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Seventy seven research papers published from 1986 to 2018 were observed. These papers investigated PTEs (Pb, Cd, Cu, As, Fe, Zn, Ni, and total Cr) in leafy (mint, spinach, coriander, and lettuce) and tuberous (potato, carrot, radish, and onion) vegetables irrigated by wastewater. The studies observed in our paper were conducted in 19 countries. The PTEs concentrations were compared among studies and the human health risk was observed. According to the obtained meta-analysis results, PTEs concentrations (mg/kg) in vegetables were found in the following order Zn (34.216)> Cu (22.581)> Ni (14.056)> Pb (10.173)> Cr (8.308)> Fe(8.130)> As(1.881)> Cd (1.763). Hazard index for children was higher than that for adults and for both groups, the calculated HQ was higher than 1, which indicates that there is a health risk for the consumers. This study provides a comprehensive analysis that demonstrates the urgent necessity for treating PTE pollution in agricultural areas worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration of PTEs in the muscle of crabs, was meta-analyzed using a random-effects model based on countries' subgroups. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks related to the ingestion of PTEs via the consumption of crab fish were estimated. The meta-analysis included one hundred and eight papers with 109 data reports. The rank order of PTEs based on pooled (mean) concentration in the muscle of crabs was Ni (4.490 mg/kg-ww) > Pb (1.891 mg/kg-ww) >As (1.601 mg/kg-ww) > Cd (1.101 mg/kg-ww). The results showed that adults and children consumers in many countries are at risk of non-carcinogenicity due to ingestion of Ni, Pb, As, and Cd and carcinogenicity risk due to As. Therefore, the bioaccumulation of PTEs in the muscle of crabs can be considered a global health risk. Hence, to decrease the health risk of PTEs in the muscle of crabs, continuous monitoring and reducing the emission of PTEs in aquatic environments are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs; Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), and Cadmium (Cd) Pb, Ni, and Cd), using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was measured in fifty surface coastal sediment samples collected from 5 points coastal sediment of Bandar Abbas city, Iran besides the potential ecological risk index (RI) estimated the environmental health risk. The rank order of PTEs was Pb (52.090 ± 4.113 mg/kg dry weight) > Ni (34.940 ± 8.344 mg/kg dry weight) > Cd (2.944 ± 0.013 mg/kg dry weight). RI due to PTEs in sediments for A, B, C, D, and E points were 187.655, 190.542, 191.079, 189.496, and 192.053, respectively. RI for sampling points A to E was at moderate risk (150 ≤ RI < 300). Therefore, it is recommended to carry out control programs to reduce the amount of PTEs in the coastal sediment of the Persian Gulf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of pesticide residues in soil samples was conducted using UHPLC-MS/MS. Non-dietary health risk assessment was conducted using calculate chronic daily intake (CDI) from ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact pathways and following non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in the adults and adolescent. The rank order of pesticide in soil based on their concentration was malathion (0.082 mg kg−1)> cyproconazole (0.019 mg kg−1)> propargite (0.018 mg kg−1)> butachlor (0.016 mg kg−1) > chlorpyrifos (0.0067 mg kg−1)> diazinon (0.0014 mg kg−1)> imidacloprid (0.0007 mg kg−1). Hazard index (HI) values obtained of exposure to pesticides in soil in adults and adolescent were 0.0012 and 0.0035, respectively. Hence, exposed population are at the acceptable range of non-carcinogenic risk (HI < 1). Cancer risk (CR) values due to propargite in soil via ingestion pathway in adults and adolescent were 2.03E–09 and 2.08E–09, respectively; therefore, carcinogenic risk due to the exposure to pesticide contaminated soil was safe range (CR < 1E–06). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cooking act is one of the primary sources of indoor air pollution. Frying is one of the oldest food processing methods that has received much attention in studies due to various pollutants. Oxidation of oil via the raising of temperature leads to the formation of alkadienals, known as precursors of monoaromatics hydrocarbons, such as benzene and toluene ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX). The compounds have carcinogenic effects on human health and cause environmental effects by forming secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and ozone. Within this regard, many studies assessed the emission of the chemicals at the indoor area, stacks of commercial kitchens, and emission points, while they considered the effects of various factors like oil temperature, oil type, and additions on the formation of BTEX and another VOCs. Temperature as an accelerator factor has a direct relationship, while time has not shown specific emissions. The oils depend on their compositions, have different oxidative stability. Indeed, the oils with higher unsaturated contents are more susceptible to oxidation. Among unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated than monounsaturated types have a higher oxidation rate. However, foods/additives can vary frying content compositions and influence emissions. In this paper, we attempt to review the measurement procedures, influential factors on formation and methods to assess the environmental and health impacts of BTEX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presence of fluoride in drinking water resources is one of the most important challenges related to water management and health issues. This study aimed to monitor the fluoride concentration in rural areas of North Khorasan province, Iran. During a seven-year sampling period, the water quality of over 500 points was assessed annually, based on SPADNS colorimetric method. The geostatistical analyses and spatial distribution of fluoride were performed through global Moran's I index (spatial autocorrelation), and inverse distance weighting (IDW). In addition, the health impact probabilities of fluoride were evaluated via comparing concentrations with Iran national standard and the health risk assessment method recommended by EPA. According to the results, the measured concentrations of fluoride were in the range of 0–8.73 mg/L (average ± SD = 0.855 ± 0.458 mg/L). The lowest fluoride concentrations were determined in Esfarayen and Farouj counties (0.63 mg/L) and highest ones in Maneh Samalghan (0.9 mg/L). Moreover, Global Moran's I was calculated to be close to zero, indicating a random distribution of fluoride throughout the province. The average THQs for adult and children age groups were 4.94 and 3.61, respectively, which showed a high non-carcinogenic risk for both adult and children age groups. However, the concentration of fluoride in all studied water resources has not exceeded the standard and was in a good condition. Therefore, it is necessary to control the excessive concentrations, especially in areas with higher amounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objectives of this study were PHEs concentration meta-analysis (Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, and Cd) in eggplant irrigated by wastewater and the following estimation of non-carcinogenic (n-CR) risk for the consumers based on countries. According to the results, the rank order of PHEs concentration in eggplant was Fe (88.3 mg/kg -dry weight) > Zn (10.1 mg/kg -dry weight) > Pb (3.0 mg/kg -dry weight) > Ni (2.7 mg/kg -dry weight) > Cu (1.1 mg/kg -dry weight) > Cd (0.9 mg/kg -dry weight) > Cr (0.05 mg/kg -dry weight). Moreover, n-CR risk showed that all investigated countries (China, India, Pakistan, Turkey, and Jordan) except for United Arab Emirates (UAE) had a considerable n-CR in both age groups (adults and children). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of marine foods such as Tilapia spp fish offers several beneficial nutrition effects, however, it can endanger the health of humans while contains a high concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). In this work, the related studies regarding the concentration of PTEs in Tilapia fish were collected by searching among some databases such as the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Embase. Furthermore, the concentration of PTEs in Tilapia spp fish was meta-analyzed by the aid of the random effect model (REM). Additionally, the non-carcinogenic risk in both adults and children due to the ingestion of PTEs via consumption of Tilapia spp fish was estimated by calculating target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ). Meta-analysis of 79 articles (87 data) showed that rank order of PTEs (mg/kg) in Tilapia spp fish was Fe (9.925)>Zn (1.556)>Mn (1.065)>Cr (0.627)>Cu (0.485)>Pb (0.218)>Ni (0.217)>As (0.140)>Hg (0.113)>Cd (0.107). The rank order of PTEs based on their quota in TTHQ was As (86.21%)>Hg (4.01%)>Ni (2.96%)>Pb (2.32%)>Zn (1.38%)>Fe (1.21%)>Cu (0.95%)>Cd (0.80%)>Cr (0.10%)>Mn (0.06%). Also, the non-carcinogenic risk assessment shows that TTHQ for both adults and children consumers was lower than 1, demonstrating no considerable non-carcinogenic risk in all countries. Meta-analysis of data from of 79 articles (87 data-reports) was conducted. The order of PTEs was Fe > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu » Ni > As > Hg > Cd. Quota of As (86.21%) in TTHQ was higher than others PTEs. Consumers are not at the considerable non-carcinogenic risk in all countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Increasing population density in cities has led to an increase in industrial and municipal wastewater sludge generation volume. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) can widely be used for water and wastewater treatment. The aim of our study is to evaluate some DAF design parameters on biological sludge thickening which generated from an industrial wastewater treatment plant. Materials and Methods: This experimental research had been carried out as a laboratory-scale study on DAF process to thickening of the biological sludge. The required amount of sludge was taken once from the Amikabir industrial town wastewater treatment plant in Kashan, Iran. After determination of optimal recycling rate, pH, and coagulant dose, effects of pressure (3, 5, and 7 atm), flotation time (5 and 10 min), and coagulant addition were evaluated on DAF process efficiency. Results: According to this investigation results, the optimal pH and dose of coagulant were obtained 7.5 and 200 mg/L, respectively. Maximum process efficiency for the reduction of total dissolved solids (TDSs), total solids (TSs), and turbidity parameters was 61.01%, 84.02%, and 97%, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that in contrast to time, coagulant addition and pressure have significant effect on DAF process. Conclusion: DAF process had suitable thickening efficiency to removal of TDS, TS, and turbidity on biological activated sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is well-documented relationship between industrial development and environmental pollution, but there are no enough studies that have predicted development impacts on pollutants emission. In the current study, impacts of three development periods of Bojnourd cement factory on pollutants emission (CO, SO 2 , NO x , and PM 10 ) were investigated using the AUSTAL 2000 model. The collected emission data during 19 years were classified for each period and analyzed via the model, separately. Two sets of monitoring point (each contains 5 points) determined at the model; first set for estimation of pollutants concentration in residential areas (three villages, one suburban, and one city), and the second set for model validity assessment which located near the factory. •According to model results, the second development period had the highest emission load per unit area for PM 10 and SO 2 by 164% and 262%, respectively. However, by applying the bag filter at the beginning of the third period, SO 2 and PM 10 concentrations were reduced significantly to the same as the first period.•Unlike the two previous pollutants, emissions load of NO x and CO per unit area were increased in both the second period (167% and 154%, respectively) and third period (182% and 337%, respectively). Moreover, the model showed a good agreement compared with the field measured data that it could be usable to predict pollutants emission.•The findings of this paper prove the predicting importance of the emissions prior to construction or any stages of industries upgrading and development. In other words, it emphasizes environmental protection during economic boost to maintain harmony between nature and sustainable development. Also, the model showed how the use of pollution control equipment (bag filter) during development can be effective to reduce the pollutants emission.