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Today, renewable energy systems offer the opportunity to take advantage of resources such as wind energy. In order to achieve efficient management of devices and systems that generate energy using this type of resource, it is imperative that operators have accurate and timely information. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and visualize the data associated with this equipment, both in industrial environments and in homes. Telemetry systems are commonly used for these purposes, since the main advantage of telemetry lies in the ability to obtain real-time information about our project. This allows us to correct possible failures quickly and efficiently, streamlining procedures and optimizing equipment performance. Consequently, telemetry is presented as a fundamental tool to maximize the use of renewable energy resources and ensure optimal operation of the systems. In this context, the objective of this degree work is to develop a telemetry system that allows the visualization and monitoring of wind variables by the personnel of the Micro-grid laboratory of the University of Cuenca. This system employs a IoT architecture, where the data obtained from the inverters located in the Irquis mini- wind farm are stored in the Thingsboard server using the HTTP. This information can be exported in plain text format, facilitating its analysis or use in future applications.

Speed skating is a highly regarded sport that requires technical skills and an optimal physical condition; nevertheless, there is a need for a tool that complements the training of athletes in training. Thus, the use of artificial vision and Machine Learning (ML) systems is proposed. For the former, the OpenPose system is used to obtain data about the skater’s joins and keypoints; the latter, to identify and classify the type of push when skaters use the inline technique. In the research, 2 main focuses are explored. The first one consists of image classification through a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), using the Visual Geometry Group (VGG)19 architecture, achieving an accuracy of 90.72 %. The second approach uses feature vectors through a biomechanical analysis with a Support Vector Machine (SVM) system and a Random Forest (RF) algorithm, obtaining an accuracy of 94 % y 92 %, respectively. Different evaluation metrics are presented, such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and F1-score, along with a confusion matrix and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Moreover, features of the prior-mentioned approaches are discussed, for instance, the use of data augmentation to combat overfitting. Furthermore, the study includes result tables of biomechanical variables and pictures of distinctive angles during the execution of for- ward pushing techniques. Overall, the CNN and SVM exhibit promising results in the classification of data for the different types of pushes in speed skating inline technique.

The graduation project "Design and Implementation of an Application Layer Protocol for the Transmission of Hydrometeorological Data using LoRaWAN: PROMAS Case Study.Ït uses the long range and low power consumption LoRa technology as a WSN application. LoRa operates under the LoRaWAN protocol developed by the LoRa Alliance, and was designed for battery-based end devices. These devices connect to the central server through a Gateway in a star-star topology. Both LoRa and LoRaWAN offer solutions in the context of IoT and facilitate the implementation of monitoring systems in rural environments due to their easy configuration, low power consumption and long-range coverage. Since the main focus of this work is to monitor a remote and hard-to-reach area with low-speed Internet connections, the Gateway uses GSM/GPRS technology to transmit the data to the server. GSM is considered a second generation (2G) standard and GPRS, a 2.5G technology that enhances the GSM system.The main objective of this work is the implementation of the application layer protocol VMTPv2, designed specifically to work on LoRaWAN.This protocol runs between the sensor nodes and the server, and its objective is to adjust the payload based on the weather information carried, to minimize the size of the frame and reduce the total energy consumption of the system.

Currently, renewable energy systems provide the opportunity to harness resources such as solar radiation. Operators need to have information to achieve efficient management of devices and systems that generate energy using these types of resources. Therefore, to have this information, monitoring these devices in both industrial and residential environments is important. A commonly used platform for this purpose is known as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA). In this context, the objective of this work was to integrate the Sunny Island and Ampere Square inverters into the existing SCADA monitoring system in the Microgrid laboratory at the University of Cuenca. In the case of the Sunny Island inverter, as it does not have a built-in Modbus server, a Gateway was developed to integrate this server and a communication system that allows reading and writing information from the inverter using the SMA Data protocol. This way, the SCADA system designed for this inverter can read the data from the Gateway. As for the Ampere Square inverter, since it already has a Modbus TCP communication interface, it was directly integrated into the SCADA system. Validation of the obtained data was carried out in comparison with the real information displayed by each inverter. The results confirmed that each inverter’s integration into the Microgrid laboratory’s SCADA system at the University of Cuenca was successfully achieved.

This degree project focuses on the study and improvement of the random access method in 5G networks, applying two approaches for the dynamic management of preambles. In this context, users request uplink resources by transmitting preambles, which are characterized by being orthogonal signatures. However, one problem that arises is the possible congestion and network collapse when multiple identical signa- tures are transmitted in a short period of time. The first method consists of the use of supervised learning by training a neural network using a set of data that contains in- formation about the preambles that have previously benefited the system during tests carried out. The neural network processes this information and generates outputs that indicate which preambles are best suited to avoid crashes and improve the probability of successful access to uplink resources. The second proposed method involves the use of reinforcement learning, which implements a policy for preamble management based on Q-learning. In this approach, a function called Q is used that evaluates ac- tions taken in specific states of the system. The system continually feeds itself back, reinforcing those choices that benefit the system’s performance and punishing those that harm it. In this way, the random access system can learn to allocate preambles more intelligently and effectively, adapting to network conditions and optimizing the utilization of available resources.

With the constant evolution of telecommunications networks and the exponential increase in Internet traffic, it is necessary to prevent increasingly sophisticated cyberattacks. DGAs is a technique that allows for the automatic and covert generation of malicious domains to control Bots and execute these attacks. It is proposed to implement two Botnets detection algorithms based on DGAs: MaldomDetector and masked N-grams. These algorithms use supervised machine learning and rely on the extraction of lexical and statistical features from domain names. To carry out the detection of mAGDs, the BNDF framework will be used as a base. However, as BNDF does not provide real-time results, an early detection module was developed to optimize the framework’s operation based on the selected detection algorithms. Different test scenarios were designed in controlled environments and on a real network. In the controlled scenarios, various evaluation metrics were used to determine the detection performance of the algorithms. In real network tests, DNS requests were analyzed alongside the predictions made by the algorithms, with the aim of evaluating the accuracy of the predictions. Finally, the computational resource usage required by each algorithm was evaluated. Masked N-grams demonstrated excellent performance in terms of classification, achieving a value of 85.09 % in all metrics. MaldomDetector showed a better processing time with 1.38 ms per domain, making it the best option for networks with limited resources.

A cyberattack on a critical infrastructure can cause a crash or interruption in its operation. The direct consequences in the environment where the impact occurs are very high, causing serious economic losses, in addition to endangering human lives or affecting the environment. A micro- grid is within this type of structure, so a cybersecurity maturity model is important for them. In the present work, the construction of a cybersecurity maturity model was made, which allows measuring the level of cybersecurity maturity in a micro-grid, this model is based on the series ISO 27000, NIST 800 and the C2M2 model. The model is made up of ten domains, which have a series of attributes with different assigned scores, and four levels of maturity indicators NIM, which have a range of scores and color indicators to establish the level of maturity in which is a micro- grid. A web application was developed, which allows the evaluation of cybersecurity using the model created through a questionnaire, allowing to establish and show the level of maturity in which a micro-grid according to the results. As a case study, the evaluation of the microgrid of the University of Cuenca was carried out. The results obtained are detailed, and based on them, recommendations were made to increase the level of maturity of the same.

In sports of competition, considering small details in technique can mean better results. Cu- rrently, studies that relate speed skating with IoT and wearable devices are limited, being the experience of elite athletes or coaches the main reference for skaters when improving their techniques. Therefore, the incorporation of measurement systems with inertial sensors that describe the athlete’s movements in a quantitative way would lead to more controlled and ef- ficient training. In this project an IoT Wireless system is developed that incorporates ESP32 modules and inertial sensors for the acquisition of acceleration data from the four extremities of a speed skater; these data are stored in the Thingsboard Cloud Web server, using the MQTT protocol. The measurement system has a star-like architecture consisting of a central node and four sensor nodes, which communicate using the ESP-NOW protocol. To command the data capture at the sensor nodes and visualize the inertial data, a mobile application for An- droid is developed. To verify the operation of the acquisition system, tests were performed on three skaters with different levels of experience and under the same conditions, being able to characterize the acceleration data of the four extremities in the three cartesian axes, both for a straight and curved section of the track.

This work addresses the issue of energy consumption in electric bicycles and its impact on sustainable mobility. The goal is to develop a device for acquiring and processing sensor data from electric bicycles. The study reviews the state of the art in IoT devices for electric bicycles, the design and implementation of a data acquisition device, and the configuration of a Cloud IoT platform for storing and visualizing this data. The methodology is based on selecting and integrating sensors, developing software for IoT devices (ESP32), Thingsboard, and Android, designing a PCB for component interconnection, and configuring Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS communications. The use of ESP32, NEO 6M GPS module, and ACS712 current sensor allowed obtaining reliable measurements. Results were validated by comparison with reference instruments and commercial devices, demonstrating accuracy. This work develops an IoT device for acquiring and processing data on ECOMOVE TIV electric bicycles from the Micro-Grid Laboratory at the University of Cuenca. The results validate the device’s accuracy and enable the analysis of energy efficiency. This work lays the foundation for future research in electric bicycles and energy consumption optimization.

In this work, the feasibility of using machine learning (ML) to obtain solutions to the alternating current optimal power flow problem ACOPF (Alternating Current Optimal Power Flow) is analyzed. Because ACOPF is a nonconvex problem with high nonlinearity, numerous efforts have been made to find efficient optimization methods that can substantially reduce resolution times. OPF (Optimal Power Flow) problems are usually solved by interior point methods [1], also known as barrier methods. One of the most widely used approaches is the primary dual interior point technique with a filter line search [2]. These methods are robust but expensive, since they require the calculation of the second derivative of the Lagrangian in each iteration. A new and fruitful research direction is to use ML techniques to solve problems of operation and control of electrical networks. ML has been shown to significantly reduce the use of computational resources in many real-world problems. Several solution methods have been used, among them random forest, multi-objective decision tree and extreme learning machine [3, 4]. The ML operation in this case is applied as a method that first predicts voltage magnitudes and angles on each bus. Using network equations based on physics to calculate the injection of power in different buses. For general ML learning, the data is divided into three sets: one for training, one for validation, and finally, one for testing. These algorithms focus on minimizing their objective function and the cost of operating an AC transmission network.

This is being done through artificial insemination in cattle. This method makes it possible to dispense with the use of bulls, which are often difficult to handle. In order to perform the insemination, the cattle must be in estrus. Depending on the quality with which the estrus detection technique is performed, the efficiency of the insemination increases. For estrus detection, continuous observation methods are currently used, but they are not effective, thus losing the animal’s estrus many times. For this reason, there is a need to develop a prototype that facilitates the detection by acquiring data of the cow’s physical behavior and transmitting them in real time in order to have them available in a timely manner. This project seeks to design and develop an IoT device that collects data from the behavior of a cow, detects a possible estrus, stores this data and transmits it, with a coverage range of 1 km in line of sight. This IoT device runs the LoRaWAN protocol on a microcontroller. The status of the board will be monitored with a temperature and humidity sensor. The data will be backed up on a micro SD memory card, and then transmitted to a Gateway with its respective timestamp, for this a real time clock will be used. DevelopmentThe developed device is a two-sided PCB circuit. For estrus detection, continuous observation methods are currently used, but they are not effective, thus losing the animal’s estrus many times. For this reason, there is a need to develop a prototype that facilitates the detection by acquiring data of the cow’s physical behavior and transmitting them in real time in order to have them available in a timely manner. This project seeks to design and develop an IoT device that collects data from the behavior of a cow, detects a possible estrus, stores this data and transmits it, with a coverage range of 1 km in line of sight. This IoT device runs the LoRaWAN protocol on a microcontroller. The status of the board will be monitored with a te

This paper is about the design and implementation of two control algorithms for a Furuta pendulum. The implementation of these control algorithms is being done on two embedded platforms based on the microcontroller Arduino and FPGA. In the first development phase of the work, a theoretical review of the control techniques applied to the pendulum (PID and states feedback) is done. In the second phase, the PID controller is designed and implemented. The calibration of its parameters is done through the trial-error heuristic technique. In the third phase, the controller of the states feedback is performed. This phase begins with the mathematical modeling of the system. Then, the model is validated with Matlab’s help. Once the model has been validated and parameterized, it is linearized, and the feedback vector is obtained with the Ackerman formula. Both controllers are implemented in the Arduino and FPGA embedded platforms. Data from the experiments that were done for these controllers are acquired by a National Instruments acquisition card. Matlab is used to interpret these data, where are digitized and the average error rates, average energy and total energy are calculated. After evaluating the results of the experiments, it is found that both control algorithms fulfill the objective of stabilizing the pendulum. When comparing the results for both the PID controller and the status feedback controller, their indices indicate that the best controlling embedded platform is the FPGA. To decide between which algorithm should be used to control the plant, the amount of technical information available must be considered first.

In this research, analysis and implementation of a MPD for MCs are performed in NS-3. The work is based on the IEEE 1906.1-2015 standard recommendation, which seeks to create a reference framework for MCs. The standard provides a simulation module in NS-3, which contains only the general structure components of MC and their interaction. The components mentioned are Message Carrier, Motion, Field, Perturbation and Specifity. The research is focused on four aspects: Modulation, Molecules movement, Inter Symbol Interference, and Demodulation. For modulation, the Perturbation component is modified, and the CSK modulation is implemented, which releases a certain number of molecules depending on the transmitted bit. Concerning the molecules movement, the Brownian mathematical model is implemented within the motion component. Also, two types of BM are considered: simple and drifting. The former refers to a free molecular motion, and the latter refers to a motion influenced by the direction of the fluid in which it moves. On the other hand, the fundamental element in the simulation is the medium, which manages the components motion and field. Within the medium the ISI is implemented. This interference considers molecules that remain moving in the medium and arrive at the receiver out of time. Finally, for the demodulation, the receiver has been modified to use the amplitude-based molecule detection technique. This technique demodulates the information depending on the number of molecules that have arrived at a determined time. Free BM, BM with drift, free BM bounded by the medium, and BM with drift bounded by the medium are considered. In addition to the modifications made, a data collection model was implemented to analyze the results, where the movement of the molecules is captured and, if they reach the receptor, the time is recorded. As a result, the pulse train of the concentration of molecules as a function of time at the receiver is obtained. Also, the delay time, th

Communications networks have undergone unprecedented developments, mainly due to a significant increase in data traffic. This makes the issue of the security of technological infrastructures an important point to be addressed within the scope of Higher Education Institutions. These types of institutions handle large amounts of data, which imply an increase in network traffic; therefore, the anomalies or vulnerabilities number’s have been progressively increasing. These security attacks involve threats to the confidentiality, integrity and/or availability of the data handled. However, there are tools such as ML algorithms, which allow pre-detection of such events. The present experimental work carries out the framework’s implementation that allows anomalies’ detection in the Higher Education Institutions network’s traffic applying ML techniques, specifically in the UNACH case. To do this, a collection of events corresponding to a time lapse was analyzed through the ELK stack; subjected to data’s preprocessing stages, storage and visualization for the analysis. Through the application of the K-Means algorithm, developed through Python’s Scikit-Learn library and Weka software, a total of three experiments were performed on the collected events. This allowed the detection of potential threats or anomalies, which will be presented and corroborated using dashboards developed in Kibana. Through the implementation of this framework, the clusterization algorithms’ utility was verified as an optimal tool for the anomalies’ detection within a university network. Obtaining anomalous behaviors within the network such as interference, channel overlaps, authentication of unidentified users or identification of unauthorized AP.

In mid-December 2019, in the city of Wuhan, China, the first cases of the infectious respiratory virus COVID-19 were reported. COVID-19, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is an infectious respiratory disease caused by a virus belonging to the large CoV family (Coronavirus). The symptoms vary in intensity for each human being, from a mild clinical picture that does not require specific care, to severe symptoms that could lead to a series of serious diseases that require intensive respiratory treatment or in the worst cases, death. This situation forces the medical staff to decide if patients are suitable to access the different life support treatments according to the "severity and intensity of the resources", including the use of mechanical ventilators. However, the creation of new medical devices to alleviate this saturation is possible, which is why the construction of low-cost portable ventilators is presented as an important and feasible solution. This document shows the process followed in order to build an assisted mechanical ventilator model. The model was developed based on the research collected during the pandemic by Italian physicians and MIT. This ventilator allows patients with less severe Covid-19 symptoms to be cared for by less experienced healthcare specialists. All this helps while the rest of the resources are used in patients with severe clinical case. In the implementation, a satisfactory operation of the device was obtained in addition to having reduced costs in its construction. Compression of the manual resuscitation bag was achieved by varying the tidal volume, which is designed to vary in a range between 100 and 800 ml. Likewise, the assisted mode has greater precision for tidal volume values between 400 and 500 ml and a RR of 1.2 Brpm

Cybersecurity in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) is viewed as a trascendental factor because of the data took care of by these entities, so it is important knowing constantly the state of computer security. In this graduation project, a framework has been implemented for the periodic analysis of the network security of the University of Cuenca through penetration tests. The implemented framework comprises of three stages: acquiring data, exploitation and report. These stages depend on certain cycles related with a Red team. The tools used in the framework are: The harvester, nuclei and Network Mapper (NMAP). These tools were chosen since they permit the automatization of the system and do not need communication with the user. The analysis should be executed periodically, for which the Cron tool is utilized. The framework was assessed in a controlled environment utilizing a vulnerable virtual machine. Then, the security of University of Cuenca was assesed. The tests were run from two scenarios. The first analysis was produced using CEDIA’s network, and the second from university premises. The analysis of the report created by the tool exhibits that there are vulnerability issues in the university network that should be solved, to which a suggestion was given for each vulnerability. Therefore, the utilization of the framework for regular analysis of vulnerabilities assists with knowing of the computer security status at University of Cuenca

In current cyber attacks, botnets are used as an advanced technique to generate sophisticated and coordinated attacks. Malicious code or vulnerabilities are used to infect terminals turning them into bots. Infected systems connect to a C&C server to receive commands and carry out attacks. Detecting an infected host helps to protect network resources and prevents them from being used to attack third-party networks. This experimental thesis work details the design, implementation and results of a bot infection detection system based on DNS traffic, for a university network. A bot-infected host detection feasibility analysis is performed based on fingerprint creation. The fingerprints are generated from a numerical analysis, by hours, of 15 DNS hosts attributes on the network. Anomalies are searched for fingerprints using Isolation Forest, in order to label a host as infected or not. Then Random Forest is used to generate a model that detects future infections to hosts by bot. The DNS event management and handling system integrates Suricata, the ELK stack and Python. This integration makes it easy to store events, generate fingerprints, and analyze the results of fingerprint classification. In addition, it checks the feasibility of the method of detecting hosts infected by bot using fingerprints, compared to other traditional methods, performing a behavior analysis over time of the infected hosts and looking for queries towards domains generated by DGA.

In the current project, a cardiac monitor prototype was developed to provide an inexpensive alternative to commercial electrocardiograms ECG. The cardiac monitoring system seeks to compensate some of the disadvantages of commercial ECGs, such as high cost, large size, and complex electrode placement protocol. The prototype ECG sensor use the ESP32 microcontroller [1] of Espressif as the processing core and AD8232 [2] module of Analog Devices as the cardiac monitor. For the detection two types of cardiac arrhythmias such as bradycardia and tachycardia, a calculation method for heart rate was implemented. The peak point in each period of the cardiac signal was detected and the time between each of these intervals was also calculated. Exponentia Moving Average EMA filters were implemented to ensure a single maximum peak in each period of the heart signal. The online ECG signal is displayed with 10 mm/mV amplitude characteristics and 25 m/s print speed on a Smartphone with Android operating system. The Smartphone receives the signal from the cardiac monitoring system via Bluetooth BLE. Once an anomaly in the heart’s rate is detected, the App generates an alert to the registered physician via email. An ECG recording log was also designed allowing the patient to open and view his or her files stored in an external database. For each recording, the registered average heart rate during the recording period can be displayed. The user interaction with the cardiac monitoring system was through an Android application developed specifically for this project. The App is implemented in a native language to give the necessary fluency in the ECG signal graph. The operation of the cardiac monitoring system was verified. Medical tests were performed on 9 patients. The group of volunteers for the medical tests consisted of four women and five men among the ages of 16 and 83 years old. The medical protocol proposed by an involved group of cardiologists in the medical tests was followed.

Wireless mesh networks, WMNs, are networks with the ability to self-form, self-configure, and self-repair. These features were inherited from the ad-hoc mobile networks, MANETs. However, WMNs appear as an alternative to the use of MANETs due to their differences in architecture and radio technologies used. Within WMNs, three paradigms of architecture stand out: WMNs with infrastructure, WMNs clients and WMNs hybrid (as the combination of the two previous architectures). Furthermore, WMNs, having radio technologies based on the 802.11 standard, are more convenient than the MANETs for routing information to the Internet. Both MANETs and WMNs make use of mesh routers, MRs, for routing information. The large number of mobile devices introduced in recent years has forced the creation of new topological architectures based on WMNs. A clear example of modern architectures is the so-called WMN spontaneous. This type of architecture is characterized by being made up only of mobile devices or end user nodes. Within this type of architecture. The main characteristic is that all nodes act simultaneously both as user interface devices as well as traffic routers for their peers. However, in order to optimize and make more efficient the operation of the network. through topology control techniques, only a certain number of devices can be selected to act as the network routers. This selection process classifies the nodes into two groups: the MRs and the client nodes of the mesh network MCs. Thus, the routing of the traffic will be controlled only by the MRs. While the MCs will only act as end-user devices Studies such as [1, 2] have shown improvements in the performance of spontaneous WMNs networks, through the use of topology control. This technique was carried out by combining two graph theory metrics, betweenness centrality, and modularity. These two metrics were used to abstract the information from the topology of the client mesh networks. In order to select only the most impo

The growing development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has diversified its fields of application, improving not only its original approach to interconnection of people, but also, optimizing communication between systems and industrial machinery (M2M). Among the IoT features that can be exploited are the reach, scalability and low cost of deployment. The LoRa and LoRaWAN technologies are shown as one of the main low-cost wireless communication options, facilitating the integration of various industrial systems with a view to the new requirements of Industry 4.0. In this work, the design and deployment of a LoRaWAN sensor network compatible with OPC-UA was carried out, following the guidelines published by The LoRa Alliance and OPC Foundation. In addition, a measurement campaign was carried out in industrial environments and in clear urban areas, where link quality variables such as: RSSI, SNR and packet loss rate were collected. Initially, short-range scenarios (<100 m) have been considered in which a line of sight is maintained between the transmitter and the receiver. With the data obtained, the applicability of the LoRa and LoRaWAN technology within industrial environments with various sources of interference was evaluated. The wireless sensor network presented in this work is capable of being integrated into industrial systems with OPC-UA architecture. The design and configuration of the components was based on open source systems and low-cost development platforms, in order to facilitate the replicability and improvement of the project in future work.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) consists of interconnecting static and mobile nodes and focus on applications that support control tra c, safety and comfort. IEEE 802.11p is the standard containing the technical specifications. Moreover, many research studies on this standard have only been applied in simulations due to high hardware costs. This thesis work implements the IEEE 802.11p standard on GNU Radio on the HackRF ONE SDR device, due to its lower cost. In this context corresponding to the standard, the Physical Layer (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layer will be implemented, and an application that broadcasts a message in static and mobile scenarios is deployed. Moreover, the infrastructure to be used is from a RSU (static station) mounted on a tra c light and the OBU (mobile station) mounted on a vehicle. Laboratory tests that are carried out in this thesis development, they are made to analyze and check the specifications of the standard, also tests in physical scenarios are carried out, an idealized scenario and a real scenario. In this last, static and mobile tests are carried out. The data that will be used to send and receive, correspond to the status of tra c light and will vary according to its arrangement. Finally, tests are carried out using di erent modulation schemes, variation in transmission power at di erent distances, and speeds. Also, a parameter setting is defined for signal transmission that fits into a reliable working range for the HackRF ONE device. Within the tests performed, the type of modulation and the most robust transmission rate for these scenarios are chosen. On the other hand, the data that was obtained was used to analyze the packets received, the throughput, and the delay in the di erent static and mobile scenarios.Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) consists of interconnecting static and mobile nodes and focus on applications that support control tra c, safety and comfort. IEEE 802.11p is the standard containing the techni

In networks that cover wide geographic areas, scalability and distance between nodes make it difficult to transfer data to information management points. Generally, these types of networks are used for monitoring and are deployed using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Precision agriculture is a common and timely scenario for the deployment of these types of networks. These networks collect information from the environment, transmit it and process it. The low performance of the network nodes requires the use of various methods and structures that facilitate the transfer of information. A Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is presented as a timely solution to ensure the transfer of information through store and forward. Within this scenario, a DTN can employ an unmanned aerial vehicle as a mule node to transport the information. The development and implementation of computer vision algorithms can improve the performance of the actions and processes developed by the unmanned vehicle. The present work addresses the mobile node landing stage as an alternative to improve data collection in WSNs using a DTN. The adjustment and customization provided by the autopilot allows total control of the movement and actions carried out by the vehicle. The difficulty in developing algorithms for this type of system lies in the possible errors that the vehicle experiences before and during the flight. Although the calibration and configuration of the vehicle provide a degree of confidence in its operation, ArduPilot does not guarantee that errors will not occur due to either the software or the hardware. Therefore, it is essential to take into account the challenges linked to the behavior of the vehicle and its environment. This degree work is a first approach for the development of applications that exploit the adaptability of an unmanned aerial vehicle in applications that deploy WSNs. In this first approach, it was possible to use a camera to obtain characteristics of a marker ArUco, and

PROMAS is a research department of the University of Cuenca. This department requires monitoring certain hydro-meteorological parameters using meteorological stations (around 130) distributed in an area of interest, among the parameters is the amount of rain. Measurements are used for research purposes in different projects [1]. The projects contribute to the sustainable management of water and soil resources, through the generation of scientific knowledge, training and extension. The stations have a data logger. The data logger is in charge of collecting the hydro-meteorological parameters. These data require to be transmitted / copied to the PROMAS servers. Currently, PROMAS personnel travel to the stations to download the in-situ data stored at each station. Access to these stations is complicated because they are distributed over a geographically wide area and most of them in places that are difficult to access [1]. The development of prototypes to transmit the collected information in quasi-real time is part of the project ‘’Aplicación de Tecnologías Inalámbricas al Monitoreo Climatológico en la Cuenca del Río Paute”. The technology used to achieve this objective is LoRa and the LoRaWAN protocol [2]. The data logger is one of the prototypes developed. In this work, the design and implementation of a compact PCB pluviometric data logger using surface mount components with LoRa technology is presented. This implementation incorporates the acquisition, storage, and wired and wireless transmission of data. LoRa is one of the LPWAN low consumption and long range network technologies for application in IoT projects and is characterized by its sensitivity, affordable cost and simplicity of implementation. For end-to-end communication it adheres to the LoRaWAN protocol, its architecture is made up of nodes distributed throughout the area of interest, and a device that is a gateway between the nodes and the network server. The data logger has the function of downloading

Currently, several real-world optimization problems have been mathematically modeled. The modeling process takes into account as much information as possible so that the model obtained is as close to reality. However, as information increases, complexity also increases. Consequently, larger computational capacity is needed to solve complex and scalable problems. Exact or mathematical optimization methods are considered exhaustive, which for multi-dimensional problems is not practical. As a result, meta-heuristic algorithms have been developed to solve complex optimization problems. These algorithms are commonly used for problems of two or more dimensions, involving vector and matrix operations. Therefore, to solve this type of problem, it is useful to carry out parallel processes that reduce the runtime. Currently, there are multi-core CPU that can easily solve small problems with parallel calculations. However, the GPU offers the potential to improve performance by incorporating a larger number of cores than the CPU, which is very useful for problems with multiple processes in parallel. A classic problem in the electrical power systems research community is the Transmission Expansion Planning (TEP). In the Department of Electrical, Electronics, and Telecommunications Engineering, in the project “Use of the AC model for multi-stage integrated planning of transmission / sub-transmission line expansion and reactive power sources in electric power systems”, It is tried to improve the performance of the TEP problem. The project seeks to reduce the calculation time by improving the meta-heuristic algorithms. In this final d egree p roject, a s a c omplement t o the aforementioned project, the feasibility of reducing the execution time was analyzed, implementing the meta-heuristic algorithms using a GPU. For which, prior to the implementation of the TEP problem, the use of the GPU in parallelizable problems and the implementation of a meta-heuristic algorithm in a two-dim

Modern weather stations allow real-time monitoring for atmospheric variables. The architecturemost commonly used in the Wireless Sensor Networks WSN consists of nodes distributedthrough out the area of interest, and a gateway that is an intermediary between the nodes andthe network server. This network server is responsible for managing the network of LoRaWANdevices, allowing the presence of multiple gateways and the centralized management of theentire network. Finally, the central server delivers the data to the user through an application.In this work, it is used as an alternative of WSN, the long-range technology and low powerconsumption LoRa. Also, it is complemented with LoRaWAN for end-to-end communication.These technologies have emerged with great impetus as an option of network solutions within theIoT paradigm. LoRa and LoRaWAN offer several advantages for the development of monitoringsystems in rural environments, due to; its easy configuration, low energy consumption and widecoverage. Therefore, they are the appropriate technologies to fulfill the purposes of this work.One of the main challenges of the present work is that the area of interest only has secondgeneration mobile coverage. This implies that the gateway has as an option the use of technologyGSM/GPRS to upload the data collected by the sensors. In such a way, the gateway with thetechnology GSM/GPRS has been equipped to upload the data to the server.The main contribution of the present work is the proposal of the application layer protocolVMTP. This proposed protocol runs on LoRaWAN and handles the meteorological variablesof interest. The protocol is capable of adjust dynamically its payload based on the meteorologicalinformation it carries. This is in order to compress the maximum frame sent and as aconsequence, reduce the energy consumption of the entire system.

Along the last years, we have seen a growing demand of services and systems that depend on the specific location of both people and different kinds of gadgets. For this reason, there is an interest on the development and evolution of Positioning Systems (PS) that use the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) to complex location services. The main aim of these PS is to estimate the relative position related to other known positions inside of a coordinate system. Currently, the Global Positioning System (GPS) offers good accuracy on location services around the world. Although it does not work effectively on applications with a high amount of small, cheap and low power requirements devices. Therefore, current researchers prefer to work on new low-cost wireless technologies; for example, WiFi, Zigbee, or LoRa. In this context, it is very important to know some fundamental aspects before of start to design a PS. For example; the architecture of the PS, sources of error; common positioning algorithms, such as ToA, TDoA, AoA, and RSSI; and common location algorithms, such as multilateration, triangulation, and trilateration. Besides, it is important to know the needs and limitations of both positioning and localization algorithms about RF features. The main purpose is to verify the feasibility of determined devices available to design and implement the PS. To conclude, this thesis project has the main aim to design and implement a low-cost PS based on RSSI positioning algorithm and trilateration location algorithm. To analyze the behavior and feasibility of both FiPy and LoPy devices with LoRa technology in location applications. Besides, the thesis evaluates a set of tests to find irregular behaviors and to mitigate these problems. As a final result provide a PS working correctly; and a comparative analysis about the accuracy error among different scenarios and similar studies.

This project arises from the need to satisfy the requirements of individuals who, have lost the ability to control their limbs and are in rehabilitation. The aim of this project is to develop an algorithm capable of identifying the intention of movement in the upper and lower extremities, starting from electroencephalographic signals (EEG). The acquisition of signals EEG is performed in subjects without apparent pathology and subjects with different pathologies that impede their mobility, for which the Emotiv EPOC+ acquisition device is used. A stage of conditioning and pre-processing of the signal is implemented, in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Subsequently, frequency and time-frequency analyzes are applied by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), respectively; to extract characteristics related to the intention of movement. For the classification of signals, we experiment with artificial neural networks (ANN), fuzzy inference systems (FIS) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). As a result of this project we have a data set with 40 records of upper extremities and 6 records of lower extremities, corresponding to 10 subjects (4 records per subject) and 3 subjects (2 records per subject), respectively. In addition, it is inferred that the characterization with DWT provides more information, which facilitates the recognition of patterns in the signals EEG. Finally, performance analysis yields 92.39 %, 86.52 %, 72.13 % and 94.73 % for the neural, fuzzy, neuro-fuzzy and parallel neural-fuzzy classifiers, respectively.

The Program for Water and Soil Management (PROMAS) controls several hydro-meteorological parameters, among them the level of rivers, which are used for research purposes. So, it is necessary to provide reliable data in a timely manner through a limnigraphic station. Currently, these types of stations do not have long-range transmission systems in real time, so it is required to mobilize personnel in order to collect information manually. For this reason, there is a need to develop a prototype station that facilitates the data collection and its transmission in real time to maintain their integrity and availability . This work includes the design and development of a prototype limnigraphic station with the ability to collect data, store it and transmit it with a coverage area of at least 1 Km. The device consists of a microcontroller and transceiver of low power consumption and long range (LoRa, for its acronym in English), which allows to configure as a wide area network. In addition, for the registration of date and time, there is a real-time clock (RTC, for its acronym in English) as well as a temperature and humidity sensor to control the operating conditions of the device. The developed prototype is a two-sided printed circuit board (PCB) with surface mounted technology. It has dimensions of 30x130mm, thanks to its small size it can be implemented in any places like, encapsulations, tubes, small boxes, etc. For the development of this type of limnigraphic station, it is essential to apply communication protocols, electromagnetic compatibility requirements and routing rules.

There are several diseases and events that have an impact on lower limb mobility. These medical conditions affect people's quality of life and their ability to move independently. Physical therapy is one of the treatments that allows the recovery of the patient's functional mobility. Given the need of an efficient and consistent therapy, exoskeletons have been a complement to rehabilitation treatment. These devices reduce the physical effort of the physiotherapist and provide tools that allow them to concentrate on the patient's recovery. Exoskeletons consist of actuators placed close to the joints in order to generate movement trajectories. At the same time, sensors acquire patient information, such as electromyography and electroencephalography signals, or hardware components, such as the voltage of a battery pack and the position of the motors. In this case, the control system is the responsible for the coordination and operation of the exoskeleton components so that it guarantees the execution of a rehabilitation therapy. Physiotherapists have to interact with the exoskeleton, for that reason, they require a remote-control device or an application that runs on mobile devices or personal computers. The Autonomous Lower Limb Exoskeleton (ALLEX-1), developed at the University of Cuenca, requires a control system that coordinates and supervises its functionalities. This undergraduate thesis presents the design and implementation of a centralized control system for a lower extremity exoskeleton. This objective is achieved through the development of three subsystems: AllexApp, as a mobile application for high-level control that allows the user to send commands to the exoskeleton and manage rehabilitation sessions; AllexControl, as the embedded subsystem that is responsible for the coordination of sensors and actuators; and AllexServer, an auxiliary web server that manages patients' rehabilitation sessions.

The rapid growth of smart devices and the IoT paradigm require ubiquitous communication systems that natively integrate internet services with low power consumption. LoRa stands out for its energy efficiency, broad transmission range and ease of implementation. This document focuses on the analysis of this technology in different environments of the province of Azuay, with the objective of obtaining trajectory loss models that allow the design and analysis of LoRa networks, although, a first analysis in these environments, variables such as the height of the gateway, size of payload and transmission power were not taken into consideration. In a previous work it was found that the RSSI values lower than -110 dBm delivered by the LoRa 900 Evaluation Kit are not reliable to be used in the model or in the statistical comparison. Using the Dunn test, it was shown that modification of the trajectory loss model taking into account the payload size is not necessary, since all the configuration variations analyzed are related. The results of the model constants proved to have a linear relationship with the height of the equipment, so the initial logarithmic model was modified taking into account the height, in addition the model constants of the analyzed environments are exposed for use in the loss model of LoRaSim.

Currently, intelligent access systems allow the owner of the house to receive an alert when someone is at the door and even interact with the user from an intelligent device. These systems replace traditional methods of entry into the home, since they provide comfort and ease of access. One of the shortcomings of traditional intelligent access systems is the dependence on external objects for user authentication such as: cards, keys, etc. In this sense, given the development of facial recognition techniques, we propose a system that allows access to the home to be managed through the facial recognition of users, focusing on the use of open source platforms for electronic and software implementation. This project includes the analysis of the problem, a study of the mode of operation of the technologies involved in facial recognition and the methods to achieve it. In addition, it details the procedure used for the project, the programming platforms used and finally an analysis of the various parameters of the system such as: voice quality, video, latency and the effectiveness of facial recognition. In accordance with the above, the results show that the implementation of this type of systems is feasible since they guarantee security in the access to the home, by using free software platforms the administrator can make changes in the system according to their requirements, which does not It happens with proprietary platforms.

In order to provide solutions which optimize university processes and add a significant improvement of the institution, this work shows a proposal to automate the purchase and sale of Universidad de Cuenca’s valued species. Hence it raises that such processes might be performed through a technological device known as valued species dispenser. This dispenser will work as mediator between valued species buyer and the University where the buyer manages his order through a mobile application developed for mobile devices with Android operating system, he also interacts with the technological device through NFC and QR codes and he makes a payment through a mobile payment provider based on USSD platform of dinero electronico (Efectivo desde mi celular). Also, next work includes the design of valued species dispenser which is based on two systems: mechanical and electronic. Moreover it shows mobile application design and the development of a valued species management server which manages communication between valued species dispenser, mobile application and mobile payment provider. Finally it concludes with the presentation of results since buyer and University point of view, where since buyer point of view it includes associated process in purchase of valued species while a University point of view it shows a transaction monitor which has information about purchase of valued species.

Nowadays, the scenarios where human beings live are getting smarter. People want to improve their comfort by incorporating elements that facilitate or do more pleasant their stay. For this reason, the user requires that these elements be: easy, fast and safe to integrate into the environment. In this work, a protocol was implemented on the application layer of the TCP / IP model. The protocol allows the interaction between sensors and actuators (client nodes) that run in a home automation network. A specific protocol is used in each layer: 1.) the IEEE 802.11 standard is used in the physical layer and defines basic aspects such as transmitter power and receiver sensitivity; 2.) in the second layer, CSMA / CA was used as medium access method, allowing multiple stations to use the same transmission medium; 3.) in the network layer, the interaction between the nodes is configured in mesh mode, where each node uses a 32-bit identifier based on its MAC address, typical of the protocol; 4.) the transport layer is configured using TCP, to ensure that the data is delivered reliably; finally, 5.) in the application layer the MQTT protocol is used. To test the performance of the developed protocol, prototypes of the nodes were manufactured: actuator and sensor. An application was also developed for mobile devices based on Android, so that the user can control and manage the network from his device. In addition, it is proposed that the sending messages of the proposed protocol be secure and support attacks of a malicious nature, for which the AES-256 encryption algorithm is used. The main advantages of the proposed protocol with respect to other protocols in the home automation area are: 1.) the simple way in which the information transfer is carried out through the MQTT protocol, minimizing the network overload; 2.) The easy incorporation of the nodes to the network using the mobile device application; and, finally, 3.) long-range communication and scalability in the network

LoRa is part of the LPWAN networks, which is characterized by its low cost, sensitivity and ease of implementation. This technology is suitable for applications that require transmitting information without the need for high speeds, a concrete example is the wireless reading of electricity or water meters. This document proposes a study of the LoRa technology and the LoRaWAN network protocol using the LoRa 900 evaluation kit from Microchip; whose purpose is to obtain an empirical model of path losses based on the RSSI values, which were obtained in the measurement campaigns. The measurements were made in three representative sectors of the city of Cuenca: Historic Center, Totoracocha and Oro Verde. It was demonstrated through a statistical analysis, that it is not necessary to vary the path loss model according to the transmission configurations, since they are related. In addition, as previous work it was found that for values lower than -110 dBm of RSSI, these are not reliable. The results show that the Historic Center sector has reliable coverage up to 200 meters; while in the other sectors the maximum reliable range was approximately 500 meters. The performance of LoRaWAN depends on several factors such as: elevation difference, type of obstacles in the signal path and distance between the transceiver and receiver

Studying climate and weather is important for science and planification, therefore, reliable meteorological data is required. Data should be collected in places of interest often difficult to access and dispersed in a wide geographical area. Meteorological stations are used to collect data, but they often lack long range transmition systems, therefore, staff goes to the stations to download the data. This implies spending resources in an activity that can be done automatically. These facts show the need for devices able to reduce the collection cost, to avoid the data lost and to increasy the reliability of the observations. In this work, a prototype device is designed and implemented to adquire and transmit automaticaly the observations of the stations. The prototype uses the transducers of a Davis 6162 Wireless Vantage Pro2 Plus station. A microcontroller with a Real Time Operative System was used to manage the adquisition, storage and transmission of the data. Data is saved in a SD memory and transmitted by an XBee module. Time and date references are provided by a Real Time Clock sincronized to a GPS. Also, the prototype allows to configure sampling and transmition periods and to test the correct performance. The carried out tests showed that the prototype adquires, stores and transmits the data correctly.

The evolution of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has allowed the In- ternet service to become affordable. This has allowed technologies such as VoIP to gain a place in the market. The IP telephony service has a lower cost than conventional telephony when it comes to service, however, the equipment required to make use of this service, such as IP phones and ATA devices are expensive and limited. For this reason, this project proposes to design a low cost analogue telephone adapter, that offers users a simple and economic alternative for VoIP access. The device that has been put forward must be able to provide VoIP services through a conventional telephone. In order to achieve this, it must be able to access the network, implement a coding and decoding system according to the VoIP standard, use a session initiation protocol to connect to a VoIP server and a dial-up detection system to communicate with the telephone. Since we proposed to develop an inexpensive device, we used the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module for network access. This module also implements session initiation (SIP) and voice traffic (RTP) protocols. Voice coding and decoding was performed using the A-law algorithm, which was implemented in a Microchip dSPIC33. The tests were performed by using the Elastix VoIP server.

In this work, an equipment was designed and implemented to measure the hydraulic jump generated in a hydrodynamic rectangular channel. The channel is used for the practices that are developed in the subject of hydraulics of the Civil Engineering career. This equipment measures the different heights in different sections of the channel, where the phenomenon of the hydraulic jump is generated. The measurement of the different heights is carried out by means of an ultrasonic distance sensor (the HC-SR04). To measure the horizontal displacement an incremental encoder is used, which is placed in the axis of the wheel of the equipment. Later, this information is sent wirelessly, via Bluetooth communication (with the help of the HC-06 module), to a computer that through a software (developed with MATLAB) will perform its respective processing to generate the graph that display the profile of the hydraulic jump generated. This project intends to change the way of developing hydraulic jump practice and give a technological alternative that encourages the interest in research and development of equipment, not only for this practice but also for many others that are carried out in conventional manner.

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) such as LoRaWAN, provide several advantages to develop monitoring systems in forested environments due to its simple set-up, low cost, low power consumption, and wide coverage. Regarding the coverage area, the transmission in forested environments is highly attenuated by foliage and must be defined to optimize the number of nodes. This paper proposes an empirical study of LoRa with LoRaWAN transmission range in forest, based on path loss modeling using Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Signal to- noise-ratio (SNR). The measurements have been conducted in the riverside of three local rivers located at urban, semi-urban and rural environments in the city of Cuenca-Ecuador. The measurement results found that there is a significant distribution difference between measurement places, a high correlation between two banks of a same river, a higher standard deviation in urban measurements and a larger coverage in rural areas.

In this degree work, Insulin Resistance (IR) and Metabolic Syndrome (MS) are explored in the Cuenca‘s elderly population, from the point of view of unsupervised classification methods. In the case of IR, five estimation methods were analyzed using a K-means classification on a population of 119 people older than 65 years old who underwent a two-point Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). The K-means algorithm with K = 2 and K = 3 was applied in onedimensional experiments for the Homa-IR, Quicki, Avignon, and Matsuda methods. The results obtained allowed the development of a platform to aid in the diagnosis of IR. These findings were object of two publications (IV Congress of Information and Communication Technologies TIC-EC 2017, and IEEE ETCM 2017: 2nd IEEE Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting). For the study of MS using Kohonen’s SOM, two types of normalization (binary and by rank) were analyzed for the inputs of the neural network using a population of 387 elderly people. The results, using a pre-processing by ranges allow a better classification of the population in all cases. This study allowed to select the type of pre-processing for the diagnosis of MS in the elderly population of the city of Cuenca using SOM and was the object of a publication in the V Congress REDU 2017 and the II Congress I+D+Ingeniería. The future work is oriented to validate the results obtained in other elderly populations.

The goal of the present project is to design and implement a system that allows the automation of the process of measurement of the water flow present in the filtration channels of the Chanlud dam. At present, this process is carried out manually by the dam personnel, and consists of the measurement of the level of the liquid that flows through hydraulic weirs installed in each channel, to later obtain the desired flow through mathematical calculations. The proposal is to automate the process of measuring the water level by means of ultrasonic sensors capable of providing a millimeter precision. For the development of this sensor, a state-of-the-art review of ultrasound measurement methods and techniques was performed, followed by an analysis of the most appropriate techniques to provide the required precision. A detailed report of the entire design process of the device was then made. Finally, this project also includes the process of network design that allows the reading of the sensors developed and others sensors can be developed in the future, in addition to the implementation of a Modbus TCP / IP server that allows the storage of data and access from the dam monitoring network.

Ecuador adopted in 2010 the Digital Television standard known as ISDB-Tb, which has been chosen by many countries in Latin America generating research and development opportunities in a growing field. Therefore, it is important to promote and developt technologies which take advantage of high definition content transmition and also, the chance of improve viewer’s ex-perience through interactive applications. This emerging field and its associated research opportunities require to analyze di erent hard-ware platforms and software alternatives which allow improving digital television (DTV) pene-tration indexes and coverage. Moreover, aiming to cooperate with the Ecuador’s objective on propitiating a change in the production matrix by locally producing aggregated value products, our work is focused on implementing a DTV signals receiver device, also known as set-top-box STB. This device comprises hardware and software components, able to support what is na-med a middleware layer which enables interactivity. We focus con several topics related to the design and the implementation of a STB based on a low cost and popular platform, including architecture, configuration and testing. First we present some theoretic principles and a summary of the current situation of DTV in Ecuador, by describing the technical aspects of the ISDB-Tb standard related to signal trans-mission and reception and the STB key components. Later, we propose an evaluation procedure aimed to test the following hardware components: Arduino board, Raspberry Pi and BeagleBo-ne. These platforms are analyzed in detail in order to determine the one that best fits the STB minimum requirements, such that several software components can be tested for compatibility purposes, including Linux based operating systems such as Raspbmc, Raspbian and Ubuntu Mate. This work includes the development of a setup procedure that allows incorporating an ISDB-Tb DTV signal receiver to the selected hardware platform. Finally

The aim of this project is to develop a semiautomatic annotation RR time-series system using an eight leads stress database named DICARDIA. In a first stage the user realizes a visual inspection validating or denying the channel proposed by the system based in statistics measure. In the second stage the system has two options based in the quality of RR-time series, if the series contains few artifacts the annotations is realized using interval of annotations, in the case of noisy series, the system allows annotations beat by beat. Finally, an annotation file is generated under standard formats that are used to evaluate QRS detectors. The performance measures were the Sensibility (Se) and positive predictive value (P+). The results realized over 255432 beats provide a Se of 97.347630% and P+ of 96.84413% for the Pan & Tompkins (PT) and Se of 95.540104% and P+ of 93.0337086% for based wavelet transform (WT). The procedure developed in this work can be seen as a valuable starting point in semiautomatic annotation of large electrocardiographic databases, as well to evaluate and to improve stress ECG delineations and provides of delineations to evaluate the performance measure of QRS detectors. This work has been published in two indexed journals. The semiautomatic annotation system will be presented and published in TIC.EC 2016 memories and the evaluation of QRS detection algorithm will be published in AndesCon 2016 memories.

Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is barely employed in healthcare environments mainly because of the lack of standard values determining the sympathovagal balance and the difficulty to register RR stationary series. Recent studies have proposed the use of shorter HRV series. For this work, we use a public metabolic syndrome subjects database retrieved during oral glucose tolerance test. In order to explore ultra-short HRV measures reliability we employ an autoregressive model using Burg method, such that short RR sequences can be evaluated while maintaining a good frequency resolution. RR, SD, rMSSD, LF, HF, LFn and LF/HF were computed for different RR sequences (10 min, 5 min, 1 min, 30 s, 10 s). To evaluate the reliability we used the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Additionally, we compared the sympathovagal balance parameters (LFn, LF/HF) among the stages (basal and 30 min). Considering 10 min long registers as references, parameters obtained from 5 min long series present ICC values above 0.78 for all cases. One min long registers present ICC values above 0.70 only for temporal parameters in both RR series and rMSSD. By comparing LFn and LF/HF parameters among the basal state and 30 min, we observed a significant increase of the sympathetic tone (p < 0.05). However, these differences are important only for 10 and 5 min series. In general, we observe that temporal parameters exhibit higher reliability than those the spectral ones. Nonetheless, registers duration below one min do not present adequate results for the spectral parameters in this work.

Electrocardiographic stress test records have a lot of artifacts. In this paper we explore a simple method to characterize the amount of artifacts present in unprocessed RR stress test time series. Four time series classes were defined: Very good lead, Good lead, Low quality lead and Useless lead. 65 ECG, 8 lead, records of stress test series were analyzed. Firstly, RR-time series were annotated by two experts. The automatic methodology is based on dividing the RR-time series in non-overlapping windows. Each window is marked as noisy whenever it exceeds an established standard deviation threshold (SDT). Series are classified according to the percentage of windows that exceeds a given value, based upon the first manual annotation. Different SDT were explored. Results show that SDT close to 20% (as a percentage of the mean) provides the best results. The coincidence between annotators classification is 70.77% whereas, the coincidence between the second annotator and the automatic method providing the best matches is larger than 63%. Leads classified as Very good leads and Good leads could be combined to improve automatic heartbeat labeling.

In this paper, we evaluated two well-known QRS algorithms: Pan & Tompkins (PT) and based wavelet transform (WT) on an ECG stress test database. In the absence of an annotated ECG stress test database, the first stage of this work consisted of the database annotation, using RR-time series obtained from an eight leads stress database (DICARDIA). First, the system proposes to users a lead (reference channel) according to its statistical measures. Then the user realizes a visual inspection aimed at validating or denying the channel proposed by the system. As the series contains few artifacts, the annotation is performed using interval of annotations. Preliminary results realized over 31928 beats provide a sensibility of 99.81% and 98.28% respectively for PT and WT. The procedure developed in this work can be seen as a valuable starting point in semiautomatic annotation of large electrocardiographic databases, as well to evaluate and to improve stress ECG delineations.

In the domain of Digital Television (DTV) broadcasting technology, the enhancement of signals features over classic analog signal transmission allows increasing the amount of content available for TV viewers. Recommender Systems (RS) arose as a suitable choice to assist users in the overwhelming task of selecting audiovisual content, however, the cold-start problem normally associated to the lack of information in early RS stages, causes that user stereotyping approaches are employed meanwhile the lack of information in user profiles is overcome. This paper presents an experimental approach aimed to determine the best conditions for which users who were categorized within a determined stereotype during the cold-start stage, could migrate to a new state in which they receive personalized recommendations. Experimental results show that the best condition under the selected demographic stereotyping scheme for this transition is directly related to the number of TV programs that a user has rated while making use of the system.

This work presents the design of a fiber to the home (FTTH) network, for the city of Cuenca, Azuay province in Ecuador. The design goal is to bring home a large volume of information; taking into account that every time there are telecommunications services that require higher bandwidth. Therefore, a technology to reach most households with the lowest cost of implementation was considered, and respecting the technical / aesthetic standards for laying cables in the city. This document consists of the theoretical and technical FTTHnetwork fundamentals to explain the use of it in implementing this topology designed to meet demands of Internet, covering consumers of all levels, from residential to national and international corporate companies and that have been located in the city, the FTTHnetwork is geared to meet the massive demand for connectivity using a high bandwidth. It covers topics from the part of physical components, descriptions and use of each attachment, connections and other technical aspects needed to achieve have this kind of network in the city of Cuenca. It is also considered the fundamentals of fiber optics transmission as a transmission medium and scope obtained with the technology of PON. Finally, conclusions and recommendations of case to beconsidered for any company wishing to implement this type of network is described.

The computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) approach allows the possibility to remotely and optimally control the entire production process in a plant. The implementation of CIM architectures demands the installation of several software platforms, which most of the cases are commercial and have high licensing prices. This research presents the development of an open software architecture for advanced CIM (OSACIM) by using two open software development platforms: Java and Python. The use of open software in the development of this solution allows the creation of a low price CIM approach. The results of using the system in laboratory tests show good results in comparison with commercial softwares for developing OPC communications and SCADA systems, which perform similar functionalities as the proposed OSACIM. The main features and limitations of the system are reported.

This paper presents the design of a sliding mode control (SMC) for trajectory tracking of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), quadrotor. A simplified model of the quadrotor is used for the controller design. The robustness of the controller is verified through simulations, and also through data analysis from the experiments in the 3DR Arducopter platform. The SMC algorithms are implemented in a microcontroller that communicates with a human machine interface (HMI), which monitors the behavior and stability of the state variables. The results show effectiveness of the control technique for maintaining stability in the quadrotor under different operating scenarios.