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In this study, we investigate and fabricate a superdirective antenna array composed of strip dipole elements operating at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. The spacing, dimensions, and phase difference of the elements are optimized to achieve a super realized gain antenna with a theoretical efficiency of 98.8% and computed efficiency of 99.3%. By employing an element spacing of 0.2$\lambda$, the end-fire antenna array demonstrates a maximum theoretical realized gain of 6.4 dBi, and a maximum computed realized gain of 6.3 dBi. Significantly, our proposed superdirective antenna array distinguishes itself from existing approaches by achieving high directivity, high radiation efficiency, and impedance matching to 50 $\Omega$ solely through careful adjustments in the strip dimensions and the inter-element phase. This eliminates the need for additional impedance matching networks, amplifiers, or attenuators.

Dense arrays can facilitate the integration of multiple antennas into finite volumes. In addition to the compact size, sub-wavelength spacing enables superdirectivity for endfire operation, a phenomenon that has been mainly studied for isotropic and infinitesimal radiators. In this work, we focus on linear dipoles of arbitrary yet finite length. Specifically, we first introduce an array model that accounts for the sinusoidal current distribution (SCD) on very thin dipoles. Based on the SCD, the loss resistance of each dipole antenna is precisely determined. Capitalizing on the derived model, we next investigate the maximum achievable rate under a fixed power constraint. The optimal design entails conjugate power matching along with maximizing the array gain. Our theoretical analysis is corroborated by the method of moments under the thin-wire approximation, as well as by full-wave simulations. Numerical results showcase that a super-gain is attainable with high radiation efficiency when the dipole antennas are not too short and thin., Comment: To appear in 2022 IEEE GLOBECOM

Terahertz (THz) communication is widely deemed the next frontier of wireless networks owing to the abundant spectrum resources in the THz band. Whilst THz signals suffer from severe propagation losses, a massive antenna array can be deployed at the base station (BS) to mitigate those losses through beamforming. Nevertheless, a very large number of antennas increases the BS's hardware complexity and power consumption, and hence it can lead to poor energy efficiency (EE). To surmount this fundamental problem, we propose a novel array design based on superdirectivity and nonuniform inter-element spacing. Specifically, we exploit the mutual coupling between closely spaced elements to form superdirective pairs. A unique property of them is that all require the same excitation amplitude, and thus can be driven by a single radio frequency chain akin to conventional phased arrays. Moreover, they facilitate multi-port impedance matching, which ensures maximum power transfer for any beamforming angle. After addressing the implementation issues of superdirectivity, we show that the number of BS antennas can be effectively reduced without sacrificing the achievable rate. Simulation results demonstrate that our design offers huge EE gains compared to uncoupled arrays with uniform spacing, and hence could be a radical solution for future THz systems., Comment: Concept of superdirective antenna pairs to boost the energy efficiency of mmWave/THz MIMO arrays. Accepted for publication at IEEE TCOM

A new metamaterial based, circular polarized electromagnetic energy harvester is presented in this work. The structure, which is multilayer and utilises the well-known to the literature geometry of the spiral split ring resonator, operates at the Wi-Fi frequency band. Based on full electromagnetic analysis, the proposed harvester presents high efficiency (i.e., greater than 90%), adequate angle insensitivity (i.e., 44 deg.) and it is capable of absorbing circular polarised plane waves., Comment: This work will be presented in iWATT 2022, Dublin

In this paper, we study the performance of wideband terahertz (THz) communications assisted by an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS). Specifically, we first introduce a generalized channel model that is suitable for electrically large THz IRSs operating in the near-field. Unlike prior works, our channel model takes into account the spherical wavefront of the emitted electromagnetic waves and the spatial-wideband effect. We next show that conventional frequency-flat beamfocusing significantly reduces the power gain due to beam squint, and hence is highly suboptimal. More importantly, we analytically characterize this reduction when the spacing between adjacent reflecting elements is negligible, i.e., holographic reflecting surfaces. Numerical results corroborate our analysis and provide important insights into the design of future IRS-aided THz systems., Comment: To appear in the ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas (WSA), 2021

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted wireless communication is widely deemed a key technology for 6G systems. The main challenge in deploying an IRS-aided terahertz (THz) link, though, is the severe propagation losses at high frequency bands. Hence, a THz IRS is expected to consist of a massive number of reflecting elements to compensate for those losses. However, as the IRS size grows, the conventional far-field assumption starts becoming invalid and the spherical wavefront of the radiated waves must be taken into account. In this work, we focus on the near-field and analytically determine the IRS response in the Fresnel zone by leveraging electromagnetic theory. Specifically, we derive a novel expression for the path loss and beampattern of a holographic IRS, which is then used to model its discrete counterpart. Our analysis sheds light on the modeling aspects and beamfocusing capabilities of THz IRSs., Comment: To appear in the 55th Annual Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 2021 (invited paper)

An intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) at terahertz (THz) bands is expected to have a massive number of reflecting elements to compensate for the severe propagation losses. However, as the IRS size grows, the conventional far-field assumption starts becoming invalid and the spherical wavefront of the radiated waves should be taken into account. In this work, we consider a spherical wave channel model and pursue a comprehensive study of IRS-aided multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in terms of power gain and energy efficiency (EE). Specifically, we first analyze the power gain under beamfocusing and beamforming, and show that the latter is suboptimal even for multiple meters away from the IRS. To this end, we derive an approximate, yet accurate, closed-form expression for the loss in the power gain under beamforming. Building on the derived model, we next show that an IRS can significantly improve the EE of MIMO when it operates in the radiating near-field and performs beamfocusing. Numerical results corroborate our analysis and provide novel insights into the design and performance of IRS-assisted THz communication., Comment: To appear in 2021 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshop

This paper summarizes an investigation around millimeter-wave (mmWave) multimode circular antenna array based beamformer capable of specially encoded data transmission in a wide coverage area. The circular antenna array is capable of an entire 360 deg. azimuth sector coverage where broadcast, uni-cast and multi-cast radio transmissions are possible. Orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode transmission along the elevation axis, i.e., perpendicular to the azimuth plane, can also be achieved. These two types of spatially encoded beamforming makes coverage in almost an entire hemisphere possible. The circular array is developed using twelve multilayer patch antennas with unique radiation performance aiding in both azimuth and elevation radiation. The proposed array architecture and its radiation performance makes it a good candidate for spatially encoded beamforming for mmWave 5G., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, this work will be presented in Eucap 2021

This paper investigates multi-mode and orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode data transmission techniques by a using a circular antenna array, operating at 28 GHz. The classical mode excitation of the latter is modified such that in the horizontal plane the antenna array operates as multimode transmitter (i.e., it provides broad- , uni- and/or multi-cast transmission), while in the vertical direction OAM transmission occurs: this dual-functionality by a single antenna-array at 28 GHz is presented for the first time. Specifically, it can transmit/receive in either broad-, uni-, multi-cast mode in the horizontal plane and also, it is capable of generating up to 15 spatially orthogonal OAM modes in the vertical direction. The proposed circular array is designed using twelve, low-complexity, multi-layer microstrip patch antennas with high radiation efficiency. It was tested through full electromagnetic analysis in terms of impedance matching, mutual coupling and radiation pattern. It was, also, fabricated and measured: good agreement between simulated and measurement results was observed. The proposed antenna array is perfect candidate for high spectral efficiency data transmission for 5G and beyond wireless applications., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures, submitted to the Scientific Reports

In this article, three new inter-symbol interference (ISI)-free pulses with enhanced performance compared to the state-of-the-art are proposed and studied in terms of frequency and time domain characteristics. They are based on inverse hyperbolic functions and on the concept of inner and outer functions, which was first introduced by the authors. New pulses are two-parametric, i.e., their design depends only on the roll-off factor and the timing jitter parameter, and they outperform most of the well-known pulses reported in the literature, since they present lower error probability, smaller maximum distortion and wider eye-diagram., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, submitted to the IEEE Communication Letters

Electromagnetic wave control using the concept of a reflecting surface is first studied as a near-field and a far-field problem. Using a secondary source present in a wireless communication environment, such as a backscatter tag, it is possible to leverage the incoming radiation from the source as a reference-wave to synthesize the desired wavefront across the reflecting surface, radiating a field of interest. In this geometry, the phase grating, which is synthesized using an array of sub-wavelength unit cells, is calculated by interacting the incident reference-wave and the desired wavefront, similar to a hologram. When illuminated by the reference-wave, the reflected wavefront from the calculated phase grating is guaranteed to constructively add in the direction of the desired radiation (beam-steering in the far-field) and also focus at the intended depth (beam-focusing in the radiative near-field). Leveraging a dynamic modulation mechanism in the context of an intelligent reflective surface (IRS) illuminated by a backscatter tag, later, we present that one can selectively focus and defocus at an arbitrarily positioned receiver within the 3D field of view of the reflecting surface. This enables the control of the amplitude of the radiated electric field at the receiver location, paving the way for a spatial modulation mechanism by means of reconfiguring the reflecting surface in a backscattered wireless communication environment. In addition to the phase modification approach on a unit cell level to reconfigure the aperture radiated wavefronts, we finally present a time varying IRS concept making use of a time-delay based approach relying on a delay adjustment between the reflection coefficients of the IRS' unit cell lattices., Comment: 13 pages, 9 Figures, Preprint