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We studied the taxonomic status of glassfrogs collected in Departamento Huánuco, central Peru, which in the field were tentatively allocated to Chimerella, one of the twelve genera currently recognized in the family Centrolenidae. Detailed analyses of their morphology, bioacoustics, and molecular genetics supported their generic allocation and provided evidence for them representing a divergent and unnamed evolutionary lineage within Chimerella. We herein describe this lineage as a new species, being mainly distinguished from the two other known congeners, C. corleone and C. mariaelenae, by details of colouration in life and preservative, substantial differences in advertisement call, and differentiation in mitochondrial markers (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome b) and a nuclear-encoded marker (Rag-1). The new species is the southernmost distributed species in the genus and was found in a swampy habitat at the bank of the Río Patay Rondos, a tributary of the Río Monzon, in rainforest at the Andean-Amazon foothills at 798 m above sea level. Aspects of species delimitation within Chimerella and related future research are briefly addressed and discussed.

Centaurea serowensis Negaresh, a new species of C. sect. Acrocentron from the West Azerbaijan Province of NW Iran, is described and illustrated. Diagnostic morphological characters of this and closely related taxa are discussed and presented. The ecology and conservation status of the new species are discussed. The geographic distribution of the new species and closely related species is also presented and mapped. In addition, a taxonomic key to the species of C. sect. Acrocentron in Iran is provided.

Hieracium lomniczkianum is a new, apomictic species, discovered in the Karkonosze Mountains (Giant Mountains) in the Sudetes, SW Poland. It belongs to the H. wiesbaurianum aggregate which comprises taxa intermediate in characters between H. bifidum s.lat. and H. schmidtii s.lat. The new species is distinguished by a slender stem with small capitula, and by narrow, weakly dentate rosette leaves which are gradually tapered to a winged petiole.

Gottschlich, Günter, Selvi, Federico (2023): Hieracium moravense (Asteraceae), a new hawkweed from Albania. Phytotaxa 592 (1): 73-78, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.1.7, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN

Xiao, Jia-Wei, Liu, Ting, Li, Wei-Ping, Yang, Xian-Jun (2023): Aster sanqingensis (Asteraceae, Astereae), a synonym of Aster sanqingshanicus. Phytotaxa 591 (1): 87-90, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.591.1.11, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN

Saldivia, Patricio (2023): Nomenclature and typifications in Celmisia (Asteraceae: Astereae): The New Zealand endemic subgenera Caespitosae, Glandulosae, and Lignosae. Phytotaxa 591 (1): 31-45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.591.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN

Szeląg, Zbigniew (2023): Hieracium umbellonigritum (Asteraceae), a new hybridogenous species from the Sudetes in Poland. Phytotaxa 589 (3): 289-292, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.589.3.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.589.3.8

In this study we describe for the first time the calls of Pristimantis galdi and Pristimantis katoptroides. Recordings were obtained in Sangay National Park, Ecuador. We highlight the importance of recording P. galdi since its call has been recorded after 153 years of having been described as a species. The call of P. galdi consists of 7 to 9 short notes, the sounds of which are similar to a hammer hitting a nail, with a mean dominant frequency of 2.39 kHz. In turn, the call of P. katoptroides consists of a single note, the sound of which is similar to a metallic “tic”, with a mean dominant frequency of 1.74 kHz. We compared the advertisement calls of P. galdi, P. katoptroides and P. roni as these species share similar morphological characteristics and are grouped in the spiny green frog’s ecotype. Despite these morphological similarities, their advertisement calls are different. Obtaining calls of Pristimantis species in Ecuador might prove difficult with short-term studies due to the great sampling efforts that may be needed to get these recordings. Therefore, implementing active and passive monitoring could help improve our knowledge of acoustic signals in Ecuador’s rainfrogs.

The rediscovery of Erigeron morelensis, not collected since 1898, is reported. Between 2021 and 2022, E. morelensis was recorded at two sites in the northwestern canyons of Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, which are subjected to degradation pressure. The morphological description is updated and complemented, and a key for E. sect. Erigeridium is included. Data about the known distribution, ecology and habitat of the species are provided. Based on the IUCN criteria, it is recommended that the species be listed as Critically Endangered (CR).

A new species of small tree frog is described from northwestern Vietnam based on morphological differences and molecular divergence. Gracixalus truongisp. nov. is distinguishable from its congeners and other small rhacophorid species on the basis of a combination of the following characters: size relatively small, SVL 32.2–33.1 mm in males, 37.6–39.3 mm in females; head slightly wider than long; vomerine teeth absent; snout round and long RL/SVL 0.17–0.19 in males, 0.16–0.17 in females; spines on upper eyelid absent; supratympanic fold distinct; tympanum distinct; dorsal skin smooth; throat smooth and venter granular; tibiotarsal projection absent; webbing of fingers rudimentary, toes with moderately developed webbing; dorsum moss-green, with an inverse Y-shaped dark green marking extended from interorbital region to posterior region of dorsum; external vocal sac absent in males; males with a nuptial pad on finger I. In the molecular analyses, the new species has no clear sister taxon and is at least 4.5% divergent from other congeners based on a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene.

We report the first record of Hoplobatrachus litoralis Hasan, Kuramoto, Islam, Alam, Khan & Sumida, 2012 from China based on seven specimens from Baoshan City, western Yunnan. Morphologically, the specimens from China mostly agree with the original description of H. litoralis and phylogenetically show a small genetic distance (1.7%) in the 16S rRNA gene with the specimens (including one paratype) of H. litoralis from its type locality in Bangladesh. Our work increased the species number of the genus Hoplobatrachus Peters, 1863 in China to two. This record is the easternmost distribution of this species at present. Furthermore, we found that the species H. salween Thongproh, Chunskul, Sringurngam, Waiprom, Makchai, Cota, Duengkae, Duangjai, Hasan, Chuaynkern & Chuaynkern, 2022 recently described from north-western Thailand is morphologically and genetically very similar to H. litoralis and, therefore, we discuss the validity of H. salween as a separate species.

Based on an integrative taxonomical approach, using molecular, morphological, and bioacoustics data, a new species of glassfrog of the genus Centrolene is described from Refugio de Vida Silvestre El Zarza, southern Ecuador. Centrolene zarzasp. nov. is a medium sized species, easily distinguished from all other glassfrogs by its unique combination of characters, such as a shagreen dorsum with elevated warts corresponding to white spots, an evident tympanum, half or more than half of the upper parietal peritoneum covered by iridophores, iridophores absent on all visceral peritonea, including the pericardium, a lobed liver lacking iridophores, males with small projecting humeral spines, the outer edges of forearms and tarsus with a row of enameled warts that often continue into the external edges of Finger IV and/or Toe V, and white or yellowish white iris with thick black reticulations. The new species is closely related to a currently undescribed species and superficially resembles C. condor, C. pipilata, C. solitaria, C. altitudinalis, and C. daidalea. The tadpole and advertisement and courtship calls are described, and the threats to the species survival, mainly represented by habitat loss and contamination due to mining activities, are briefly discussed.

Studies of natural history are important to accumulate knowledge about aspects of diet, reproduction, and habitat use, which can assist the conservation biology for endangered groups, such as amphibians. Here we evaluated the trophic ecology and sexual size dimorphism of Boana bischoffi, a widely distributed and endemic tree frog species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We analysed 80 individuals, covering the distribution of the species and combined our data-set with data from the literature. Gastrointestinal items were separated, accounted, and identified to the highest possible taxonomic resolution. Subsequently, the size and mass of prey items were measured. Afterwards, we calculated rates of relative importance for each prey category. The items of greatest relative importance were beetles (Coleoptera), termites (Isoptera), crickets (Orthoptera) but also harvestmen (Opiliones). We did not find a relation between female snout-vent length, mouth width and length with prey length. In males, the mouth length and width are related to prey length. We found a sexual dimorphism in size typical for hylid frogs, with females being larger than males. Our data expand the knowledge about the alimentary biology of B. bischoffi, but further research focusing on other aspects of the natural history such as possible intersexual dietary divergence and food niche overlapping, environmental prey availability and selection is still needed.

Common crupina (Crupina vulgaris) is a federal noxious weed in the western USA that is currently the target of a classical biological control programme using the fungus Ramularia crupinae. We first identified and determined the location of populations of the two varieties of common crupina in the western United States and assessed the pattern of genetic diversity and structure of these populations. We found seven AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) genotypes for 326 plants in 17 populations. AFLP genotypes correlated with two taxa, either C. vulgaris var. vulgaris or C. vulgaris var. brachypappa. This annual species is outcrossing, but relies on selfing when pollination does not occur, which may explain why less than 1% of the genetic variation is within populations. We found strong population genetic structuring and can typically predict genotype or variety for a given location. Researchers and managers will be able to predict and survey for differential efficacy of R. crupinae on the different genotypes and varieties during initial biological control field releases, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful biocontrol establishment and impact.

Sinosenecio pingwuensis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new species from Pingwu county in northern Sichuan, China, is described and illustrated. This species is distinguished in Sinosenecio by having leathery, glabrous, ovate or ovate-oblong leaves often pinnately-veined and solitary capitula 2.3–4.3 cm in diameter, a unique character combination hitherto never recorded in the genus. Two floral micromorphological characters (configuration of filament collar of stamens and anther endothecial cell wall thickenings) and achene surface features of the new species are reported. Color photographs of living plants and a distribution map are also provided for the new species.

Sympatric distribution and potentially long larval development time make the assignment of tadpoles confusing in Asian-horned frogs of the subfamily Megophryinae. In this study, we used molecular data to identify four syntopic megophryinid tadpoles from Mangshan on the border between Hunan and Guangdong provinces in southern China: Brachytarsophrys popei, Boulenophrys shimentaina, Bo. cf. ombrophila, and Bo. nanlingensis. A detailed re-description of the Br. popei tadpoles is provided as well as the first descriptions of three Boulenophrys tadpoles based on external morphology and coloration. An effort is attempted to distinguish these tadpoles by coloration patterns: the dorsal pattern, ventral pattern, and pattern on tail are useful for field identification of these tadpoles. However, the variation of color pattern could sometimes make species delineation difficult. Researchers are encouraged to document coloration in life with photographs and the collection of tadpoles of different development stages and sizes advocated in order to better understand how color may change during larval development.

A new species,Diplostephium paposanumS.T.Ibáñez & Muñoz-Schick,sp. nov., is described for Chile, extending the southern distribution of the genus. Its position within the genus was confirmed by morphological and molecular data, discussed here. The new species was found in a coastal environment, new to the genus, and is geographically far removed from the other Chilean species, which are from the Andes. The formation where it occurs, known as lomas, acts as a biodiversity refuge in hyperarid environments. The presence ofD. paposanumin this environment contributes to the evidence of a floristic connection between the Atacama Desert and the Neotropical Andes.

The genus Pytinicarpa G.L.Nesom is taxonomically revised in New Caledonia with four species recognised. The circumscription of one previously published species, P. sarasinii (Däniker) G.L.Nesom, is discussed and updated, and P. neocaledonica (Guillaumin) G.L.Nesom is placed in its synonymy. The name P. comptonii Gâteblé, Lannuzel & M.Pignal, nom. nov. is proposed to accommodate the former Lagenophora neocaledonica S.Moore in Pytinicarpa, and its lectotype is designated. Two new narrowly endemic species are also described. The first is from the top of Mount Kaala massif with the name P. kaalaensis Lannuzel, Gâteblé & M.Pignal, sp. nov. The second, P. tonitrui Lannuzel, Gateblé & M.Pignal, sp. nov. is from the Babouillat peninsula, and is supposedly extinct, as extensive field research did not allow to find it. The four species are fully described, illustrated, and keyed. The distribution, ecological affinities, and threats for the four species are discussed to support the assessments of conservation status for two of them as Endangered (EN), one as Critically Endangered (CR) and one as Extinct (EX), following the IUCN Red List guidelines and criteria.

Artemisia calcicola (Asteraceae, Anthemideae), a new species from karst region in Shibing county, Guizhou province, southwestern China, is described and illustrated. The species can be readily assigned to A. subg. Artemisia in having fertile disk florets and glabrous receptacles. Within this subgenus, A. calcicola is distinguished by having (2- or) 3-pinnatipartite leaves and narrowly ellipsoid involucres 0.9–1.3 mm in diameter. It resembles A. annua to some extent, but differs immediately by the plant duration, stem and leaf indumentum, and involucre shape and size. A detailed description and distribution map of this species are also provided herein.

Chrysanthemum neo-oreastrum (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) has been placed in synonymy with C. hypargyreum. Based on our examination of herbarium specimens and field investigation, C. neo-oreastrum was found to be easily distinguishable from C. hypargyreum morphologically. Its independent specific status is therefore resurrected. An emended description and a distribution map are also provided for this species.

Senecio namibensis is described as a new species known only from the northern part of the Namib Desert in northwestern Namibia. It is a range-restricted species near-endemic to the Kaokoveld Centre of Endemism. These dwarf shrubs grow on rocky outcrops under harsh desert conditions. Diagnostic characters for Senecio namibensis include the annual or perennial habit, succulent leaves, and radiate capitula with 3–6 yellow ray florets. A comparison of some of the more prominent morphological features to differentiate between S. namibensis and its possible nearest relatives, S. englerianus and S. flavus, is provided. All three species have superficially similar looking succulent leaves, but an obvious difference is that the capitula in S. englerianus are discoid and in S. flavus disciform or obscurely radiate. Based on IUCN Red List categories and criteria, a conservation assessment of Least Concern (LC) is recommended for the new species.

During a taxonomic revision of Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) from Ceará state, Brazil, we found that nomenclatural acts were required according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). After analyzing protologues and original material, we have designated three lectotypes for names within Ayapana, Barrosoa, and Dissothrix. Details and discussions are presented for each species.

Based on critical observations on herbarium specimens (including type materials) and living plants in the wild from its type locality, we demonstrate that Saussurea talungensis, recently described from Talung valley of Humla district, Nepal, is readily distinguishable from S. lanata by an array of morphological characters but is actually conspecific with S. roylei, a species with its type locality from northwestern India. We therefore reduce S. talungensis to the synonymy of S. roylei herein.

Herman, Paul P.J. (2022): Hilliardiella elaeagnoides and H. oligocephala (Asteraceae, Vernonieae), two distinct species and the description of a new variety. Phytotaxa 570 (1): 29-42, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.570.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.570.1.3

The genus Taraxacum (Compositae, Crepidinae) is rather underexplored in the Balkan Peninsula, in spite of high sectional and species diversities and a considerable proportion of endemism to be expected. We focussed our research on mountain areas of Bulgaria. If occasional occurrence of otherwise lowland groups is disregarded, the following Taraxacum sections were recorded: T. sect. Erythrocarpa (treated in a separate paper), T. sect. Rhodocarpa (= T. sect. Alpestria; fourteen species, twelve newly described), T. sect. Crocea (previously referred to as T. sect. Fontana, with six species, five newly described), T. sect. Obliqua (four species, three newly described), and a new section, T. sect. Bulgarica (18 species, seventeen newly described). A single supramontane to subalpine species with an unknown sectional position, T. erzincanense, is also included. The new section, T. sect. Bulgarica, is characterized by a dwarf growth, very short leaves tightly appressed to the ground, enormously broadly winged petioles, appressed, dark, usually narrowly bordered outer phyllaries, and variously coloured achenes, most often with a conical to subcylindrical cone. The diversity of T. sect. Crocea, T. sect. Obliqua and T. sect. Bulgarica involves a high proportion of local endemism, and, in each section, it is concentrated around local sexual species, T. (Obliqua) pyrenaicum subsp. balcanicum, T. (Crocea) paludosiforme and T. (Bulgarica) bulgaricum. The other representatives of mountain sections are agamospermous and polyploid (triploid to hexaploid). The Taraxacum records published by Doll (1978) are revised; the names T. paludosiforme Doll and T. pseudovernelense Doll are lectotypified. Contrary to the published records, species described from the Alps are absent from Bulgaria; there is a single species of T. sect. Rhodocarpa with its geographical range extending from the Romanian Southern Carpathians to Bulgaria. The high proportion of local endemism is accounted for by the young age of the Bulgarian species.

Ferrer-Gallego, P. Pablo, Mateo, Gonzalo, Sáez, Llorenç, Rosselló, Josep A. (2022): Lectotype designation of the name Hieracium loscosianum (Asteraceae). Phytotaxa 568 (3): 289-295, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.568.3.6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.568.3.6

Lobelia alanae sp. nov. from Puebla and Veracruz, Mexico, is described from four known populations in tropical deciduous forests from 153 to 700 m elevation. This new species is compared to the closely related Lobelia porphyrea, a species known only from the type collection in the state of Hidalgo. Lobelia alanae can be separated from L. porphyrea by its height, hypanthium, calyx lobes and fruit. Based on the strongly reticulate-foveolate seed coats, L. alanae is hypothesized to be a new member of section Lobelia, previously comprising 22 species nearly endemic to the eastern U.S.

A new species of Quasipaa is described from Ngoc Linh Mountain of the Kon Tum Massif in central Vietnam. The new species is morphologically distinguishable from its congeners on the basis of a combination of the following diagnostic characters: SVL 79.6–84.3 mm in males and 64.6–69.9 mm in females; head broader than long; vomerine teeth present; external vocal sacs absent; tympanum slightly visible; dorsum with lines of thick ridges and small round tubercles; flanks covered by oval and round tubercles; supratympanic fold present; dorsolateral fold absent; ventrolateral sides, ventral surface of arms, and all fingers with spines in males; the absence of spines on chest and belly in males; toes fully webbed to distal portion of terminal phalanx; in life, dorsum dark brown, chest and belly immaculate white. Phylogenetic analyses found that the genetic divergence of the new species and its congeners ranged from 4.2–5.1% (compared with Quasipaa boulengeri) to 7.6–8.1% (compared with Q. shini) in the 16S gene.

The genus Leptobrachella is a species-rich genus of megophrid frog. Rapid discovery of many new species within this genus emphasizes the importance of regional research. In this study, we describe a new species of Leptobrachella, Leptobrachella verrucosasp. nov., from northwestern Guangdong Province, China, based on a combination of molecular and morphological data. A key including congeners from the same province, namely L. laui, L. liui, L. mangshanensis, L. shimentaina, and L. yunkaiensis, is provided.

The examination of undetermined material of Moroccan bees of the tribe Osmiini (Megachilidae) and several excursions to Morocco in the past fifteen years revealed the existence of numerous undescribed osmiine bee species, indicating that the Moroccan osmiine bee diversity is distinctly higher than the 148 species listed in a recent compilation. In the present publication, 14 of these new species are described: Hoplitis (Alcidamea) herrmanni spec. nov., Hoplitis (Anthocopa) clypeoincisa spec. nov., Hoplitis (Anthocopa) convolvuli spec. nov., Hoplitis (Anthocopa) prazi spec. nov., Hoplitis (Anthocopa) sedivyi spec. nov., Hoplitis (Anthocopa) sternocarinata spec. nov., Hoplitis (Anthocopa) widmeri spec. nov., Hoplitis (Hoplitis) maussi spec. nov., Hoplitis (Hoplitis) prosii spec. nov., Hoplitis (Hoplitis) weibeli spec. nov., Hoplitis (Tkalcua) sidiifnii spec. nov., Osmia (Nasutosmia) longipalpa spec. nov., Protosmia (Nanosmia) curviseta spec. nov. and Protosmia (Nanosmia) magna spec. nov.. Apart from H. prazi, which has a wide distribution ranging from Morocco eastwards to the Levant, and H. clypeoincisa, which has been found in northeastern Morocco and is expected to occur also in neighbouring Algeria, all other new species have been recorded only in southern Morocco and are possibly Moroccan endemics.

11n. Calendula suffruticosa subsp. trialata P. Silveira & A.C. Gonç. in Gonçalves et al. (2018: 40). Type:— SPAIN. Cádiz: Conil de la Frontera, [36°16’35” N, 6°05’15” W], 25 May 1981, Cambó et al. 421/81 (holotype MA!). Description:––Perennial herbs, ± woody at the base. Stems (25) 29.8–59.5 (66) cm, decumbent to diffuse, ± branched, mostly with glandular hairs and occasional non-glandular hairs, viscous. Basal leaves (3) 4–4.5 (5) × 0.6–1.1 cm, (0.4) 0.5–1.2 (1.5) mm thick, oblanceolate, apex acute to obtuse, margins sub-entire to sinuate-dentate or slightly undulate-dentate, attenuated in a ± large petiole, lamina with glandular and non-glandular hairs, mostly white-arachnoid in the margins, viscous. Capitula solitary, (1.5) 1.8–2.9 (3.3) cm diameter. Outer achenes rostrate (4.5) 5.4–14.1 (16) × 1.3–1.7 (2.5) mm, generally straight or slightly curved, without dorsal spines, at times with one tooth at the base; middle achenes, usually, trialate (7.8) 8.5–9.2 (9.8) × (6.3) 7–8 (8.8) mm, wings sub-entire and sinuate-dentate at the apex, sub-equal, or bialate (9.2) 10.3–13.5 (17) × (3) 5–6.9 (9.3) mm, with a rostrum (1.5) 2–5.7 (8.7) mm, with lateral wings sinuate-dentate; inner achenes vermiculate-exalate (3.8) 4–4.5 (4.7) × (1.3) 1.5–1.8 mm, generally hook-shaped to falcate. Figure 17. Habitat and distribution:—Dunes, sandy soils, rocky shores and hills not far from the sea, at elevations of 0–130 m, near the lighthouse at Cape Cires in Tanger (Morocco). Conservation status:—Critically Endangered (CR). This taxon is under numerous threats, especially due to climate change (rise in sea level, extreme weather), and human intervention (tourism, leisure activities, infratructures). The subspecies has a small-restricted range, since only one population is known and suffering from high habitat degradation due to human pressure.The number of mature individuals is estimated to be Chromosome number:— 2n = 32. Genome size:—3.21 ± 0.05 pg. Additional collections:— MOROCCO. Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceïma: Tanger Cap Cires, 10 m [35°54’27” N, 5°28’54” W], 12 June 2012, P . Silveira & A. C. R. S. Gonçalves 3267 (AVE!).

C. tripterocarpa Ruprecht (1856: 231) Additional specimens examined: MOROCCO. Béni Mellal-Khénifra: Beni-Mellal, [32°20’14” N, 6°20’59” W], 1939, Allinson, A. K . s.n. (BM!); Rasba Tardla - Rabat, [32°51’56” N, 6°34’51” W], 5 April 1936, Sarnett, C. S. C 95 8 (BM!); Casablanca-Settat: Machraa Ben Abbou (Prov. Settat), 400 m, [33°05’ N, 7°25’ W], 28 March 1986, Lewalle, J . 11330 (BM, MA!); Shedma, May 1871, Hooker s.n. (K!); Marrakech, hacia Casablanca, 450 m, [33°35’34” N, 7°37’09” W], 19 April 1990, Solanas, J. L .; Crespo, M. B. s.n. (ABH!); Drâa-Tafilalet: Er-Rachida, vallée du Ziz, Ksar Jdid (7 km au N d’Aoufous, route 567 Er-Rachida - Erfoud à environs 21 km du carrefour de la P32), 950 m, [31°57’ N, 4°24’ W], 15 March 1995, Lambinon, J .; Vanden Sande, G. 95 Ma 250 (MA!); Tazzougert, 1100 m, [32°00’36” N, 3°45’36” W], April 1923, Humbert, H . s.n. (BC!); Boudenib (Prov. Er-Rachidia), 1000 m, [31°57’ N, 4°24’ W], 3 April 1992, Lewalle, J . 13654 (BR!); Er-Rachida, road N from Erfoud, Ait Amira, 1040 m, [31°57’ N, 4°24’ W], 19 February 2002, Jury, S. L .; Rejdali, M.; Upson, T. M. 19154 (ABH!); Taroudant Ait-Yazza, road side of N 10, 260 m, [30°29’28” N, 8°47’30” W], 26 March 2013, Silveira, P .; Gonçalves, A. C. R. S.; Ouhammou, A. 3291 (AVE!); montagnes de Siggrat eh Ghiliz jusque vers Ighirmillul à l’Est du district de Tazeroualt, [31°39’43” N, 4°33’50” W], 1876, Mardochee, R . s.n. (G!); Fès-Meknès: Ifrane, carretera S-7076, [33°20’ N, 5°15’ W], 5 November 2001, Arrington, J .; Cano, M. A.; Muñoz, J.; Pando, P. s.n. (MA!); Boulemane, montée aux Jbel Bou Rharraf près d’Anoual, 1415 m, [33°10’ N, 4°00’ W], 24 May 2008, Jeanmonod, D.; Chatelain, C. J 7541 (G!); Guelmim-Oued Noun: Sidi Ifni SW, c. 5 Km N of Ifni, 50 m, [29°22’47” N, 10°10’23” W], 20 March 1972, Davis 53568 (BM, E!); on the road to Plage Blanche, 170 m, [28°52’12” N, 10°46’48” W], 29 April 2010, Silveira, P . 3066 (AVE!); 170 m, [28°52’12” N, 10°46’48” W], 29 April 2010, Silveira, P . 3067 (AVE!); Marrakech-Safi: 32 km from Marrakech to Chemaia, 450 m, [32°04’52” N, 8°37’28” W], 7 April 1972, Davis, P. H . 54217 (BM, E!); Taroudant road to Igherm from Taroudant at Douar Askstou de Sidi Ahmed Abdullah, 620 m, [31°44’18” N, 8°48’04” W], 14 February 2007, Jury, S. L .; Upson, T. M. 20691 (BM, RNG!); 7 km N of Igherm, 1500 m, [31°24’51” N, 7°28’26” W], 5 April 1974, Miller; Russel; Sutton 735 (BM!); entre Mogador et Maroc, [31°30’38” N, 9°45’40” W], 22 May 1884, Ibrahim, H . s.n. (K!); Espace vert FSSM, [31°38’01” N, 8°00’33” W], 21 January 2013, Ouhammou, A .; Babahnad, R. A. s.n. (MARK!); [31°38’01” N, 8°00’33” W], 21 January 2013, Ouhammou, A .; Babahmad, R. A. 7987 (MARK!); [31°38’01” N, 8°00’33” W], 21 January 2013, Ouhammou, A .; Babahmad, R. A. 7986 (MARK!); [31°38’01” N, 8°00’33” W], 21 January 2013, Ouhammou, A .; Babahmad, R. A. 7985 (MARK!); [31°38’01” N, 8°00’33” W], 21 January 2013, Ouhammou, A .; Babahmad, R. A. 7978 (MARK!); [31°38’01” N, 8°00’33” W], 21 January 2013, Ouhammou, A .; Babahmad, R. A. 7979 (MARK!); [31°38’01” N, 8°00’33” W], 21 January 2013, Ouhammou, A .; Babahmad, R. A. 7980 (MARK!); [31°38’01” N, 8°00’33” W], 21 January 2013, Ouhammou, A .; Babahmad, R. A. 7981 (MARK!); [31°38’01” N, 8°00’33” W], 21 January 2013, Ouhammou, A .; Babahmad, R. A. 7983 (MARK!); [31°38’01” N, 8°00’33” W], 21 January 2013, Ouhammou, A .; Babahmad, R. A. 7984 (MARK!); Agadir na N1, depois de Arround, entre Agadir e Cap Rhir, 11 m, [30°36’53” N, 9°48’04” W], 10 April 2011, Silveira, P . 3133 (AVE!); Jbilet, near to the house of the gazele reserve, 624 m, [31°52’09” N, 7°57’08” W], 25 March 2013, Silveira, P .; Gonçalves, A. C. R. S.; Ouhammou, A. 3282 (AVE!); Menara, near to the Airport, [31°35’00” N, 8°00’44” W], 25 March 2013, Silveira, P .; Gonçalves, A. C. R. S.; Ouhammou, A. 3283 (AVE!); between Menara and the Barrage Lalla Takerhust, [31°27’50” N, 8°04’28” W], 25 March 2013, Silveira, P .; Gonçalves, A. C. R. S.; Ouhammou, A. 3285 (AVE!); Taroudant 17 km W of Taroudant, 176 m, [30°28’32” N, 9°02’05” W], 26 March 2013, Silveira, P .; Gonçalves, A. C. R. S.; Ouhammou, A. 3289 (AVE!); Ighirmillul et Jbel Tafraout et Kerkar montagnes à lEst du district de Tazeroualt, [31°22’04” N, 7°19’24” W], 1876, Mardochee, R . s.n. (G!); entre Mogador et Maroc, [31°30’38” N, 9°45’40” W], 22 May 1884, Ibrahim, H . s.n. (G!); Oriental: Southern Beni Snassen Mountains, c. 28 km NW of Oujda, 870 m, [34°48’ N, 2°20’ W], 5 March 1994, Upson, T. M .; Lafkih, M. A.; Hassan, M.; Walters, G. S. 13910 (BM!); SE of Guercif, 10.5 km S of junction of Guercif - Oujda main road, [34°13’48” N, 3°24’00” W], 26 April 1995, Jury, S. L .; Lafkih, M. A.; Haila, M.; Wilson, R. G. 16920 (MA, K!); SE of Guercif, 1.8 km S of junction of Guercif - Oujda main road, 450 m, [34°13’48” N, 3°24’00” W], 26 April 1995, Jury, S. L .; Lafkih, M. A.; Haila, M.; Wilson, R. G. 16909 (K!); entre Bel Ghiada et Anoual, à env. 10 km à l’E d’Anoual, 1174 m, [32°40’51” N, 3°05’38” W], 23 May 2008, Jeanmonod, D.; Chatelain, C. J 7508 (G!); Figuig, 1258 m, [32°50’ N, 2°15’ W], 14 May 2012, Chatelain, C. CC 1824 (G!); Rabat-Salé-Kénitra: Rabat Rabat, Casablanca, Marrakech, [34°00’50” N, 6°50’39” W], 11 April 1931, Godman, E. M 135 (BM!); Souss-Massa: Agadir near Abdelmoumen water dam, NE of Agadir, [30°39’48” N, 9°13’56” W], 28 April 2010, Silveira, P . 3065 (AVE!); Agadir entre Marrakesh e Agadir, na N8 j depois de Chichaoua, 552 m, [31°22’ N, 8°49’ W], 9 April 2011, Silveira, P . 3128 (AVE!); Agadir Agadir, boisement d’Anza, 50 m, [30°25’18” N, 9°34’48” W], 28 March 1981, Lewalle, J . 9741 (BM!); Agadir Oued Massa, between Agadir and Tiznit, 10 m, [30°25’18” N, 9°34’48” W], 19 March 1972, Davis 53505 (BM, RNG, E!); Tiznit Tiznit - Tafraoute road, 10 km Tiznit, 300m [29°41’51” N, 9°43’54” W], 7 June 1974, Reading Univ. / BM . Expedition 379 (BM!); Sous, Berges de l’Oued Massa, ou pont de la route de Tignit, [30°04’32” N, 9°40’09” W], 1 April 1931, Jahandiez, E . 105 (BM, G!); Tiznit SW, 6 Km N of Tiznit. Nr. El-Mader-al-Kebir., 200 m, [29°41’51” N, 9°43’54” W], 3 April 1974, Miller; Russel; Sutton 560 (BM!); Tiznit NE of Tiznit. Youssef Ben Tachfine Hydro Scheme, 100 m, [29°41’51” N, 9°43’54” W], 3 June 1974, Reading Univ. / BM . Expedition 333 (BM!); Oasis d’Akka, [29°23’21” N, 8°15’18” W], April 1875, Mardochee, R . s.n. (K!); [29°23’21” N, 8°15’18” W], 1873, Mardochee, R . s.n. (K!); Tiznit Tiznit, 100 m, [29°41’51” N, 9°43’54” W], 28 February 1974, Lewalle, J . 7492 (BR!); Tiznit a ñ 6 km de Tiznit, vindo de Agadir, 204 m, [29°44’31” N, 9°41’20” W], 11 April 2011, Silveira, P . 3136 (AVE!); Agadir pe. Ait Baha, 599 m, [30°04’58” N, 9°08’25” W], 13 April 2011, Silveira, P . 3140 (AVE!); Taroudant between Tiout and Igherm, at 3 km from Irherm, 1656 m, [30°06’41” N, 8°27’50” W], 26 March 2013, Silveira, P .; Gonçalves, A. C. R. S.; Ouhammou, A. 3296 (AVE!); Agadir Agadir, 5 km E Bou Izakarn an der Strabe nach Akka (P30), 600 m, [30°25’18” N, 9°34’48” W], 13 April 1986, Podlech, D. 40700 (G!); Agadir Agadir, Oued Noum, 25 km W Goulimine, 160 m, [30°25’18” N, 9°34’48” W], 13 April 1986, Podlech, D. 40636 (G!); Agadir Agadir, 60 km SW Goulimine an der Strabe nach Tantan (P41), 150 m, [30°25’18” N, 9°34’48” W], 12 April 1986, Podlech, D. 40592 (G!); Agadir Agadir, Oued Boukila, 10 km SW Goulimine, nahe der Strabe nach Tantan (P41), [30°25’18” N, 9°34’48” W], 9 April 1986, Podlech, D. 40339 (G!)

11d. Calendula suffruticosa subsp. foliosa (Batt.) A.C. Gonç & P. Silveira, comb. et stat. nov. Calendula foliosa Battandier (1888: 479). Calendula tomentosa var. foliosa (Batt.) Battandier & Trabut (1905: 189). Type:— ALGERIA. Djebel Bou Zecza, May 1882, Battandier s.n. (lectotype MPU! [MPU007674]), designated here; isolectotype P! [P00084054]). Description:––Perennial herbs. Stems (29) 32–46.3 (53) cm long, erect to ascending, with glandular and non-glandular pubescence, in some areas, slightly white-arachnoid. Basal leaves (3.5) 3.8–5.1 (5.6) × (1) 1.2–1.6 (2.5) cm, (0.2) 0.3–0.3 (0.3) mm thick, obovate to oblong, apex acute to obtuse, margins sub-entire to slightly sinuate-dentate, with glandular and non-glandular pubescence, slightly white-arachnoid in the margins. Capitula solitary, (2.2) 2.6–3.4 (4.2) cm diameter. Outer achenes rostrate (9) 12.3–23.8 (27) × 2–2.5 (2.8) mm, ± straight or slightly curved, without dorsal spines, with or without a ventral basal tooth; middle achenes bialate (10.5) 13.5–16.1 (22) × (6.7) 8.5–11.1 (11.7) mm, with a rostrum (2.5) 3.3–4.5 (9.7) mm, lateral wings sinuate-dentate to incise dentate; inner achenes vermiculate-exalate (3.3) 4.3–5.5 (7.2) × (1.3) 1.7–2 (2.8) mm, falcate. Figure 18. Habitat and distribution:—Limestone rocks/cliffs, at an elevation of ± 200 m. It is found in sub-humid Mediterranean bio-climate. Endemic to Gorges of Lakhdaria (formerly Palestro), Zaccar, Jbel Bou Zecza. Conservation status:— Data Deficient (DD). Calendula suffruticosa subsp. foliosa is under numerous threats, especially due to climate change and drought. It is rare and local with a small restricted range; only one population is known (classical population), but there may be others in this region. The number of mature individuals is estimated to be Chromosome number:— 2n = 32. Genome size:—3.08 ± 0.04 pg. Notes:— Calendula suffruticosa subsp. foliosa went unnoticed by many botanists because few herbarium specimens were available for study. Lanza (1919: 138) considered C. foliosa as a form of C. fulgida. There is an evident consistence of characters on the available specimens, and that persists in cultivation, to recognise the two subspecies. Battandier (1888: 479) listed two localities for C. foliosa (Djebel Bou Zecza and Gorges de Palestro) and did not indicate a type. There are three collections that could qualify as syntypes: MPU007674 (Djebel Bou Zecza), MPU007673 (Gorges de [illegible, possibly Keddara]) and P00084054 (Gorges de Keddara). Gorges de Keddara is situated NW of Palestro [Lakhdaria] and could refer to the locality mentioned in the protologue. We designate MPU007674 as lectotype since there is no doubt about its collecting locality. Additional collections:— ALGERIA. Gorges de Palestro: 100m [36°36’ N, 3°35’ E], 7 June 2013, P . Silveira, A. C. R. S. Gonçalves & R. Amirouche 3320 (AVE!).

Gonçalves, Ana Carla, Ouhammoud, Ahmed, Amirouche, Rachid, Santos, Conceição, Figueiredo, Estrela, Silveira, Paulo (2023): A taxonomic revision of Calendula (Asteraceae) in Morocco, including some taxa from Algeria and Tunisia. Phytotaxa 605 (1): 1-83, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.605.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.605.1.1

10. Calendula stellata Cavanilles (1791: 3); Desfontaines (1799: 304); Heyn et al. (1974: 176); Meikle (1976: 207); Fennane & Ibn Tattou (1998: 24); Valdés et al. (2002: 671); Ibn Tattou & Fennane (2009: 29); Dobignard & Chatelain (2011: 188); Gonçalves et al. (2014: 271). Type:—Plate 5 in Cavanilles (1791: Tab. 5) (lectotype designated here). Description:––Annual herbs. Stems (2) 17.3–45.5 (80) cm long, ascending to erect, sometimes decumbent, branched at the base, with glandular hairs predominating over non-glandular hairs, ± viscous. Basal leaves (1.2) 3–6,5 (10) × (0.4) 1.5–3 (4) cm, (0.3) 0.3–0.5 (0.5) mm thick, oblanceolate, acute or, more frequently, obtuse, margin sub-entire to sinuate-dentate, base attenuated in a ± longer petiole, with glandular hairs predominating over non-glandular hairs, ± viscous; the middle and upper cauline leaves progressively smaller towards the apex, oblanceolate to lanceolate, sessile and usually auriculate. Capitula solitary, (2.5) 3–4 (5) cm of in diameter. Achenes heteromorphic: outer achenes rostrate (5) 7.1–11.7 (15.2) × (0.8) 1.3–1.9 (2.7) mm, usually strongly curved and with long spines at the back, usually with two small teeth, one at the base and another at the apex; sometimes bialate (8.3) 10.8–12.4 (13.3) × (7.2) 7.7– 9.3 (10.2) mm, wings with irregularly incised margins, extended along both sides up to the apex; middle achenes cymbiform (4.8) 6.7–8 (8.5) × (3.8) 5.3–7 (8) mm; inner achenes vermiculate-alate (3.5) 3.8–5.2 (5.8) × (2) 2.7–3.3 (3.7) mm, hook-shaped to circular, with two narrow lateral wings, and/or vermiculate-exalate (3.2) 3.7–4.5 (5.3) × (1.2) 1.2–1.7 (1.8) mm, circular. Figure 16. Habitat and distribution:—A widespread species in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Sicily (rare), occurring in ruderal and waste ground, cultivated fields and grasslands or in the margin of roads and ditches, up to 1300 m. Figure 15. Conservation status:—Least Concern (LC). Since this is a widespread taxon, based on the IUCN criteria we proposed its status as LC for the study area. Chromosome number:— 2n = 44. Genome size:—2.11 ± 0.10 pg. Notes:— Calendula stellata was described by Cavanilles (1791: 3) based on material grown at the garden of the Duke of Infantado, obtained from Lemonnier [‘ Colui in horto Exc. Ducis del Infantado ex seminibus acceptis a D. Lemonier’]. There are no specimens of Calendula stellata in Cavanilles Herbarium. Furthermore, there are no collections of this species known to have originated from material cultivated at the Duke’s garden. In the absence of specimens, the illustration published by Cavanilles (1791: Tab. 5) as part of the original material, is here designated as lectotype.

11. Calendula suffruticosa Vahl (1791: 94); Bonnet & Barratte (1896: 231); Jahandiez & Maire (1934: 788); Quézel & Santa (1963: 969); Pottier-Alapetite (1981: 1024); Le Floc’h & Boulos (2008: 80); Fennane & Ibn Tattou (2005: 29); Dobignard & Chatelain (2011: 189). Type:— TUNISIA. Legi Portum Farinam in montosis, s.c. [Forskål fide Ohle (1975b: 529)] s.n. (lectotype C! [C10000327], designated by Ohle (1975b: 529)). Description:––Perennial herbs, ± woody at the base, rarely annual. Stems (8) 40–72 (220) cm long, prostrate, decumbent, diffuse, ascending to erect, ± branched, ± glandular pubescent or ± white-arachnoid-tomentose. Basal leaves (1.8) 4.5–8.8 (24) × (0.3) 1–2.2 (7) cm, (0.2) 0.4–0.7 (2.9) mm thick; rarely linear or narrowly-oblanceolate, most often oblanceolate, spatulate or sub-spatulate, rarely obovate; apex acute or obtuse; margins entire to repand-dentate, sinuate-dentate or undulate-dentate, base attenuated in a ± longer petiole; with glandular and non-glandular hairs in variable proportions, sometimes predominantly white-arachnoid pubescent; the middle and upper leaves progressively smaller and shortly petiolate to sessile toward the apex, oblanceolate to lanceolate, usually auriculate. Capitula solitary, (1.5) 2.9–4 (7.1) cm in diameter. Involucre (5.3) 7.5–10 (13.3) × (0.8) 1.1–1.6 (2) mm, with 1–2 rows of bracts, sub-equal, linear-lanceolate, acute, narrowly hyaline, with scarious margins, apex usually reddish, glandular pubescent. Ray florets (13) 18–22 (36), in 1 row; (11.8) 14.5–21 (35) × (1.4) 2.1–3.8 (4.7) mm, usually more than twice the length of the involucre, yellow. Disc florets (21) 40–70 (100); 3.4–4.4 (6.1) × (1.4) 1.6–2.2 (2.6) mm, yellow. Anthers (1.6) 2.1–2.6 mm long. Styles 2.6–3.7 mm long. Outer achenes rostrate (1.2) 11–19 (32) × (0.8) 1.3–1.8 (4.3) mm, generally straight or slightly curved, exceptionaly curved up to 90⁰, without dorsal spines, or with them few and small, rarely up to 2 mm, rarely muricated, usually with one tooth at the base and another at the apex; middle achenes bialate (8) 10.7–15 (29) × (3.0) 5.8–7.8 (15.2) mm, with a rostrum (1.5) 4–6.7 (15.2) mm long; trialate (5) 7–9 (16.2) × (1.3) 5–7.5 (11.2) mm, rarely with a rostrum 2-3.6 (3.7) mm; cymbiform (4) 6.5–8.3 (14.5) × (2.5) 4.5–6.3 (9.5) mm, sub˗cymbiform (4) 8–11.8 (16) × (3) 6.3–8.7 (31.8) mm, or sub-exalate (5.5) 5.5–6.1 (9.7) × (2) 2.5–3.2 (7.2) mm; inner achenes vermiculate-alate (3.3) 4.7–5.8 (8.3) × (1.2) 2.7–3.8 (6.2) mm, ± circular, with 2 narrow lateral wings, and/or vermiculate-exalate (1.9) 3.7–4.8 (8.5) × (0.7) 1.3–1.8 (3.7) mm, circular, hemicyclic, falcate or hook-shaped. Habitat and distribution:—Sandy beaches and dunes, rocky shores, cliffs, hills and coastal mountains, mostly on limestone, but also on other substrates, at elevations of 0–1100 m. From Madeira, through west and south coast and littoral mountains of the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, South of Italy, Greece, to Turkey and northern coast and mountains of Morocco and Algeria to Tunisia. Figure 14. Notes:—Since its description by Vahl in Forskål (1791: 94), Calendula suffruticosa has often been confused with other taxa. Several authors recorded the species from other Mediterranean countries such as Portugal (Brotero 1804), Spain (Boissier 1849: 83) and Morocco (Ball 1873: 367). Ball (1878: 517) pointed out that the material from Morocco was distinct from C. suffruticosa and he described it as C. maroccana. Even though there are certain morphological similarities between these two taxa, the cymbiform achenes of C. maroccana are distinct from those of the typical C. suffruticosa, and after the chromosome numbers of these plants were known, no more doubts remained about the distinction between these two groups.

6. Calendula meuselii Ohle (1975a: 6); Fennane & Ibn Tattou (1998: 23); Valdés et al. (2002: 672); Ibn Tattou & Fennane (2009: 28); Dobignard & Chatelain (2011: 187); Gonçalves et al. (2014: 271). Type:—Plate 1 in Ohle (1975a: Tafel I) (lectotype designated here). Description:––Perennial herbs. Stems (15.5) 18.1–44.3 (57) cm long, erect to ascending, densely white-arachnoid pubescent, not viscous. Basal leaves (4.4) 4.6–8.4 (10) × (1.3) 1.4–2.3 (2.4) cm, with (0.2) 0.3–0.5 (0.6) mm thick, oblanceolate to spatulate, apex acute to slightly acuminate, margins entire to sub-entire, densely white-arachnoid pubescent. Capitula solitary, (2) 3.3–3.8 (4.5) cm diameter, concolorous, yellow to orange. Achenes heteromorphic: outer achenes rostrate (12) 14–17 × (1.8) 2–2.3 (3.3) mm, ± straight or slightly curved, without dorsal spines or muricate; middle achenes bialate (9.7) 10.2–11 (11.7) × (4.7) 5.3–7 (7.5) mm, with a rostrum (1.3) 1.7–2.2 (3.3) mm, lateral wings sinuate-dentate, sometimes with a rudimentary ventral wing; inner achenes vermiculate-exalate (5.8) 6.3–7.3 (7.8) × (1.7) 2–2.3 (2.7) mm, falcate with a small ventral wing, or with an apical and/or a basal tooth. Figure 16. Habitat and distribution:— Limestone cliffs at elevations of 650–800 m. It is found in sub-humid to humid Mediterranean bio-climate. Endemic to Massif du Zerhoun, Jbel El – Rherraf near Sidi Kdat, and Jbel Takerma (distribution based on herbarium specimens and literature). Although at MGC there is a specimen collected in Zoumi, we did not find any population in that locality. Figure 13. Conservation status:—Critically Endangered (CR). This species is threatened by climate change, due to its small-restricted range. Presently only one population is known but based on herbarium specimens there may be others in the Massif of Zerhoun. Nevertheless, recent searches done by others in the area have been unsuccessful. The number of mature individuals is estimated to be Chromosome number:— 2n = 18. Genome size:—1.71 ± 0.03 pg. Notes:—Several attempts have been made to find type specimens of Calendula meuselii without success. The holotype cited by Ohle (1975a: 4) is ‘ Marokko, Djebel Zerhoun. leg. Sauvage 1932, Privatherbar Nr. 6235 (Montpellier)’, a collection of Charles Sauvage (1909–1980). Sauvage was a botanist who worked in Morocco and later moved to Montpellier where his herbarium is kept.The specimen was loaned to Ohle but was never returned to Montpellier (Caroline Loup, pers. comm.). Other collections that are cited by Ohle (1975a: 4) are ‘ Zerhoun-Moussoua, Nordnord̂stlich er Djebel Takerma, leg. Sauvage 1932 (RAB), leg. Baillier 1955 (RAB)’. These have also not been found at RAB. In the absence of any specimens, an illustration can be designated as lectotype (Art. 9.12 of the ICN, Turland et al. 2018). Two plates were published by Ohle (1975a), Plate 1 (Tafel I) consists of a photograph of the holotype and Plate 2 (Tafel II) represents closeups of an infrutescence and achenes. Plate 1 (Ohle 1975a: Tafel I) is here designated as lectotype. Calendula meuselii is distinguished from other species in the C. maroccana group by having leaves with very dense white-arachnoid indumentum, and by the absence of cymbiform and vermiculate-alate achenes. The vermiculate-exalate achenes are usually large and falcate.

Abstract In this work, we describe a new species of genus Bufo, Bufo exiguus sp. nov. from Mt. Nankun, Guangdong Province, China. This new species can be distinguished from all congeners by significant divergences in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and CO1 genes and by a combination of morphological characters: small body size, tympanum absent, parotoid glands small and olive-shaped, tarsal fold absent, dorsal body with a fine vertebral line and white nuptial spinules present on dorsal and inner surfaces of fingers I and II in males. At present, Bufo exiguus sp. nov. is only known from the slow-flowing montane streams from its type locality and its conservation status should be carefully addressed.

We collected nine specimens of Odorrana Fei, Ye & Huang, 1990 from Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, which is close to the type locality of O. heatwolei (Stuart & Bain, 2005) in Phongsaly Province, northern Laos (approximately 60 km). These specimens agree with the diagnosis of O. heatwolei that body size is large in females and relatively small in males, tympanum large in males and relatively small in females, first finger longer than the second, and glandular dorsolateral fold and external vocal sacs present in males, moreover, these specimens have obvious dense tiny black dots scattered on the dorsum, which is consistent with the characters of O. heatwolei and different from O. tiannanensis (Yang & Li, 1980). Phylogenetically, the sequences of these specimens clustered with the sequence of the holotype of O. heatwolei and formed a distinct clade together, which is sister to O. tiannanensis. We resurrect O. heatwolei and extend the distribution of this species to China.

The number of described species of Brachycephalus has rapidly increased in the last decade (n = 22, which represents 56% of the total). Species of the genus Brachycephalus are mostly distributed in isolated mountaintops from Bahia (northeastern Brazil) to Santa Catarina states (southern Brazil), each one occupying only one or a few adjacent mountaintops. Herein, we described a new species of Brachycephalus of the B. pernix group, from Serra do Tabuleiro in Santa Catarina state, which also represents the southernmost known species. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters, including the following: (1) "bufoniform" body; (2) small adult SVL: 9.57–11.10 mm for males and 10.88–12.70 mm for females; (3) head proportionally small (HL/SVL 19–28%) and eye proportionally large (ED/HL 36–56%); (4) dorsum texture rough; (5) snout shape rounded in dorsal and lateral views; (6) general dorsal body color olive green with head, arms and legs yellow-orangish scattered with olive green, and an orangish vertebral stripe spotted with white and brown colors; (7) skull and skeleton without hyperossification; (8) frontoparietal and sphenethmoid not fused; (9) advertisement with one or two high-frequency notes (6,115–6,562 Hz), and 2–4 pulses per note. The type locality is adjacent to Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro, a protected area, but we observed various agricultural activities in this locality, including the presence of exotic plants, which can change the amount and the quality of leaf litter, somehow compromising the population of the new species. Another aggravating factor is that the municipality of São Bonifácio has conflicts over land use with irregular occupation and unfinished expropriation processes in Parque Estadual da Serra do Tabuleiro. Considering that Brachycephalus sp. nov. is probably a mountaintop microendemic species, it is paramount that future studies quantifying the new species' full distribution and evaluating population trends to accurately assess its conservation status.

A morphological and karyological investigation of the Anthemis sect. Hiorthia representatives of Kriti (Greece) revealed that three different species are found on the island, all endemic, and each characterised by a different ploidy level based on the haploid series of x = 9. Anthemis abrotanifolia, the species with the widest distribution, is tetraploid with 2n = 4x = 36. A. samariensis, a local endemic of the Lefka Ori, was found being decaploid, with 2n = 10x = 90, the highest number ever recorded in Anthemis. The recently discovered population on Mt. Kedros (south-central Kriti) is morphologically distinct from all the Anthemis entities growing on Kriti; it also differs from the variable and widespread A. cretica group. It is here described as a new species, A. pasiphaes Goula & Constantinidis. It is a hexaploid, with 2n = 6x = 54. All chromosome numbers are reported for the first time. Polyploidy might have acted as a reproductive barrier among these perennial species, complementing isolation by spatial distance and evolutionary divergence. Further, it might have contributed adaptation advantages to these three predominately mountain species.

We describe a new species of Osteocephalus Fitzinger, 1843 using morphological traits of adult frogs and its larvae, as well as molecular evidence. The new species occurs in the premontane forest of the Cordillera del Yanachaga in the Andes of central Peru, at elevations between 1000 and 1150 m a.s.l. It belongs to the Osteocephalus mimeticus species group and is the sister species of O. mimeticus. It is most similar to three species with predominantly dark irises, tuberculate dorsal skin, and brown dorsal coloration: O. festae Peracca, 1904, O. mimeticus Melin, 1941, and O. verruciger Werner, 1901. Of these three species, the most similar is O. mimeticus. However, the new species can be easily distinguished from O. mimeticus by having a cream or creamy-tan venter with a well-defined pattern of brown chocolate blotches and flecks (venter cream, tan, or brown without marks in O. mimeticus). The tadpoles of O. vasquezi sp. nov. are strikingly different from the tadpoles of O. mimeticus by having a larger oral disk with nine lower labial tooth rows (only six in O. mimeticus). Tadpoles of the new species and those of O. festae are unique among Osteocephalus by belonging to the suctorial ecomorphological guild as shown by their large oral disks. Our time tree suggest that the new species diverged from its sister species at the beginning of the Pleistocene, ~2.5 million years ago.