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Abstract Background The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including e-cigarettes, vape pens, hookah pens, e-cigars, and e-pipes, has grown in popularity worldwide, particularly among young individuals. However, these products are not without risks, as their emissions may contain harmful substances such as diacetyl (a flavoring agent linked to specific pulmonary problems in high concentrations), tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and volatile organic compounds with unknown long-term effects on lung health. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of ENDS use among school and college students on a global scale. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases. Two researchers independently selected and extracted data from the identified studies. The pooled prevalence of ENDS use among school or college students was calculated using a random-effect meta-analysis. Results The systematic review encompassed 146 studies with 4,189,145 subjects from 53 countries and six continents. The overall current prevalence of ENDS use was 10.2%, indicating a significant presence of this behavior among students. Moreover, ENDS current use was higher among males (10.2%) than females (7.5%). In comparison, the lifetime prevalence was 22.0%, indicating that a substantial portion of students have tried these products but do not continue to use them regularly. Conclusion Our meta-analysis reveals a significant prevalence of ENDS use among school and college students globally, with higher rates observed among males than females. The lifetime prevalence of ENDS indicates that many students have tried or are currently using these products. The current prevalence of ENDS use was 10.2%, with notable variations across different continents.

Key Clinical Message Adalimumab has become essential for managing various chronic inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While hematologic complications of adalimumab therapy are rare, they can have significant clinical implications. This report highlights the importance of recognizing and monitoring for neutropenia in patients receiving adalimumab treatment. We also describe the potential mechanisms and management strategies for this adverse event.

Administration in Egypt is one of the key areas of research, which reflects on the organization of the government and the complexity of The Centralized Economy as well as of Society. Its evidence almost entirely dependes on textual evidence that contains information about the titles and hierarchy of officials, Their responsibilities and administrative units, and the nature of The bureaucratic transactions involved. Therefore, at the most basic level, administration deals with the recording of bureaucratic processes in the form of written records (Köhler 2010: 41). Also, Bureaucracy/ administration is one of the parameters of Statehood in Predynastic Egypt. It is the most rational known means of exercising authority and its administrative apparatus are well represented in Pre- and Protodynastic Egypt by Various artifacts (Anđelković 2008: 1048). The paper discusses administrative items includes a numerous fragments of clay seals and mud jar sealings/ stoppers with impressions of ropes fabrics or hieroglyphic characters, Several cylindrical seal matrices, Ivory Labels, as well as a number of small clay artefacts probably also serving as complex tokens that appear to indicate potential administrative activities at settlement sites. The fact that they were intended for daily, clearly utilitarian use. They may have been related to trade activities once carried out in these sites with Varying intensity, being a collection of objects with commercial and bookkeeping applications (Kołodziejczyk 2012: 267; Anderson 2006: 237).

The study area of Wadi Hudaydun and its surroundings forms part of the 80 km long and NE trending Wadi Shueib Structure in northwestern Jordan. The area is predominated by the Late Cretaceous carbonates with minor bedded cherts and phosphorites of the Ajlun and Belqa Groups. A complex structural style is revealed during the measuring and mapping of the main structural elements. The major area's structures consist of two fold belts; Al Baqr - Hudaydun fold belt and Ath-Thughra fold belt intersected by a complex structural style of fault zones. These faulting systems are normal faults, striking WNW-ESE and N-E, while those trending NW-SE are of the thrusting type. Dextral and sinestral strike-slip faults are also recognized in the area. With the aid of fieldwork observations and the use of "Multiple Inverse Method Software Package", the main stress axes are obtained. The results of the current study suppose that most of the geological structures in the investigated area follow two tectonic events. The major one is associated with the Late Cretaceous stress pattern, which is presumed to have occurred during the formation of the Shueib Structure, and produced the NNE-SSW folds of Al Baqr-Hudaydun belt. Its maximum and minimum compressive axes (s1 and s3) are trending towards the WNW-ESE and NNE-SSW, respectively. The minor tectonic phase can be either correlated to a local stress or may even be attached to the primary stresses of the Dead Sea Fault (DSS). Its trend, probably swinging towards the N-S direction, has produced Ath-thughra fold belt. Two distinctive compressional structures are observed in the studied area as well; they are the fault-propagation fold and the strike-slip fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]