. Tables (Figure 4 Ac) with an irregular, marginally serrated disc pierced by 4 central holes and a variable number of peripheral holes. Buttons (Figure 4 Ad) of 3 types: (i) smooth with regular outline; (ii) smooth with irregular outline and (iii) with large perforations. Perforated plates of the pedicels of two types: (i) enlarged (Figure 4 Af) and (ii) elongated (Figure 4 Ae). Terminal plates on the pedicels (Figure 4 Ai). Tentacle rods straight (Figure 4 Ag) or arched (Figure 4 Ah)., Published as part of Mezali, Karim, Thandar, Ahmed S. & Khodja, Ihcene, 2021, On the taxonomic status of Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa (s. s.) from the Algerian coast with the description of a new Mediterranean species, Holothuria (Holothuria) algeriensis n. sp. (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae), pp. 89-106 in Zootaxa 4981 (1) on pages 95-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4981.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4897620

Holothuria (Holothuria) stellati Delle Chiaje, 1824 Figure 4C, Table 4 Material examined. UF5468, Sidi-Fredj, Algeria, 36°45.000’N, 2°50.000’E, 0.5–10 m, Summer 2006, 1 spec. UF5495, Stidia, Algeria, 35°49.922’N, 0°1.174’O, 3 m, Summer 2006, 1 spec. LPVCMRMS2020.208, Ouillis, Algeria, 36°7.436’N, 0°15.219’E, 5 m, June 2020, 1 spec. Description. Body dark brown dorsally (Figure 4 Ca), light brown ventrally (Figure 4 Cb); sometimes reaching a length of 30 cm and width of 5–6 cm. Dorsal surface arched, ventral surface flattened, the latter with fairly dense, scattered pedicels. Integument thick (0.70 µm) and smooth. A row of 5–6 very large, straight pointed protuberances separated at equal intervals on both sides of body. Cuvierian tubules absent. Collar around mouth thick (about 3.50 mm). Ossicles. Body wall tables with circular disc (Figure 4 Cc) with wavy outline and 4 large central and 4 small peripheral perforations. Buttons (Figure 4 Ce) of several types: (i) oval with irregular, rough, smooth and thick surfaces; (ii) larger ones slightly rectangular in shape, with smooth but sometimes with wavy outline; (iii) enlarged, rounded ones and (iv) those that are slightly warped in the middle. Perforated plates of the pedicels of two types: enlarged and elongated (Figure 4 Cd). Tentacles with straight (Figure 4 Cf) or slightly arched rods., Published as part of Mezali, Karim, Thandar, Ahmed S. & Khodja, Ihcene, 2021, On the taxonomic status of Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa (s. s.) from the Algerian coast with the description of a new Mediterranean species, Holothuria (Holothuria) algeriensis n. sp. (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae), pp. 89-106 in Zootaxa 4981 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4981.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4897620

Holothuria (Roweothuria) arguinensis Koehler & Vaney, 1906 Figure 4B, Table 4 Material examined. CMNI 2021 – 0194, Salamandre, Algeria, 35°55.221’N, 0°03.470’E, 2 m, November 2014, 1 spec. LPVCMRMS2020.207, Ouillis, Algeria, 36°7.436’N, 0°15.219’E, 5 m, June 2020, 2 specs. Description. Semi-cylindrical body with dorsal surface (Figure 4 Ba) arched, dark brown in color; ventral surface (Figure 4 Bb) sole-like, light brown in color. Several large protuberances in two double rows on the dorsal surface; in addition, dorsal and ventral surfaces separated by several arched protuberances. Anus terminal. Mouth surrounded by 20 tentacles. Cuvierian tubules absent. Collar around mouth thick (about 4.60 mm). Calcareous ring with broad, squarish, radial plates with a shallow anterior notch, almost flat anterior portions and slightly concave posterior margin (Table 4). Ossicles. Body wall tables (Figure 4 Bc) sometimes with a rectangular disc, spire of straight to slightly arched pillars, parallel to each other. Buttons often shaped in the figure of “8” (Figure 4 Bd) with rough, irregular and prickly margins but with a smooth surface with unequally-sized perforations. Pedicels also with numerous elongated perforated plates (Figure 4 Be) and other rare enlarged plates. Rods of tentacles larger and more complex with an enlarged, branched and perforated middle region, arched (Figure 4 Bf) or straight (Figure 4 Bg)., Published as part of Mezali, Karim, Thandar, Ahmed S. & Khodja, Ihcene, 2021, On the taxonomic status of Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa (s. s.) from the Algerian coast with the description of a new Mediterranean species, Holothuria (Holothuria) algeriensis n. sp. (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae), pp. 89-106 in Zootaxa 4981 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4981.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4897620, {"references":["Koehler, R. & Vaney, C. (1906) Mission des Pecheries de la Cote occidentale d'Afrique. II. Echinodermes. Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux, 60, 58 - 66, pls. 4 - 6."]}

Holothuria (Holothuria) algeriensis n. sp. Figure 3, Table 4 Synonymy. Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa “B” Mezali, 2008, p. 116, fig. 23. Material examined. Holotype. UF5187, Figuier-plage, Algeria, 36°46.750’N, 3°30.821’E, 0.5–10 m, Summer 2006. Paratype. UF5475, Figuier-plage, Algeria, 36°46.750’N, 3°30.821’E, 0.5–10 m, Summer 2006, 1 spec. LPVCMRMS2020.203; LPVCMRMS2020.204, Ouillis, Algeria, 36°7.436’N, 0°15.219’E, 5 m, June 2020, 2 specs. Diagnosis. Length up to 185 mm, body arched, very net demarcation between the dorsal surface brown bitumen and the ventral surface light gray. Mouth ventral, tentacles about 20; anus terminal. Cuvierian tubules absent, stone canals several, Polian vesicle single. Ossicles types are buttons with a large perforations and tables in dorsal and ventral surface; terminal plates in tube feet; enlarged and elongated plates in tube feet and pedicels and rods in tentacles. Description. Body form generally arched dorsally (Figure 3A), little flattened ventrally (Figure 3B). Length up to 185 mm, width up to 45 mm when contracted. Body wall thin (up to 4 mm) in relaxed state. Pedicels/tube feet irregularly distributed on ventral side. Conical verrucosities of dorsal surface minute or lacking. Mouth ventral, tentacles usually 20, anus terminal, anal papillae well developed (5 series of 4 each, in each radius). Live colouration of dorsal surface brown bitumen, ventral surface light gray. Longitudinal muscles about 10–14 mm in thickness. Cuvierian tubules absent. Stone canals several, 5–6 on right and 2–4 on left side of dorsal mesentery, average length 8 mm. Collar around mouth thin (about 0.69 mm). Calcareous ring (Table 4) large/stout with expanded radial plates, each with a broad anterior notch, slightly bifurcate anterior parts and a flat or slightly indented posterior margin. Ossicles. Dorsal and ventral surfaces comprise the same type of ossicles; tables (Figure 3 Ca) and buttons (Figure 3 Cb). Table disc of ventral surface wheel-shaped with a variable number of spokes. The four pillars of spire appear parallel to each other and do not merge at the apical end, each ending in several pointed, thorns/teeth, generally arranged in groups of 3–4 at the end of each pillar. Buttons thick, oval, about 69.10 and 58 µm long dorsally and ventrally respectively and 35.60 and 31 µm wide dorsally and ventrally respectively. Margins of buttons irregular, wavy and rough; holes average about 7, quite large, usually oval but can become obliterated to disappear completely, thus giving the button a solid, rough appearance. Average width of the holes 7.80 and 4.90 μm dorsally and ventrally respectively. Generally, the symmetrical holes in the center of the buttons are wider than the terminal ones which are rather oval in shape. Pseudo-buttons abundant, fenestrated ellipsoids scarce. Pedicels present perforated plates. Enlarged plates (Figure 3 Da) rectangular in shape and smooth. The central perforations are surrounded by smaller, circular ones; other plates generally oval in shape with an irregular outline; elongated plates (Figure 3 Db) simple and irregular in outline. Ventral surface also present terminal plates (Figure 3 Dc). Tentacles possess thin rods (12 µm) (Figure 3 Ea and Figure 3 Eb)., Published as part of Mezali, Karim, Thandar, Ahmed S. & Khodja, Ihcene, 2021, On the taxonomic status of Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa (s. s.) from the Algerian coast with the description of a new Mediterranean species, Holothuria (Holothuria) algeriensis n. sp. (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae), pp. 89-106 in Zootaxa 4981 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4981.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4897620, {"references":["Mezali, K. (2008) Phylogenie, systematique, dynamique des populations et nutrition de quelques especes d'holothuries aspidochirotes (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) infeodees aux herbiers de Posidonies de la region Algeroise. These de Doctorat d'etat, Universite des Sciences et Technologie Houari Boumediene, Algerie, 208 pp."]}

In this study we redescribe the taxonomy of some holothuriid species collected from different localities of the Algerian coastal waters. Morphological (anatomical and endoskeletal) and previous molecular studies show the presence of two distinct morphotypes of Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa “A” & “B”. Morphotype “A” corresponds to the classical Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa Gmelin 1791, described by Koehler (1921) and hereafter referred to as H. (H.) tubulosa (s.s.), while morphotype “B”, we believe, represents a new species, herein named H. (Holothuria) algeriensis n. sp. with characteristics significantly different from those of Holothuria (H.) tubulosa (s.s.). Both morphology and statistical analysis (Linear Discriminant Analysis) confirm significant differences between these two morphotypes. To visualize these differences, measurements made on ossicles of Holothuria (H.) tubulosa (s.s.) and Holothuria (H.) algeriensis n. sp. were compared with other species present in our collections, including the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Holothuria (Roweothuria) arguinensis Koehler & Vaney, 1906, recently recorded from Algerian waters, the Mediterranean Holothuria (Roweothuria) poli Delle Chiaje, 1824 and Holothuria (Holothuria) stellati Delle Chiaje, 1824. We conclude that the two morphotypes of H. (H.) tubulosa are significantly different to warrant the recognition of a new species, H. (H.) algeriensis n. sp. and the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of the five species demonstrate this.

As part of a study on holothurians from the southern Gulf of Mexico, some Holothuria mexicana Ludwig, 1875 were obtained for gut analysis. In two of them, a couple of eulimids were located inside the main tube of the respiratory tree. They were identified as Megadenus holothuricola Rosen, 1910, described from the Bahamas Islands, based on five specimens attached to the respiratory tree of H. mexicana . The original description was brief with few details, the type material is lost, and the species has not been found again. In this contribution, this species is confirmed for Campeche Bay, Mexico. The adult shell is globular to conical, transparent, thin, and fragile. Megadenus smithi sp. nov. from Palmyra Atoll, Central Pacific is described based on adult specimens. It differs from its congeneric species in its more robust shell, the pseudopallium does not cover the shell, and its short and contracted proboscis forms a thick disc. Further research on these eulimid parasites is now complicated in the southern Gulf of Mexico because of the holothurian population collapse due to over-exploitation of the fishery.

Species from almost all classes of ciliates are prone to be found inhabiting bromeliads in the Neotropics, from Mexico to Brazil, and the Antilles. Studies of ciliates recorded from bromeliads have been carried out from few bromeliad species, mainly in tropical forest. We compiled all available data of free living and sessile ciliates from bromeliads, including their geographic distribution and bromeliad identity. We provide a list of 170 ciliate species that have been recorded in 52 epiphytic and terrestrial bromeliad species, distributed in ten Neotropical countries . Most of the species belong to the Classes Oligohymenophorea, Colpodea and Spirotrichea. The largest number of ciliate species has been recorded in Brazil and Mexico. Bromeliothrix metopoides and Glaucomides bromelicola were the two species with the widest geographical distribution, 19 species have been recorded only in Mexico, 11 in the Antillean islands, and 89 only in Southamerica. Free living species prevailed over sessile species, and both represent 2% of the total ciliate species number. Sixteen ciliate species have been recorded only inhabiting in bromeliads. Although bromeliads show a high endemicity, their specificity is low in relation to ciliates.

Meseres corlissi Petz & Foissner, 1992 Distribution. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: (Foissner et al. 2003)., Published as part of Dur��n-Ram��rez, Carlos Alberto, Dias, Roberto J��nio Pedroso & Estrada, Rosaura May��n-, 2020, Checklist of ciliates (Alveolata: Ciliophora) that inhabit in bromeliads from the Neotropical Region, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 4895 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4321437, {"references":["Foissner, W., Struder-Kypke, M., van der Staay, G., Moon-van der Staay, S. & Hackstein, J. (2003) Endemic ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from tank bromeliads (Bromeliaceae): a combined morphological, molecular, and ecological study. European Journal of Protistology, 39, 365 - 372. https: // doi. org / 10.1078 / 0932 - 4739 - 00005"]}

Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875 Figure 2 Holothuria insignis Ludwig, 1875: 106, p1.7, fig.28. Holothuria pardalis var. insignis Sluiter, 1890: 106. Halodeima insignis Heding, 1934: 23. Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Rowe, 1969: 149 (passim); Clark and Rowe, 1971: 176 (distrib.), p. 194 (note); Samyn, 2003: 42 (passim); Samyn et al. 2019 (in remarks and key). Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis Rowe & Gates, 1995: 292 (partim);? Cherbonnier, 1988:117, fig.47. ?non Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Thandar 2007:16, text fig. 6 (=? H. lineata Ludwig, 1875). Material examined. Sunahri Beach, 24�� 52���33.49������ N, 66�� 40���40.20������ E, Holo. 19, rocky shore, 24 November 2014, 1 spec.; Buleji, 24�� 50���20.41������ N, 66�� 49���24.15������ E, 15 April 2015, 1 spec. Habitat. The specimens were found attached to a rock in the intertidal zone. This species inhabits the lower mid-littoral zone on rock and sand substrate, living under boulders or hides in sand in shallow waters. Description. Specimen from Sunahri beach was 80 mm long whereas the specimen from Buleji measured 60 mm. Both specimens are cylindrical with the dorso-ventral surfaces well arched. Colouration of live specimens was dark brown dorsally (Figure 2A) with the ventral surface light brown to creamy-white with brown blotches (Figure 2B).The dorsal body wall is only slightly thick but rough to touch. Podia are scattered over the entire body surface with the dorsal ones tipped light creamy-brown. The mouth is ventral and encircled by 18 tentacles (Figure 2C) and the anus terminal, encircled by six papillae. Both the Polian vesicle and stone single are single but the madreporite was not observed. Cuvierian tubules are present. Body wall ossicles comprise tables (Figure 2D) and pseudo-buttons, the latter often slightly knobbed (Figure 2E). The tables, 20���86 ��m, have a squarish or rounded disc usually perforated by the four central holes, rarely more and with a very spiny margin. The spire is stunted or drastically reduced, terminating in a few teeth, or absent, then teeth appear to be present on disc only; the spire terminates in usually eight teeth surrounding a central hole. Dorsally and ventrally the pseudo-buttons, 20��� 13 ��m, are both regular (complete) and irregular (incomplete) with the latter predominating. The ventral podia are supported by elongated rods, 88���274 ��m, perforated with 1���2 holes at each end (Figure 2H). The end plates of the ventral podia, 34���110 ��m, are surrounded by elongated plates with undulating margin and paired series of large holes (Figure 2F); the dorsal podia have similar but slightly shorter rods (2I), 38���234 ��m. The tentacle rods, 30���52 ��m, may be branched at one end and perforated at the other (2G). Remarks. Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875 was not reported from the Pakistan coast before and hence it is new to the fauna of Pakistan. The specimens are similar to those described by Ludwig (1875) from Bowen (Australia), Lampert (1896) from East Africa, and recently by Samyn et al. (2006) from the Comores, and Afkhami et al. (2015) from the Persian Gulf (Hormuz Island). Their specimen size-range varied from 20���80 mm with the dorsal life colouration described as darkish grey or brown, striped brown, and ventral life colouration whitish. Clark and Rowe (1971) recorded this species from the Red Sea, Eastern Africa and Madagascar, Bay of Bengal, East Indies, north Australia, Philippines, China, south Japan and south Pacific Is. Heding (1934) reported on some holothuroids from Hong Kong which included H. insignis which he was convinced differs significantly from H. pardalis. Ducarme (2016) reported H. insignis among 14 species of sea cucumbers encountered during the survey of nearby atolls in the Maldives. Although Clark & Rowe (1971) included both H. pardalis and H. insignis, in their note on p. 194, question the validity of the latter but because of Heding���s (1934) viewpoint, retained it as a valid species. Later, however, Rowe (in Rowe & Gates 1995) accepted H. insignis in the synonymy of H. pardalis, after examining some type material and numerous specimens from various museums and localities. A study of the ossicles of a syntype (ZMH E2573) by AST, received from Dr Samyn, revealed that the table discs of H. insignis usually have four central holes, hardly any marginal holes, a remarkably reduced or absent spire and with most of the buttons (ca. 60%) incomplete, or often developed with a single series of three holes on one side, not showing any sign of reduction, or are sometimes reduced to C-shaped rods, but rarely twisted. Complete buttons have three pairs of slit-like holes and rarely small terminal holes and are deeply constricted in the middle. The rods of the papillae are expanded at ends which may bear perforations or the rods are just thick, curved structures without perforations or spines. Rods of the ventral podia are straight or slightly curved, sometimes spinose, with 3���7 holes at each end. Plates associated with end plates of the ventral podia appear rounded or slightly elongated with undulating, sometimes spinose margin, with large paired series of holes unlike the plates found in H. lineata, which have a convincingly spinose or serrated margin. Hence, we opine that there is enough morphological evidence to resurrect H. insignis from the synonymy of H. pardalis. This evidence is here summarized in Table 2, which compares both species. The ossicles of H. pardalis are illustrated in Figure 3 for the purpose of comparison. The fact that some specimens of H. insignis do show some plates associated with the end plate with also serrated margins as in H. lineata, these may be a result of hybridization, as both species are sympatric over a wide range wherever they occur, or some other factors. In this light Thandar���s (2007) H. insignis, which was later transferred to H. lineat a, needs re-examination on the bases of new materials and the characters here recorded, taking into account the re-description of the syntype of H. lineat a by Samyn et al. (2019), as it might represent a true H. insignis., Published as part of Ahmed, Quratulan, Thandar, Ahmed S. & Ali, Qadeer Mohammad, 2020, Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875 (formally resurrected from synonymy of H. pardalis Selenka, 1867) and Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875 - new additions to the sea cucumber fauna of Pakistan, with a key to the subgenus Lessonothuria Deichmann (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), pp. 307-318 in Zootaxa 4767 (2) on pages 309-310, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3771509, {"references":["Ludwig, H. (1875) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeite aus dem zoologie zootom, Institut in Wurzburg, 2, 77 - 220.","Sluiter, C. P. (1890) Nachtrachliches uber die Echinodermen-fauna des Java-Meeres. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift Nederlande-Indie, 49, 105 - 110.","Heding, S. G. (1934) On some holothurians from Hong Kong. Hong Kong Naturalist, Supplement 3, 15 - 25, 5 figs., pl. 9.","Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of shallow-water Indo-West Pacific echinoderms. British Museum (Natural History), London, 238 pp.","Samyn, Y. (2003) Shallow-water Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) from Kenya and Pemba Island (Tanzania). Studies in Afrotropical Zoology, 292, 1 - 158.","Samyn, Y, Massin, C. & Vandenspiegel, D. (2019) The sea cucumber Holothuria lineata Ludwig, 1875 (Holothuroidea, Aspiochirotida, Holothuriidae) re-described from the newly found type. ZooKeys, 836, 81 - 91. https // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 836.29932.","Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 33. CSIRO Australia, Melbourne, pp. i-xiii + 1 - 510.","Cherbonnier, G. (1988) Echinodermes, Holothurides. Faune de Madagascar. In: Publice les auspices du Gouvernement de la Republique Malgache. Vol. 70. ORSTOM, Paris, pp. 1 - 292.","Thandar, A. S. (2007) Additions to the aspidochirotid, molpadid and apodid holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the east coast of southern Africa, with descriptions of new species. Zootaxa, 1414 (1), 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1414.1.1.","Lampert, K. (1896) Die von Dr. Stuhlmann in den Jahren 1888 - 1889 an der Ostkuste Afrikas gessamelten Holothurien. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Staatinstitut und Zoologischen Museum, Hamburg, 13, 49 - 71, 3 figs.","Samyn, Y., VandenSpiegel, D. & Massin, C. (2006) A new Indo-West Pacific species of Actinopyga (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae). Zootaxa, 1138 (1), 53 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1138.1.3.","Afkhami, M., Ehsanpour, M. & Nasrolahi, A. (2015) Two sea cucumber species (Holothuria bacilli and H. insignis), first record from the Persian Gulf. Marine Biodiversity Records, 8, 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267215000718.","Ducarme, F. (2016) Field observations of sea cucumbers in Ari Atoll, and comparison with two nearby atolls in Maldives. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin, 36, 9 - 14."]}

Ahmed, Quratulan, Thandar, Ahmed S., Ali, Qadeer Mohammad (2020): Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875 (formally resurrected from synonymy of H. pardalis Selenka, 1867) and Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875-new additions to the sea cucumber fauna of Pakistan, with a key to the subgenus Lessonothuria Deichmann (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa 4767 (2): 307-318, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.6

Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875 Figure 4 Holothuria lineatea Ludwig, 1875: 77���120, pls. 6���7. Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Rowe (in Rowe & Gates, 1995): 291;? Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Thandar, 2008: 53, fig. 20; Samyn, Massin & VandenSpiegel, 2019: 81 ���91, figs. 1���4. ? Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insiginis Thandar 2007:16, text-fig. 6) (= H. (L.) lineata). Material examined. Buleji, Karachi, Buleji (24�� 50��� 20.41������ N, 66�� 49��� 24.15������E), Holo. 23, 23 May 2017, 1 spec. Habitat. The specimen was found under a rock on sand in the intertidal zone, attached to some algae and seaweeds and covered with fine sand. Description. Length about 85 mm. Body cylindrical, dorsal surface arched. Colouration of live specimen dark chocolate brown dorsally (Figure 4A) with ventral surface light brown with white blotches and dark streaks (Figure 4B). Tube feet creamy white. Dorsal body wall rough, thin. Mouth and anus terminal; anus encircled by 16 papillae. Tentacles 19, creamy white in colour. Calcareous ring well developed (4C), radial plates larger than interradial plates, almost rhomboidal, interradial plates typical, triangular with a posterior notch. Polian vesicle and stone canal damaged. Cuvierian tubules absent. Ossicles of body wall comprise tables and pseudo-buttons. Dorsal and ventral body wall tables, 33���62 ��m, with usually complete, strongly spinose disc with four central and 10���12 marginal holes (4D), some discs smooth. Pseudo-buttons, 30���54 ��m, usually complete with 2���5 pairs of holes but often incomplete, especially ventrally, with holes developed only on one side, rarely twisted (4E) but not knobbed. Tube feet with curved, elongated rods, 68���228 ��m, with several terminal holes (up to 10) and characteristic, multilocular plates, 110���232 ��m, with serrated, jagged or spiny margins and 2���3 series of holes (4G), always accompanying reduced end-plates (4I & F). Tentacle rods, 62���148 ��m, slightly curved, perforated or digitated at ends (4H). Remarks. Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata (Ludwig, 1875) was not reported from the Pakistan coast before and hence it is new to the holothuroid fauna of Pakistan. The specimen is to some extent similar to those described as H. (L.) insignis by (Thandar, 2007), who later (Thandar 2008), after studying a juvenile of the species, referred all his materials to H. (L.) lineata. This action, as stated above needs to be re-visited. Rowe (in Rowe & Gates 1995) considered H. lineat a a valid species, although it was relegated to the synonymy of H. pardalis by numerous workers. A re-description of the species, based on type material and a specimen taken from Glorioso Islands, Mozambique, was recently published in some detail by Samyn et al. (2019) who also provide an abbreviated key to separate four related species. However, we here present a key to separate all 11 currently recognized species in the Lessonothuria group by WoRMS (accessed 10 October 2019), but all may not necessarily belong to this subgenus as some do not appear to be consubgeners as they are based on a single specimen with a couple having a bizarre combination of characters., Published as part of Ahmed, Quratulan, Thandar, Ahmed S. & Ali, Qadeer Mohammad, 2020, Holothuria (Lessonothuria) insignis Ludwig, 1875 (formally resurrected from synonymy of H. pardalis Selenka, 1867) and Holothuria (Lessonothuria) lineata Ludwig, 1875 - new additions to the sea cucumber fauna of Pakistan, with a key to the subgenus Lessonothuria Deichmann (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), pp. 307-318 in Zootaxa 4767 (2) on page 314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3771509, {"references":["Ludwig, H. (1875) Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Holothurien. Arbeite aus dem zoologie zootom, Institut in Wurzburg, 2, 77 - 220.","Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia, 33. CSIRO Australia, Melbourne, pp. i-xiii + 1 - 510.","Thandar, A. S. (2008) Additions to the holothuroid fauna of the southern African temperate faunistic provinces, with descriptions of new species. Zootaxa, 1697 (1), 1 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1697.1.1.","Samyn, Y, Massin, C. & Vandenspiegel, D. (2019) The sea cucumber Holothuria lineata Ludwig, 1875 (Holothuroidea, Aspiochirotida, Holothuriidae) re-described from the newly found type. ZooKeys, 836, 81 - 91.","Thandar, A. S. (2007) Additions to the aspidochirotid, molpadid and apodid holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the east coast of southern Africa, with descriptions of new species. Zootaxa, 1414 (1), 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1414.1.1."]}

This paper documents the first record of Holothuria (Semperothuria) roseomaculata Kerr, 2013 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Indonesia. A freshly salted specimen was collected from fishers in Sumbawa, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This species was previously recorded from Yap and Chuuk States in the Federated States of Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, Palau, Okinawa-Japan, Sabah, Borneo-Malaysia, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Reference material has been deposited in the Reference Collection of the Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences in Jakarta, Indonesia.

An eulimid gastropod, Megadenus atrae n. sp., endoparasitic in the cloacal chamber of the black sea cucumber Holothuria atra Jaeger is described from Okinawa, Japan, as the fifth species of the genus. Conspecific specimens have also been found from southeast India, northeast Australia and New Caledonia. The generic assignment is justified by the presence of (i) a thick, long proboscis that bears a large fold (pseudopallium) near the base and a collar-like structure at the middle, (ii) a thin, globose shell that is covered by the pseudopallium, and (iii) sexual dimorphism with the female generally larger than the male. The new species is distinguishable from the four previously described congeners by its cauldron-shaped pseudopallium, moderately-developed collar of the proboscis and rounded basal lip of the shell. The comparisons of the size and sex of solitary and paired individuals support a previous hypothesis that the species of Megadenus Rosén, 1910 are protandrous with environmental sex determination. The present species occurs mostly as monogamous pairs despite its very low population density, implying that the presence of a conspecific individual acts as a cue for larval settlement. Both mechanisms would increase individual reproductive success in such permanent parasites with low prevalence and abundance as the species of Megadenus.

Benthothuria funebris Perrier, 1898 Reports for the Azores: Benthothuria funebris Perrier, 1899 — $ Gebruk 2008: 50, 51. Type locality: off Cape Blanc, NW Africa. See: Perrier (1902: 365–371); Rogacheva et al. (2013: 591, figs. 17B, 19B). Occurrence: East Atlantic, from Greenland eastwards from the Rockall Trough (Gage et al. 1985) south to Angola (Jones et al. 2014), including the Azores (Gebruk 2008). Depth: 782– 3,757 m (Rogacheva et al. 2013); AZO: 2,954 –2,968 m (Gebruk 2008). Habitat: soft sediment, from mud to sand (with shells and corals; Perrier 1902); may be able to swim (Rogacheva et al. 2013). Remarks: Recently, Gebruk (2008) identified the species B. funebris among material collected at the north border of the Azorean EEZ (G.O. Sars, MAR–ECO cruise, sta 40/367: 42°55’N, 30°20’W, 2,954 –2,968 m)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 157, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Perrier, R. (1898) Sur les Holothuries recueillies par le Travailleur et le Talisman. Comptes Rendus Academie Sciences, Paris, 126, 1664 - 1666.","Perrier, R. (1899) Diagnose des especes nouvelles d'Holothuries draguees par le du Travailleur et le Talisman. Deuxieme note. Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 5, 299 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 6292","Gebruk, A. V. (2008) Holothurians (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata) of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge collected by the G. O. Sars MAR-ECO expedition with descriptions of four new species. In: Gebruk, A. V. (Ed.) Benthic fauna of the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: results of the MAR-ECO expedition. Marine Biology Research, 4 (1 - 2), pp. 48 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000701842898","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","Rogacheva, A., Gebruk, A. & Alt, C. H. S. (2013) Holothuroidea of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone area, northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Biology Research, 9 (5 - 6), 587 - 623.","Gage, J. D., Billett, D. S. M., Jensen, M. & Tyler, P. A. (1985) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. 2. Echinoidea and Holothurioidea. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 48 (4), 173 - 214.","Jones, D. O. B., Walls, A., Clare, M., Fiske, M. S., Weiland, R. J., O'Brien, R. & Touzel, D. F. (2014) Asphalt mounds and associated biota on the Angolan margin. Deep-Sea Research I, 94, 124 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2014.08.010"]}

Erroneous— Holothuria (Holothuria) dakarensis Panning, 1939 Reports for the Azores: non Holothuria dakarensis Panning, 1939 — Rowe 1969: 153, 154 [misidentified]; Holothuria (Holothuria) dakarensis Panning, 1939 — Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1992b: 154–155, 1999: 57, 2002: 287–288 [based on Rowe 1969]. Type locality: Dakar (Senegal). See: Cherbonnier (1950); Borrero-Pérez et al. (2009); Pawson et al. (2010: 37–38, fig. 30); Prata et al. (2014). Occurrence: Atlantic, in the west from off Georgia south to the Gulf of Mexico (Pawson et al. 2010) and Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil; Prata et al. 2014) and in the east from Dakar (Senegal) and Cape Verde to Angola (Cherbonnier 1950, 1965, Borrero-Pérez et al. 2009). Depth: 1–54 m (Borrero-Pérez et al. 2009, Prata et al. 2014). Habitat: under rocks on sand or mud (Borrero-Pérez et al. (2009). Larval stage: probably planktotrophic (inferred from the genus; see McEdward & Miner 2001). Remarks: in a review of the family Holothuriidae, Rowe (1969) listed the Azores under the geographical distribution of Holothuria dakarensis, a statement repeated by subsequent works. Pawson & Shirley (1977) believed that Rowe based his statement on material from Faial Island, deposited in the collection of the British Natural History Museum. On re-examination, the authors concluded the specimens belonged either to H. mammata or H. tubulosa rather than H. dakarensis. Furthermore, Borrero-Pérez et al. (2009) showed that H. dakarensis was historically confused with H. mammata, restricting the geographical range of H. dakarensis in the East Atlantic to southern latitudes of the African coasts, from Senegal and Cape Verde to Angola., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Panning, A. (1939) Holothurien von den Kanaren und von Dakar. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorik Forening, KObenhavn, 103, 523 - 546.","Rowe, F. W. E. (1969) A review of the family Holothuriidae (Holothurioidea: Aspidochirotida). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Zoology, 18 (4), 119 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 18419","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (1992 b) Holoturias (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de las Islas Canarias: I. Consideraciones Generales y Orden Aspidochirotida. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 4 (3 - 4), 139 - 162.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L. & Bacallado, J. J. (1999) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Cabo Verde. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 11 (3 - 4), 43 - 62.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Entrambasaguas, L., Espejo, C., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (2002) Fauna de equinodermos (Echinodermata) de los fondos rocosos infralitorales del archipielago de Salvajes (Oceano Atlantico). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 14 (3 - 4), 277 - 296.","Cherbonnier, G. (1950) Note sur Holothuria dakarensis Panning. Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Serie 2, 22 (1), 102 - 108.","Borrero-Perez, G. H., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Marcos, C. & Gonzalez-Wang ʾ emert, M. (2009) The taxonomic status of some Atlanto- Mediterranean species in the subgenus Holothuria (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae) based on molecular evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 157, 51 - 69. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00529. x","Pawson, D. L., Pawson, D. J. & King, R. A. (2010) A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa, 2449 (1), 1 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2449.1.1","Prata J., Dias, T. L. P. & Christoffersen, M. L. (2014) Occurrence of Holothuria (Holothuria) dakarensis (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata) in the south-western Atlantic, with notes on distribution and ecology. Marine Biodiversity Records, 7, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267214000049","Cherbonnier, G. (1965) Holothurides. Expedition oceanographique belge dans les eaux cotieres africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948 - 1949): resultats scientifiques, Brussels, 3 (2), 1 - 23.","McEdward, L. R. & Miner, B. G. (2001) Larval and life-cycle patterns in echinoderms. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 1125 - 1170. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 00 - 218","Pawson, D. L. & Shirley, T. C. (1977) Occurrence of the subgenus Holothuria (Holothuria) in the Gulf of Mexico (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90 (4), 915 - 920."]}

Erroneous— Molpadiodemas atlanticus (Perrier, 1898) Reports for the Azores: Pseudostichopus atlanticus Perrier, 1898 — Deichmann 1930: 87–88. Type locality: between the Azores and European waters (42°19’00”N, 21°15’46”W). See: Perrier (1902: 333–337, pl. 17, figs. 15–20, as Pseudostichopus atlanticus); O’Loughlin & Ahearn (2005: 153, figs. 3a, b, 4a–d, 6a, b); Bohn (2006: 16–19, figs. 9A, 10). Occurrence: cosmopolitan, Atlantic and Pacific deep waters; from the Caribbean north to west of Greenland (O’Loughlin & Ahearn 2005), east to the West European Basin and south to Southern Africa (Bohn 2006). Depth: 2,610 – 5,415 m (O’Loughlin & Ahearn 2005, Bohn 2006). Habitat: mud (Perrier 1902). Remarks: see remarks under Molpadiodemas villosus., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Perrier, R. (1898) Sur les Holothuries recueillies par le Travailleur et le Talisman. Comptes Rendus Academie Sciences, Paris, 126, 1664 - 1666.","Deichmann, E. (1930) The Holothurians of the Western Part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 71, 43 - 236.","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","O'Loughlin, P. M. & Ahearn, C. (2005) A review of pygal-furrowed Synallactidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), with new species from the Antarctic, Atlantic and Pacific ocean. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 62 (2), 147 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2005.62.5","Bohn, J. M. (2006) Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the abyssal Angola Basin-Results of the DIVA- 1 expedition of FS \" Meteor \" (Cruise M 48 / 1). Zootaxa, 1276 (1), 1 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1276.1.1"]}

Erroneous— Mesothuria intestinalis (Ascanius, 1805) Reports for the Azores: Mesothuria intestinalis (Ascanius, 1805) — Mortensen 1927a: 381; Nobre 1938: 150–152; Deichmann 1954: 385–386; Tortonese 1965: 69–70, fig. 26; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1992b: 144; Micael & Costa 2010: 323; Micael et al. 2012: 4. Type locality: Norway. See: Gebruk et al. (2012: 291–300, figs. 1, 9C–D). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea and North Atlantic, from the Caribbean waters eastwards to the Gulf of Guinea, north to Scandinavian waters, including Canaries (Gebruk et al. 2012). Depth: 20– 2,480 m, infralitoral depths tend to be restricted to higher latitudes (Gebruk et al. 2012). Habitat: muddy substrates, usually covers itself with shell fragments and other bottom material (Mortensen 1927a). Larval stage: probably direct or lecithotrophic; hermaphroditic (Mortensen 1927a). Remarks: historically, reports of M. intestinalis and M. verrilli are intermingled. For example, Hérouard (1902) considered M. verrilli as just a variety of M. intestinalis, and placed the material collected by Princesse Alice under the later. Hérouard decision led subsequent bibliography (e.g., Mortensen 1927a; Nobre 1938) to include M. intestinalis in the Azorean fauna, disregarding the specific value of the variety. Later, Hérouard (1923) reconsidered M. verrilli as distinct species, an ‘abyssal representative’ of M. intestinalis. On reviewing M. verrilli historical material from the NE Atlantic (including the material taken by Talisman in Azorean waters), Gebruk et al. (2012) discovered a second species, M. milleri. Additionally, by studying ontological changes in M. milleri Gebruk recognized his new species in the M. verrilli descriptions by Marenzeller (1893) and Hérouard (1902, 1923). Coincidently, such age dependent variation is very close as well of what is known for M. intestinalis, leading to the possibility of both species being present among the material collected in the Azores by Princesse Alice and Hirondelle. Conversely, Gebruk et al. (2012) also remarked that M. intestinalis is easily distinguished from other Mesothuria species by having a sequential hermaphrodite gonad. This particularity was acknowledged by Hérouard (1923) at the time and used this diagnosing character to further substantiate the promotion of M. verrilli to a distinct species. Marenzeller (1893) described Hirondelle ’s specimens as gonochoristic. Thus, the presence of M. intestinalis is still to be confirmed in the Azores in spite of its widespread distribution in the North Atlantic (see remarks under M. milleri)., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 177, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Ascanius, P. (1805) Icones Rerum Naturalium, ou figures enluminees d'histoire naturelle du Nord. Vol. 5. M ˆ ller et fils, Copenhagen, 8 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 156942","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Deichmann, E. (1954) The Holothurians of the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 89, 381 - 410.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Perez-Ruzafa, A., Marcos, C. & Bacallado, J. J. (1992 b) Holoturias (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de las Islas Canarias: I. Consideraciones Generales y Orden Aspidochirotida. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 4 (3 - 4), 139 - 162.","Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323.","Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534","Gebruk, A. V., Solis-Marin, F. A., Billett, D. S. M., Rogacheva, A. V. & Tyler, P. A. (2012) Review of the genus Zygothuria Perrier, 1898 and the Atlantic group of species of the genus Mesothuria Ludwig, 1894 (Synallactidae: Holothuroidea) with description of the new species Mesothuria milleri sp. nov. Journal of Natural History, 46 (5 - 6), 265 - 348. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2011.638423","Herouard, E. (1902) Holothuries Provenant Des Campagnes De La Princesse-Alice (1892 - 1897). Reisultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, Fasc. 21, 1 - 62.","Herouard, E. (1923) Holothuries provenant des campagnes des yachts Princesse-Alice et Hirondelle ii. (1898 - 1915). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques Prince de Monaco, 66, 1 - 161.","Marenzeller, E. von (1893) Contribution a l'etude des Holothuries de l'Atlantique N'ord (Golfe de Gascogne, Iles Acores). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, 6, 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11304"]}

Parastichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817) (Fig. 38) Reports for the Azores: Eostichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817) — $ Wirtz & Debelius 2003: 263; Stichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817) — $ Wirtz 2009: 48. Type locality: Mediterranean Sea. See: Tortonese (1965: 66–68, figs. 24, 25, as S. regalis). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea and east Atlantic, from the British Islands south to Angola (Mortensen 1927a, Cherbonnier 1965), including the Azores (Wirtz & Debelius 2003), Madeira (Augier 1985) and Canaries (Perrier 1902); reported elsewhere in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico (Deichmann 1954). Depth: 5–800 m (Tortonese 1965), mostly at depths above 50 m (Ramón et al. 2010); AZO: 40–275 m (Wirtz & Debelius 2003, herein). Habitat: soft sediments (sand to mud; Tortonese 1965). Commercial value: edible (Ramón et al. 2010). Material examined: DBUA-ECH 386 (off Praia da Amora, Ponta Garça, SMG, AZO, 37°42’30”N, 25°20’49”W, 2009.09. 24, 208 m; 1 spm, TL = 136 mm); DBUA-ECH 387 (off Praia da Amora, Ponta Garça, SMG, AZO, 37°42’30”N, 25°20’49”W, 2009.09. 24, 208 m; 1 specimen, TL = 140 mm); DBUA-ECH 390 (off Praia da Amora, Ponta Garça, SMG, AZO, 37°42’31”N, 25°20’14”W, 2011.07. 15, 275 m; 1 specimen, TL = 185 mm). Description: Body dorsally arched but ventrally flattened, forming a distinct sole with numerous tube feet arranged in three rows (the central one divided in two). Lateral margin separating the ventral and dorsal surfaces of body with large papillae, which is continued anteriorly above the ventrally situated mouth. Ventral surface covered by well-developed conical papillae more or less arranged in longitudinal rows. Body wall relatively thick. Cuvierian tubules absent. Calcareous deposits mostly composed of tables and flattened rods. No buttons. Table disc relatively large, perforated (up to more than 60 holes decreasing in size towards the periphery) and with an irregular round edge; medium high tetrabasal spire with the rods connected by three to five sets of cross bars armed with lateral teeth at its distal part. Rods irregularly perforated. Colour: bivium brown to orange, papillae white or cream; sole with the outer row brown or orange slightly lighter than the bivium, inner double row orange or red. Colour (in ethanol): similar to the live colouration, except for the red and orange colours, which have turned to brown. Remarks: P. regalis is one of the recent additions to the Azores marine fauna. The absence of this species in the historical collections from the Azores could be explained by the species preferential depth range. The preferred depth spectrum of P. regalis was seldom studied in the archipelago, between the maximum scuba diving ( 150–250 m). Also, P. regalis appears to co-occur with Holothuria lentiginosa in the Azores, as both species were capture together among the material dredged off Ponta Garça in S„o Miguel Island (208–275 m depth) during the Third International Workshop of Malacology and Marine Biology. Though with similar colour patterns, these two species can be easily distinguished by the overall body shape, as P. regalis has a well-marked sole ventrally and numerous large white papillae forming a conspicuous lateral rim. In opposition, H. lentiginosa presents fewer dorsal or lateral papillae, which are either dyed dark or of same colour of body surface and is nearly cylindrical without distinct sole., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Cuvier, G. (1817) Le regne animal distribe d'apres son organisation, pour servir de base a l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction a l'anatomie comparee. Vol. 2. Deterville, Paris, xviii + 528 pp.","Wirtz, P. & Debelius, H. (2003) Mediterranean and Atlantic invertebrate guide. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 305 pp.","Wirtz, P. (2009) Ten new records of marine invertebrates from the Azores. Arquipelago, Life and Marine Sciences, 26, 45 - 49.","Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","Cherbonnier, G. (1965) Holothurides. Expedition oceanographique belge dans les eaux cotieres africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948 - 1949): resultats scientifiques, Brussels, 3 (2), 1 - 23.","Augier, H. (1985) Premier contribution a l'etude et a la cartigraphe des biocenoses marines benthiques de l'ile de Madere. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (Hist. Nat.), 37 (168), 86 - 129.","Perrier, R. (1902) Holothuries. In: Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883. Ouvrage publie sous les auspices du ministere de l'instruction publique sous la direction de A. Milne-Edwards de 1888 a 1890 et continue par E. Perrier. Vol. 7. Masson et Cie, Editeurs, Paris, pp. 273 - 554.","Deichmann, E. (1954) The Holothurians of the Gulf of Mexico. Bulletin of the U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 89, 381 - 410.","Ramon, M., Lleonartb, J. & Massutia, E. (2010) Royal cucumber (Stichopus regalis) in the northwestern Mediterranean: Distribution pattern and fishery. Fisheries Research, 105, 21 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. fishres. 2010.02.006"]}

Erroneous— Pseudostichopus occultatus Marenzeller, 1893 Reports for the Azores: non Pseudostichopus occultatus Marenzeller, 1893 — $ Hérouard 1902: 14–15, pl. 2, figs. 4–14 [misidentified P. peripatus]; Nobre 1938: 156–157 [based on Hérouard 1902]; García-Diez et al. 2005: 51 [based on Hérouard 1902]. Type locality: Mediterranean Sea. See: O’Loughlin & Ahearn (2005: 173–174); Mecho et al. (2014: 288–289, figs. 8A–D). Occurrence: Mediterranean Sea, reported also from Cape Finisterre, Galicia (NE Atlantic; O’Loughlin & Ahearn 2005). Depth: 363– 2,250 m (O’Loughlin & Ahearn 2005, Mecho et al. 2014). Habitat: mud (Marenzeller 1893). Remarks: Hérouard (1902) reported Pseudostichopus occultatus based on the material collected by Princesse Alice at two stations in Azorean waters (sta 527: 38°08’00”N, 23°15’45”W; sta 650: 36°54’00”N, 20°46’15”W). Later, Hérouard (1923) transferred these specimens to two newly described species P. lapidus (sta 527) and P. marenzelleri (sta 650). Both species are considered synonyms of P. peripatus., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Marenzeller, E. von (1893) Contribution a l'etude des Holothuries de l'Atlantique N'ord (Golfe de Gascogne, Iles Acores). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, 6, 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11304","Herouard, E. (1902) Holothuries Provenant Des Campagnes De La Princesse-Alice (1892 - 1897). Reisultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, Fasc. 21, 1 - 62.","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","O'Loughlin, P. M. & Ahearn, C. (2005) A review of pygal-furrowed Synallactidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), with new species from the Antarctic, Atlantic and Pacific ocean. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 62 (2), 147 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2005.62.5","Mecho, A., Billett, D. S. M., Ramirez-Llodra, E., Aguzzi, J., Tyler, P. A. & Company, J. B. (2014) First records, rediscovery and compilation of deep-sea echinoderms in the middle and lower continental slope of the Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina, 78 (2), 281 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 03983.30 C","Herouard, E. (1923) Holothuries provenant des campagnes des yachts Princesse-Alice et Hirondelle ii. (1898 - 1915). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques Prince de Monaco, 66, 1 - 161."]}

Pseudostichopus peripatus (Sluiter, 1901) Reports for the Azores: non Pseudostichopus occultatus Marenzeller, 1893 — $ Hérouard 1902: 14–15, pl. 2, figs. 4–14 [misidentification]; Nobre 1938: 156–157 [based on Hérouard 1902]; García-Diez et al. 2005: 51 [based on Hérouard 1902]; Pseudostichopus marenzelleri $ Hérouard, 1923: 25; Mortensen 1927a: 387; Pseudostichopus lapidus $ Hérouard, 1923: 26–28, pl. 4, fig. 5; Mortensen 1927a: 387; Meseres peripatus Sluiter— $ O’Loughlin 2002: 307–309, fig. 2f; Pseudostichopus peripatus (Sluiter, 1901) — $ O’Loughlin & Ahearn 2005: 174–175, figs. 1f, 10f–h, 11i–l, 12g–h; Gebruk et al. 2014: 168–169. Type locality: Indonesia. See: O’Loughlin (2002); O’Loughlin & Ahearn (2005); Rogacheva et al. (2013: 593, fig. 18D). Occurrence: deep-water cosmopolitan, in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, in the West Atlantic from Caribbean north to off Massachusetts, eastwards from Greenland south to the Azores area (O’Loughlin 2002, O’Loughlin & Ahearn 2005). Habitat: soft sediments; covers itself with Globigerine foraminifera (Hérouard 1923). Depth: 134– 5,453 m (O’Loughlin & Ahearn 2005); AZO: (?2,871) 4,020 –4,400 m (Hérouard 1923). Remarks: Hérouard (1902) firstly identified Princesse Alice material collected in Azorean waters as Pseudostichopus occultatus. In a later report, Hérouard (1923) realized that the specimens belonged to two new different species, which he described as P. lapidus and P. marenzelleri. O’Loughlin (2002) placed both species in the synonymy of P. peripatus. However, O’Loughlin (2002) examined a specimen of P. marenzelleri collected within Azores waters (36°58’N, 26°20’W, 2,871 –2,917 m,?unreported) present in the collection of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris) and found significant differences to a point to consider its determination as P. peripatus as uncertain. Regardless, later O’Loughlin & Ahearn (2005) confirmed the synonymy of both P. marenzelleri and P. lapidus with P. peripatus ., Published as part of Madeira, Patrícia, Kroh, Andreas, Cordeiro, Ricardo, De, António M., Martins, Frias & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2019, The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean), pp. 1-231 in Zootaxa 4639 (1) on page 157, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4639.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3342161, {"references":["Sluiter, C. P. (1901) Neue Holothurien aus der Tief-See des Indischen Archipels gesammelt durch die Siboga-Expedition. Tijdschrift Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging, 7 (1), 1 - 28.","Marenzeller, E. von (1893) Contribution a l'etude des Holothuries de l'Atlantique N'ord (Golfe de Gascogne, Iles Acores). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques du Prince de Monaco, 6, 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11304","Herouard, E. (1902) Holothuries Provenant Des Campagnes De La Princesse-Alice (1892 - 1897). Reisultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht, Fasc. 21, 1 - 62.","Nobre, A. (1938) Equinodermes de Portugal. 3 rd Edition. Companhia Editora do Minho, Barcelos, 215 pp.","Garcia-Diez, C., Porteiro, F. M., Meirinho, A., Cardigos, F. & Tempera, F. (2005) Taxonomic review of selected invertebrate groups collected during the Campaigns of the Prince Albert I of Monaco in the Azorean waters. Arquipelago. Life and Marine Sciences, 22 A, 35 - 59.","Herouard, E. (1923) Holothuries provenant des campagnes des yachts Princesse-Alice et Hirondelle ii. (1898 - 1915). Resultats Campagnes Scientifiques Prince de Monaco, 66, 1 - 161.","Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841","O'Loughlin, P. M. (2002) Report on selected species of Banzare and Anare Holothuroidea, with reviews of Meseres Ludwig and Heterocucumis Panning (Echinodermata). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 59 (2), 297 - 325. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2002.59.3","O'Loughlin, P. M. & Ahearn, C. (2005) A review of pygal-furrowed Synallactidae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea), with new species from the Antarctic, Atlantic and Pacific ocean. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 62 (2), 147 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2005.62.5","Gebruk, A. V., Smirnov, A. V. & Rogacheva, A. V. (2014) Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Holothuroidea. Invertebrate Zoology, 11 (1), 156 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / invertzool. 11.1.15","Rogacheva, A., Gebruk, A. & Alt, C. H. S. (2013) Holothuroidea of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone area, northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Biology Research, 9 (5 - 6), 587 - 623."]}