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While conducting phylogenetic analyses of sequence-capture data of Australian members of Asteraceae tribe Astereae, we found that Elachanthus pusillus F.Muell., Isoetopsis graminifolia Turcz. and Kippistia suaedifolia F.Muell. formed a clade with Minuria. We, therefore, conducted an analysis focused on this clade, but with replicate samples of the three smaller genera, and confirmed our results. Kippistia had been synonymised under Minuria between 1876 and 1980, when it was reinstated. Elachanthus and Isoetopsis had not previously been suggested to be part of Minuria , and, indeed, Isoetopsis had been considered so morphologically divergent that even its tribal affiliations were long controversial. However, on closer examination, Elachanthus and Isoetopsis are strikingly similar to Minuria , especially in cypsela and pappus morphology. The evolution of both genera from a common ancestor in Minuria appears plausible in the light of their overall similarity to annual species of that genus such as M. annua , their multiple uniform rows of herbaceous phyllaries with scarious margins, a pappus of scales v. the tendency of Minuria to form pappi with scale-like bases, female outer and male inner florets, and a cypsela indumentum shared with some species of Minuria. We propose the following three new combinations under Minuria : M. pusilla , M. glabra and M. graminifolia. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of Minuria and related genera and found that Elachanthus , Isoetopsis , and Kippistia phylogenetically nested in Minuria. Before 1980, Kippistia had long been considered part of Minuria. Morphological examination showed many similarities between Eleachanthus , Isoetopsis , and annual species of Minuria. We publish new combinations for four species, synonymising the three smaller genera. (Image credit: Alexander Schmidt-Lebuhn.) This article belongs to the collection Genomics for Australian Plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambrosia artemisiifolia — высоковредоносное инвазионное растение североамериканского происхождения, относящееся к трибе Heliantheae подсемейства Asteroideae. К одному из факторов, влияющих на конкурентоспособность инвазионных видов сложноцветных, относят мутуалистические отношения с арбускулярными микоризными грибами. Существует гипотеза, что на эффективность этого симбиоза оказывает влияние филогенетическое положение и время возникновения видов участников. Целью нашей работы был сравнительный анализ видового состава сообщества арбускулярных микоризных грибов, ассоциированных с амброзией полыннолистной, с сообществами близкородственных видов. Показано, что проанализированное сообщество менее разнообразно, чем у близкородственных видов растений трибы Astereae. В частности, оно представлено широко распространёнными видами порядка Glomerales (Glomus spp., Funneliformis mosseae) и, фактически, не содержит представителей Diversisporales. Возможно, в силу особенностей эволюции геномов представителей трибы Heliantheae, симбиоз с арбускулярными микоризными грибами не оказывает существенное влияние на увеличение конкурентоспособности инвазионных видов, как это происходит у видов трибы Astereae.

This study aims to report the complete chloroplast genome of Solidago altissima L., a globally recognized invasive plant. The complete genome length of S. altissima is 152,961 bp; S. altissima has a typical quadripartite structure (including a large single copy of 84,829 bp, a small single copy of 18,084 bp, and two inverted repeat regions of 25,024 bp), which is commonly found in angiosperms. The genome contains 129 genes, consisting of 85 coding sequences, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. To understand the phylogenetic relationship between S. altissima and its related species, maximum likelihood analysis was performed. The results revealed that S. altissima is closely related to Symphyotrichum subulatum. The findings of the present study could provide fundamental data for the future phylogenetic and evolutionary studies, while also research on species invasion and resolving complexity of S. altissima.

Aster L. is an economically and phylogenetically important genus in the tribe Astereae. Here, the complete plastomes of the eight Aster species were assembled and characterized using next-generation sequencing datasets. The results indicated the complete plastomes of Aster had a quadripartite structure. These genomes were 152,045-152,729 bp in length and contained 132-133 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37-38 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Expansion or contraction of inverted repeat regions and forward, palindromic, complement, and reverse repeats were detected in the eight Aster species. Additionally, our analyses showed the richest type of simple sequence repeats was A/T mononucleotides, and 14 highly variable regions were discovered by analyzing the border regions, sequence divergence, and hotspots. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that 27 species in Astereae were clustered into six clades, i.e., A to D, North American, and outgroup clades, and supported that the genera Heteropappus, Kalimeris, and Heteroplexis are nested within Aster. The results indicated the clades B to D might be considered as genera. Divergence time estimate showed the clades A, B, C, and D diverged at 23.15 Mya, 15.13 Mya, 24.29 Mya, and 21.66 Mya, respectively. These results shed light on the phylogenetic relationships of Aster and provided new information on species identification of Aster and its related genera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Astereae subtribe Madagasterinae (Asteraceae) sensu Nesom encompassing four Malagasy genera (Apodocephala, Madagaster, Rochonia and Vernoniopsis) is polyphyletic, as Apodocephala is a member of the Malagasy subtribe Lowryanthinae of the tribe Athroismeae. While Madagaster was shown to belong to Astereae, the phylogenetic positions of Rochonia and Vernoniopsis (now Jalantzia) in this tribe remained to be tested with molecular data. Lowryanthinae presently contains Apodocephala with nine species and the monospecific Lowryanthus. The monophyly of Apodocephala remained to be assessed using a comprehensive sampling. The aims were to: (1) assess the phylogenetic placements of Rochonia and Jalantzia (Vernoniopsis) and test the monophyly of Jalantzia; (2) assess phylogenetic relationships within Lowryanthinae; and (3) re-assess the subtribal and generic limits within the tribe Athroismeae. New phylogenetic analyses based on plastid sequence data confirmed the position of Rochonia in Astereae. Jalantzia (Vernoniopsis) was resolved as sister to the subtribe Lowryanthinae and therefore transferred to Athroismeae. A new subtribe, Jalantziinae, is described to accommodate Jalantzia. Apodocephala is paraphyletic with respect to Lowryanthus, which is formally merged with Apodocephala. A description of the emended subtribe Madagasterinae containing Madagaster and Rochonia is presented. Citation: Bengtson A. & Razafimandimbison S. G. 2024: New subtribal and generic limits in the tribe Athroismeae (Asteraceae) and further disintegration of the subtribe Madagasterinae of the tribe Astereae. – Willdenowia 54: 103–116. Version of record first published online on 25 April 2024 ahead of inclusion in April 2024 issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typification of Aster sedifolius L. (Asteraceae: Astereae) is discussed. Designation of a lectotype is based on consultation of Linnaeus's original material and the literature cited in the protologue. A specimen from the herbarium sheet preserved at UPS [Herb. Burser XV(1): 62 (UPS no. V-174664)] is designated as lectotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Инвазионные растения галинсога мелкоцветковая Galinsoga parviflora и мелколепестник канадский Erigeron canadensis часто встречаются в посевах и вдоль пахотных земель. Фактором, способствующим их распространению, может быть ассоциированное с этими однолетними видами сообщество арбускулярных микоризных грибов. На характер симбиотических отношений, складывающихся между растением-хозяином и грибами оказывает влияние как их таксономическая принадлежность, так и абиотические факторы. Целью исследования было определение микоризного статуса E. canadensis и G. parviflora, произрастающих на пахотных полях и вне их в Пушкинском р-не Санкт-Петербурга. Во всех вариантах, кроме обработки метрибузином, на стадии цветения выявлена высокая интенсивность микоризации и частота колонизации этих растений. Существенное влияние на микоризный статус оказывало внесение гербицидов. В частности, синтетический ауксин 2,4 Д (2-этилгексиловый эфир) стимулировал образование арбускул. Наибольшая колонизация наблюдалась в корнях для E. canadensis, выросшего вне поля. Ассоциированные с E. canadensis арбускулярные микоризные грибы образовывали отдельную монофилетическую группу. Эта группа, на наш взгляд, отвечает за более эффективный симбиоз и нуждается в дальнейшем более пристальном изучении.

A new species endemic to Hawai'i Island, Tetramolopium stemmermanniae, is described and illustrated. Molecular and morphological evidence support T. stemmermanniae as being distinct from T.arenarium var. arenarium, T.consanguineum ssp. leptophyllum, and T.humile ssp. humile, which occur at Pōhakuloa Training Area, Hawai'i Island. Tetramolopium stemmermanniae shares an upright and multibranched habit with T.arenarium var. arenarium and T.consanguineum ssp. leptophyllum but differs in the number and color of ray and disc flowers, and in having an open, paniculate inflorescence. We provide a description of the new taxon, include a key to the Tetramolopium species of Hawai'i, and a brief description of the habitat where the newly described species occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lectotype (P00537796) is designated for the name Brachyscome neocaledonica Guill. (now accepted as Pytinicarpa neocaledonica (Guill.) G.L.Nesom), the type species of the genus Pytinicarpa G.L.Nesom (Asteraceae). This action proved necessary as only syntypes for that species name were cited by Guillaumin in the protologue; also, no lectotypification was provided when Nesom erected the genus Pytinicarpa. Some syntypes from the gatherings cited in the protologue of Brachyscome neocaledonica represent a related species Pytinicarpa sarasinii (Däniker) G.L.Nesom (Brachyscome sarasinii Däniker) or mixed collections. Because of that the lectotype designation is important for maintaining the nomenclatural stability and application of names in the genus Pytinicarpa.

Lagenophora schmidiae de Lange & Jian Wang ter sp. nov. (Asteraceae) is described, illustrated and differentiated from L. montana Hook.f. The new species was first recorded from Aotearoa / New Zealand in 1974, when it was identified as L. montana. This relatively recent recognition reflects in part the fact that the new species is extremely uncommon, and has often been confused with the superficially similar L. barkeri Kirk, with which it often grows. A conservation status for L. schmidiae of ‘Threatened / Nationally Critical’ using the New Zealand Threat Classification System is proposed, as the new species is known only from small populations, many of which are threatened by alien weed invasion.

Chromosome numbers are reported for 53 individuals of 10 species of Solidago L. sect. Maritimae (Torr. & A. Gray) Semple & Beck from eastern Canada and the eastern United States: S. austrina Small, S. chrysopsis Small, S. gracillima Torr. & A. Gray, S. mexicana L., S. pulchra Small, S. sempervirens L., S. simulans Fernald, S. stricta Aiton, S. uliginosa Nutt., and S. virgata Michx. Identifications of nearly all vouchers for 262 previously published counts for the section were confirmed or revised following the treatments of the section by Semple et al. No counts have been reported for the Mexican species S. maya Semple and S. paniculata DC. and for S. uliginosa var. terra-novae (Torr. & A. Gray) Fernald from Newfoundland. Polyploids are documented in six of the 13 species: S. austrina, S. mexicana, S. pulchra, S. stricta, S. uliginosa, and S. virgata. In addition, we provide the first chromosome count for S. chrysopsis (2n = 18) from Florida. All 315 count reports from 231 locations were used to map the cytogeography of all species in the section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new combination Solenogyne christensenii (Petrie) de Lange, Jian Wang ter & Barkla comb. nov. is validated for a New Zealand species originally published as Abrotanella christensenii Petrie. The species is described, illustrated and differentiated from similar and related taxa. The species is seriously threatened, being known with certainty only from the South Island of New Zealand where there is one extant population in Otago, though the species was also known historically from the type locality, Hanmer Plain, North Canterbury.

Invasive species, including more than three dozen Asteraceae, such as Solidago canadensis, Leucanthemum vulgare, Senecio inaequidens etc, pose serious threat to ecosystem health. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is a key factor for distribution of invasive species of some Asteraceae tribes, including Astereae, Anthemideae, Senecioneae, Gnaphalieae, Cardueae, and Cichorieae. The formation of invasion-friendly plant communities has occurred through increasing nutrient and water availability, hormonal regulation, production of bioactive compounds, and mycorrhiza-induced resistance of host plants. Native species are displaced through the influence on soil microbiota, mycorrhizal and nutrient status of neighboring plants, and several other parameters. Allelopathic influences and symbiotic interactions with bacteria and other fungi can inhibit these processes. Understanding the mycorrhizal status of invasive weeds, in our opinion, is a necessary condition for their successful control.

This study aims to report the complete chloroplast genome of Solidago altissima L., a globally recognized invasive plant. The complete genome length of S. altissima is 152,961 bp; S. altissima has a typical quadripartite structure (including a large single copy of 84,829 bp, a small single copy of 18,084 bp, and two inverted repeat regions of 25,024 bp), which is commonly found in angiosperms. The genome contains 129 genes, consisting of 85 coding sequences, 36 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. To understand the phylogenetic relationship between S. altissima and its related species, maximum likelihood analysis was performed. The results revealed that S. altissima is closely related to Symphyotrichum subulatum . The findings of the present study could provide fundamental data for the future phylogenetic and evolutionary studies, while also research on species invasion and resolving complexity of S. altissima ., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2024 Korea National Arboretum. Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Aster L. is an economically and phylogenetically important genus in the tribe Astereae. Here, the complete plastomes of the eight Aster species were assembled and characterized using next-generation sequencing datasets. The results indicated the complete plastomes of Aster had a quadripartite structure. These genomes were 152,045-152,729 bp in length and contained 132-133 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37-38 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Expansion or contraction of inverted repeat regions and forward, palindromic, complement, and reverse repeats were detected in the eight Aster species. Additionally, our analyses showed the richest type of simple sequence repeats was A/T mononucleotides, and 14 highly variable regions were discovered by analyzing the border regions, sequence divergence, and hotspots. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that 27 species in Astereae were clustered into six clades, i.e., A to D, North American, and outgroup clades, and supported that the genera Heteropappus , Kalimeris , and Heteroplexis are nested within Aster . The results indicated the clades B to D might be considered as genera. Divergence time estimate showed the clades A, B, C, and D diverged at 23.15 Mya, 15.13 Mya, 24.29 Mya, and 21.66 Mya, respectively. These results shed light on the phylogenetic relationships of Aster and provided new information on species identification of Aster and its related genera., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer QM declared a past co-authorship with the author ZF to the handling editor., (Copyright © 2024 Chen, Li, Chen, Qu, Zheng, Luo, Li, Zhang and Fu.)

Introducción y objetivo: Gutierrezia es un género americano de Asteraceae perteneciente a la tribu Astereae y a la subtribu Solidagininae. En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio taxonómico de las especies del hemisferio sur considerando datos morfológicos. Materiales y métodos: Para realizarlo se llevó a cabo una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica, se estudiaron materiales depositados en los principales Herbarios, se consultaron los ejemplares tipo con fines nomenclaturales y se realizaron viajes de colección. Resultados: En el marco de la revisión del género Gutierrezia, se describieron 3 especies y 2 variedades nuevas para la ciencia., y se rehabilitaron 2 especies. Se lectotipificaron 8 nombres y se designó un neotipo. Se concluye que el género Gutierrezia está compuesto por 34 especies, 17 de las cuales habitan en Norteamérica, y 17 especies con 2 variedades, aquí descriptas, en Sudamérica.

Background and aims: Gutierrezia is an American genus of Asteraceae, tribe Astereae, subtribe Solidagininae. A taxonomic revision of South American species of the genus was carried out, based on morphological data. M&M: To pursue our aim, an exhaustive bibliographic review was carried out, materials deposited in the main Herbaria were studied, the type specimens were consulted for nomenclatural purposes and collection trips were made. Results: In the framework of the revision of the genus Gutierrezia, 3 species and 2 varieties new to the science were described and 2 species were rehabilitated. Eight names were lectotypified and one neotype was designated. We concluded that genus Gutierrezia is composed of 34 species, 17 of which inhabit North America, and 17 species with 2 varieties, here described, in South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome numbers are reported for 209 individuals of Solidago altissima from Canada and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrowly lanceolate leaves occur frequently in the genus Aster. It was often employed as a distinguishing character in the taxonomy of this genus. The origin of this particular leaf shape, however, has never been investigated using comparative methods. In this study, we reconstructed a comprehensive phylogeny that includes most species of Aster with narrowly lanceolate leaf. We then gathered data on riparian habitats and the presence or absence of narrowly lanceolate leaves, and investigated the evolutionary association between them in a phylogenetic context. Our analysis indicated that the species with narrowly lanceolate leaves are nested in unrelated lineages of the genus Aster, implying that they originated independently several times. Using Pagel’s comparative method of discrete data, we demonstrated a significant correlation between riparian habitats and narrowly lanceolate leaves. We further inferred the sequence of transition of the two characters. This analysis indicated that the sequence of evolution of riparian habitat and narrowly lanceolate leaf form was usually uncertain, but some positive results showed that the occurrence of riparian habitats may not precede the evolution of narrowly lanceolate leaf form. This study provided new insights into the adaptive evolution in a mega-diverse family. In addition, Aster tonglingensis, an unexpected new species with narrowly lanceolate leaves, was discovered and established based on the evidence from morphology, micromorphology and molecular phylogeny.

Chromosome numbers are reported for 154 individuals of Solidago gigantea from Canada, England, France, and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome numbers are reported for 349 individuals of 116 taxa and 2 hybrids in 13 genera from Canada and the United States. The majority of the reports are for asters listed in this paper under the generic names Symphyotrichum (93 reports) and Eurybia (51 reports) plus species of Doellingeria, Oclemena, and Sericocarpus and for goldenrods in Solidago (171 reports). Corrected identifications for four previous reports are also listed. The following are first reports for these taxa: Solidago jejunifolia, 2n = 9II from Wisconsin; Solidago fallax var. molina, 2n = 18 from Québec; and Symphyotrichum falcatum subsp. falcatum, 2n = 10 from Northwest Territories. Multiple counts are first reports for a particular taxon in a province or state: e.g., Solidago salicina, 2n = 18 from North Carolina; Symphyotrichum grandiflorum, 2n = 60 from Virginia; and Symphyotrichum welshii, 2n = 16 from Wyoming. The following are all first reports for the province of Prince Edward Island: Solidago nemoralis subsp. nemoralis, 2n = 18; Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. lanceolatum, 2n = 64, Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum, 2n = 16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meiotic studies in 18 species belonging to 7 genera of the tribe Astereae from various localities of Western Himalaya have been analyzed. The chromosome number has been reported for the first time in Aster albescens (n = 9) and A. indamellus (n = 9). Further, intraspecific variability has been reported for the first time in A. thomsonii (n = 27), Bellis perennis (n = 5) and Myriactis nepalensis (n = 18). In India, the chromosome numbers are reported for first time in Aster himalaicus (n = 9), Brachyactis roylei (n = 9), Erigeron bellidioides (n = 9) and E. borealis (n = 9). B-chromosomes have been reported for the first time in Erigeron acer (n = 9 + 1 − 2B). Besides, most of the populations show laggards, chromosome stickiness and cytomixis from early prophase to telophase-II, leading to the formation of aneuploid cells or meiocytes with doubled chromosome number. Such meiotic abnormalities produce unreduced pollen grains and adversely affect pollen viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, two new flavonoids, oblongifolioside A (1) and oblongifolioside B (2), along with eight known compounds (3−10), are isolated from the leaves of Baccharis oblongifolia (Asteraceae). The new structures are established through spectroscopic data and the known compounds are identified by comparison with data reported in the literature. The compounds (1−10) are evaluated in relation to their antiradical properties. Compounds 1 and 2 are found to exhibit high antiradical activity compared to their respective non-acylated flavonoids.

Chromosome numbers are reported for 133 individuals of 41 taxa and cultivars and four hybrids in the goldenrod genus Solidago from Canada, the United States and botanical gardens in Europe. With the exception of first reports, all of the reports confirm previously published reports. First reports are for the following: Solidago juliae, 2n=36, Texas; S. radula, 2n=36, Arkansas, Texas; S. mexicana, 2n=36, Louisiana, Texas; S. velutina ssp. californica, 2n=36, California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The anatomical traits associated with water deficit are also observed in plants growing in poor soils. The species may resist water deficit through three main strategies: escape, avoid or tolerate. The Pedregal de San Ángel Ecological Reserve (REPSA), Mexico, is an environment with low nutrient soil and low water availability. It is set on the basalt formation derived from the Xitle volcano eruption. The main vegetation type is characterized as xerophytic shrub. Thus we expect that species growing in this community will show leaf xeromorphic traits and may have any of the three response strategies. We analyzed the foliar anatomy of 52 species of the Asteraceae family at the REPSA because it is the most abundant angiosperm family in the site, showing a wide variety of growth forms and anatomical variation. Results: The foliar anatomies of the studied Asteraceae were highly variable as well as their quantitative traits as revealed by principal component analysis. This agrees with previous studies that found great anatomical variation within the family. Leaves have multiple layered palisade parenchyma and parenchyma bundle sheaths and could not be categorized as xeromorphic because they possess mesomorphic leaf features as simple lamina, single-layered epidermis, and soft large-size glabrous leaves with high specific leaf area. Conclusions: The combination of mesomorphic and few xeromorphic foliar traits with other characters at the genus and tribal level probably has been essential in Asteraceae to colonize various environments, including those with low water and nutrient availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se describen los efectos de la UV-B sobre la síntesis de pigmentos fotosintéticos (clorofila total, clorofila a, clorofila b, carotenoides), protectores (compuestos absorbentes de UV-B) y azúcares solubles (glucosa, fructosa y sacarosa) en cinco variedades de quinoa de diferentes orígenes geográficos. En general, se demuestra que las variedades reaccionan desplegando diferentes estrategias para protegerse de la radiación UV-B. Estas estrategias pueden ser de tipo morfológico, fisiológico y/o bioquímico. Una respuesta común, observada en las cinco variedades fue el incremento en el contenido de compuestos absorbentes de UV-B, lo que puede interpretarse como un “escudo químico” de protección para el aparato fotosintético frente al exceso de energía proveniente de la radiación que se aplica a las plantas.

An architectural study of the genus Gutierrezia Lag. was carried out, and seven different models were established. Differences in architecture between North American and South American species are pointed out. A key to differentiate the models is provided.

A new species, Baccharis tenuicapitulata Joch. Müll. from central and southern Ecuador is described and illustrated. The morphological delimitation of the new species against similar species is discussed.