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This research includes study the effects of use the silica sand at different rates and comparison some characteristics with other concrete mixture contains ordinary sand to investigate the effect on some mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, density absorption and flexural strength after (3, 7, 14 and 28) days for four mixtures. , the ordinary sand was replaced by the (Silica Sand) at different rates ( 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). Sodium Silicate solution at percentage of cement ratio(water tocement ratio is decreased on same ratio) added to the Ideal silica sand mixture to study the effect of addition of some additives on concrete. The study showed that the best results of mixture was when replaced (75%) of the ordinary sand by silica sand , then study some mechanical properties of mixtures such as compressive strength, density absorption and flexural strength after (3, 7, 14 and 28) days . The study showed the optimum percentage of sodium silicate was (1.75%). The study showed that the best result of Density was (2493Kg/m3) after (28) days, and the increment ratio in Density was (2.95%), and the large value in compressive strength was (85.76 MPa) which was (42.9%) after (28) days. The study showed also that the best results of absorption were (0.77) after (28) days, and the decrement ratio in Absorption was (33.8%). The study showed that the best result of flexural strength was (8.02 MPa) after (28) days, and the maximum increment ratio in Flexural Strength was (150.6%) after (28) days.

       This paper is concerned with Modified Double Stage Shrinkage Bayesian (DSSB) Estimator for lowering the mean squared error of classical estimator  for the scale parameter (q) of an Exponential Distribution in suitable region (R) around available prior knowledge (q0) about the actual value (q) as initial estimate as well as to reduce the cost of observation. In situation where the observations are time consuming or very costly, a “Double Stage procedure “can be used to reduce the Expected Sample Size needed to obtain the estimator. This estimator has been showing a smaller Mean Squared Error for certain choice of the shrinkage weight factor y(×) and for acceptance region R. Expressions for Bias, Mean Square Error (MSE), Expected sample size [E(n/q,R)],

Background: Individualized Medicine aims at providing optimal treatment for an individual patient at a given time based on his specific genetic and molecular characteristics. This requires excellent clinical stratification of patients as well as the availability of genomic data and biomarkers as prerequisites for the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. The University Medicine Greifswald, Germany, has launched the "Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine" (GANI_MED) project to address major challenges of Individualized Medicine. Herein, we describe the implementation of the scientific and clinical infrastructure that allows future translation of findings relevant to Individualized Medicine into clinical practice., Methods/design: Clinical patient cohorts (N > 5,000) with an emphasis on metabolic and cardiovascular diseases are being established following a standardized protocol for the assessment of medical history, laboratory biomarkers, and the collection of various biosamples for bio-banking purposes. A multi-omics based biomarker assessment including genome-wide genotyping, transcriptome, metabolome, and proteome analyses complements the multi-level approach of GANI_MED. Comparisons with the general background population as characterized by our Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) are performed. A central data management structure has been implemented to capture and integrate all relevant clinical data for research purposes. Ethical research projects on informed consent procedures, reporting of incidental findings, and economic evaluations were launched in parallel.

Objectives: Little is known about the psychosocial impact and subjective interpretation of communicated incide ntal findings from whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (wb-MRI). This was addressed with this general population study., Methods: Data was based on the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), Germany. SHIP comprised a 1.5-T wb-MRI examination. A postal survey was conducted among the first 471 participants, aged 23-84 years, who received a notification about incidental findings (response 86.0 %, n = 405). The severity of incidental findings was assessed from the participants' and radiologists' perspective., Results: In total, 394 participants (97.3 %) wanted to learn about their health by undergoing wb-MRI. Strong distress while waiting for a potential notification of an incidental finding was reported by 40 participants (9.9 %), whereas 116 (28.6 %) reported moderate to severe psychological distress thereafter. Strong disagreement was noted between the subjective and radiological evaluation of the findings' severity (kappa = 0.02). Almost all participants (n = 389, 96.0 %) were very satisfied with their examination., Conclusions: Despite the high satisfaction of most participants, there were numerous adverse consequences concerning the communication of incidental findings and false expectations about the likely potential benefits of whole-body-MRI., Key Points: • Disclosed incidental findings from MRI may lead to substantial psychosocial distress. • Subjective and radiological evaluations of incidental findings' severity differ strongly. • Disclosing incidental findings is strongly endorsed by study volunteers. • Study volunteers tend to have false expectations about potential benefits from MRI. • Minimizing stress in study volunteers should be a key aim in MRI research.

In this article, two different scientific approaches to personalized medicine are compared. Biorepository at Vanderbilt University (BioVU) is a genomic biorepository at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, TN, USA. Genetic biosamples are collected from leftover clinical blood samples; medical information is derived from an electronic medical records. Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine is a research resource at the University of Greifswald, Germany, comprised of clinical records combined with biosamples collected for research. We demonstrate that although both approaches are based on the collection of clinical data and biosamples, different legal milieus present in the USA and Germany as well as slight differences in scientific goals have led to different 'ethical designs'. While BioVU can successfully operate with an 'opt-out' mechanism, an informed consent-based 'opt-in' model is indispensable to allow GANI_MED to reach its scientific goals.

Similar to clinical practise, population-based studies with a clinical-epidemiological focus include imaging techniques to identify manifest disease and to assess subclinical disease. Even population-based cross-sectional studies offer various options to address scientific questions of great clinical relevance, including analysis of reference values, prevalence estimates and association analysis. Further potential values of imaging techniques in population-based studies concern additional information on incidental diseases and mortality rate, which make it possible to investigate the association between imaging findings at baseline and subsequent disease. Modern population-based designs ensure a high degree of being representative and can be generally applied to clinical practise and, as a result, may be highly relevant to daily clinical routine. When imaging techniques are integrated within population-based research, problems of quality control may have to be solved, all probands must give informed consent and a decision made on what findings have to be given to the participants., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart, New York.)

A retrospective analysis of survival time of 348 patients with liver metastases indicates that both the extent of liver enlargement and also its increased firmness and changes at its surface are easily obtainable findings of prognostic value. In the presence of liver metastases there is a significant correlation between median life expectancy and size of the liver.