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Objective of the study is to prepare Proniosomes that refers to a flexible vesicular carrier with the potential for drug administration through the transdermal route. Medthod: Proniosomes were prepared by the coacevation-phase separation technique The prepared formulations were evaluated for vesicle size, entrapment efficiency. The optimal poniosomes formula (A8) was prepared with different aqueous phase, incorporated in a gel base and studied for pH, viscosity, spredapility, stability, in vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation. Results: Niosomes formulations prepared with Span 40 and 60 have spherical and smaller Nano size. 25 mg atenolol loading has resulted 190.9 ± 15.033 nm sizes. EE% of the optimum formula prepared with distilled water was 62.11 to 92.38 .Rheological behavior showed combined shear thinning and thixotropic and gel was spreadable . Tested formulations were stable on cooling (4-8 oC) . In vitro drug release followed zero order kinetic, and gave sustained release. Release rate was significantly higher across cellulose membrane compared with rate skin. Amount of drug obtained after skin extraction was 92.6 ± 0.5% indicate enhanced permeation rate. Conclusion: All the proniosomal gel formulations were found through the acceptable range of vascular size and entrapment efficiency. Formulation A8 has been selected as an optimized therapeutic system of atenolol.

The pathogenesis of hallux valgus deformity is multifactorial. Conservative treatment can alleviate pain but is unable to correct the deformity. Surgical treatment must be adapted to the type and severity of the deformity. Success of surgical treatment ranges from 80% to 95%, and complication rates range from 10% to 30%.Ankle osteoarthrosis most commonly occurs as a consequence of trauma. Ankle arthrodesis and total ankle replacement are the most common surgical treatments of end stage ankle osteoarthrosis. Both types of surgery result in similar clinical improvement at midterm; however, gait analysis has demonstrated the superiority of total ankle replacement over arthrodesis. More recently, conservative surgery (extraarticular alignment osteotomies) around the ankle has gained popularity in treating early- to mid-stage ankle osteoarthrosis.Adult acquired flatfoot deformity is a consequence of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction in 80% of cases. Classification is based upon the function of the tibialis posterior tendon, the reducibility of the deformity, and the condition of the ankle joint. Conservative treatment includes orthotics and eccentric muscle training. Functional surgery is indicated for treatment in the early stages. In case of fixed deformity, corrective and stabilising surgery is performed. Cite this article: Crevoisier X, Assal M, Stanekova K. Hallux valgus, ankle osteoarthrosis and adult acquired flatfoot deformity: a review of three common foot and ankle pathologies and their treatments. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:58-64. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000015.

La province de Sidi Slimane (Maroc) par son climat et sa position dans la plaine du Gharb en tant qu’une zone d’inondation, engendre une grande variété de gîtes larvaires culicidiens. Les autorités sanitaires de la province adoptent la stratégie nationale qui vise essentiellement le maintien de l’élimination des maladies parasitaires à transmission vectorielle et notamment le paludisme autochtone qui repose en grande partie sur la lutte contre le vecteur. Cette lutte ne peut être efficace sans la bonne connaissance de la répartition de ce vecteur dans l’espace et dans le temps. Dans ce travail nous avons suivi l’évolution spatiotemporelle de 06 espèces de la famille de culicidae (1 espèce d’Anophèles, 5 espèces de Culex) dans huit (08) stations au cours d’un cycle hydrologique de l’année 2011 dans la province de Sidi Slimane (Maroc). Les différents peuplements étudiés sont largement dominés par Cx. pepiens aussi bien spatialement que temporellement. C’est une espèce ubiquiste et printano-automnale. CX.hortensis est une espèce printanière. Cx. theileri est une espèce qui enregistre son maximum d’abondance en printemps. CX. laticinctus évolue également dans un gîte permanent presque durant toute l’année, An. labranchiae, CX.medestus, espèces qui ont des exigences quant au type de gîtes à coloniser.Mots-clés : culicidae, spatio-temporel, anophèles, culex, Sidi Slimane, MarocStudy of the population dynamics of stational culicidées in the province of Sidi Slimane (Morocco)The province of Sidi Slimane (Morocco) by its climate and its geographical situation in the plain of Gharb,which is known as a zone of flood, engenders a big variety of mosquitos larvae breeding grounds. The sanitary authorities of the province adopt the national strategy That aims essentially at eliminating the parasitic diseases at vector transmission , particularly, the autochtonous malaria , That takes the largest part in the fight .However The fight against this vector cannot be effective without a good knowledge of distribution in space and time. In this work we followed the spatiotemporelle evolution of 06 culicidae family species (1 species of Anophèles, 5 species of Culex). In eight (08) stations during a hydrological cycle of the year 2011 in the province. The various studied settlements are largely dominated by Cx. pepiens spatially and temporally as well ubiquist and printano-autumnal. CX.hortensis is a spring species. Cx. theileri is a species which records its maximum of abundance in spring. CX.laticinctus also evolves in the permanent of breeding places almost during all the year. An. labranchiae, CX.medestus, is species which have certain requirements as for the type of breeding places with colonize.Keywords : culicidae, spatio-temporel, anophèles, culex, Sidi Slimane, Morocco.

In this study we hypothesized that for frontal crashes, the driver was more likely to sustain foot injury than the front seated passenger and the right foot was more likely to be injured than the left because the driver's right foot was positioned in dorsiflexion and eversion during the crash and less able to tolerate crash forces. Seventeen CIREN frontal crashes were studied to document the circumstances and resulting foot injuries. NASS data was sampled to determine frequencies of injury to foot side and occupant position. Biomechanically, matched pairs of cadaveric feet were tested in compression with one in dorsiflexion, and the other, dorsiflexion, and eversion. Results showed that drivers were more likely than passengers to sustain a foot or ankle injury and this was almost exclusively due to a higher frequency of right foot injuries in drivers. Braking, with significant toepan intrusion, was associated with an increase in both right and left foot injuries in drivers. Biomechanically, 9 of 15 pairs tested provided useable data. There was a significant decrease in load to failure between specimens forced into dorsiflexion and eversion (mean, 4107 N, sd = 1630 N) compared with dorsiflexion alone (mean, 6468 N, sd = 2435 N, p = 0.001). The majority (16 of 17) of foot injuries in the CIREN cases were to drivers of which 13 injured their right foot and ankle. An implication of this work is that if thresholds based on data from dorsiflexion and compression loading are used to predict foot and ankle injury in frontal crashes they may not represent that population of drivers who are braking at the time of the crash and could suffer injuries at forces lower than current threshold values.