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The composites of polyaniline (PANI) with reduced graphene oxide (PANI/rGO) and metals of iron, copper, and cobalt have been synthesized and coated on the nickel foam (NF) priors to measurement in three electrodes system to investigate the electrochemical properties. Surface area of PANI increased from 48.371 ㎡/g to 69.091 ㎡/g after compositing with rGO and the capacitance changed from 246.50 F/g to the highest capacitance 285.89 F/g in the form of PANI/rGO-Cu. Meanwhile, PANI/rGO-Co and PANI/rGO-Fe showed lower capacitance with 250.047 F/g and 254.71 F/g, respectively. Capacitance of bi-and tri-metal content was lower than PANI.

Dimethyl terephthalate, a diester monomer derived from petroleum-based resources, plays important role in the production of polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), resins for polyester, fibres, and films as well as engineering polymers. High demand on PET together with environmental concerns require to find alternative for renewable monomers urgently whenever or wherever to substitute the exhausting crude oil-based monomers. A simple and highly efficient method to prepare PET analogue monomer, methyl 2-[2-methoxy-4-[3-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)] thiopropyl]phenoxy acetate (4), from renewable eugenol is described. The key step involves successive Williamson etherification, esterification, to be followed by thiol-ene reaction. Remarkably, it turned out that the thiol-ene reaction has proven to be effective in the introduction of the ester group to the olefinic substrate without the use of solvent and initiator leading to diester 4. The technique offered here comprises advantages i.e. excellent yields, mild reaction condition, and easy to perform, thus, provide a sustainable alternative to synthesize diester from eugenol.

This study describes the improved properties of polypropylene itaconate (PPI) coatings incorporated with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) via in situ condensation. PPI/TEOS synthesis was carried out in the presence of 1–5 mol% of TEOS during the direct melting of itaconic acid (IA) and 1,3-propanediol (PDO). The obtained viscous unsaturated polyesters (UPs) were coated on glass substrates and subjected to either thermal (170 °C for 8 h) or UV curing (365 nm, 1000 W, 3 min). The results obtained showed that viscous UPs changed from being light yellow to clear with an increase in the amount of the added silicate. With this technique, no significant effects on the surface morphology and the thermal stability of PPI resin coating that might occur and cause undesired changes on the properties of original PPI coating. The addition of silicates only slightly affected the acid resistance of the resin coating. This study presents a simple technique for the chemical trapping of silicates in three-dimensional PPI networks, which improves their properties by eliminating color interference and increases resin transparency for coating applications.

The reaction of itaconic acid bioproduct with copper(II) acetate gives rise to a novel Cu-IA metal organic framework (MOF) that behaves as an excellent CO2 adsorbent. The MOF crystallizes with different chemical formulae according to different synthetic routes and solvent mixtures or even using of additives that may act as pore shape templating agents. This fact also affects the morphology of the particles of the bulk MOF and, in turn, the adsorption performance of the material. Based on an exhaustive characterization, Cu-IA MOF prepared on water-ethanol mixture reports both the highest conversion and CO2 capture. Overall, the whole regeneration approach of itaconic acid benefits from cheap up-scale production from the economic point of view, suggesting that MOF generation may be an alternative to other common procedures aiming at its use as resin, epoxy and coating materials.

Novel hybrid coating material based on polypropylene itaconate (PPIA) and MOF-5 [Zn4O(BDC)3] (BDC: benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid) has been successfully prepared and characterized. Herein, the influence of certain percentage additions of MOF-5 (from 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 40 wt.%) into PPIA on its structure, morphology, density, and thermal stability were investigated. However, extensive damage was observed in MOF-5 structures according to PXRD, FTIR and nitrogen sorption isotherm analyses. The obtained materials were applied for CO2 capture and monitored by the volumetric method. The higher percentage of MOF-5 incorporated into PPIA induced higher CO2 adsorption. A significant increase of CO2 capture was seen after the addition of 1–20 wt.% of MOF-5 into the PPIA, while an addition of 40 wt.% of MOF-5 indicated there is no more benefit in increasing the MOF-5 concentration in the composite and reached a CO2 adsorption capacity of about 65 wt.% of the adsorption value of MOF-5 only. However, the incorporation of MOF-5 into PPIA caused the thermal stability of the hybrid coating material to be lower than the original PPIA coating and the MOF-5 itself. The texture of the film after addition of about 20 wt.% of MOF-5 changed from a smooth to a coarser and denser form. This study may open the way to investigating how PPIA coating containing MOF-5 could serve as a coating material with the function of CO2 capture to contribute to reducing the greenhouse effect.

Two novel coordination polymers (CPs) based on zinc(II) and acyclic dicarboxylate linkers, i.e. [Zn2(μ3-IA)2(H2O)4]n (1-W) and {[Zn2(μ-IA)2(DMF)]·H2O}n (2-DMF) (where IA2− = itaconate) have been obtained as a result of a systematic study of some synthetic factors such as pH and solvents, which has allowed optimizing the conditions that render the best yields. 1-W is obtained as X-ray quality single crystals upon which diffraction analysis has been conducted, showing that it consists of a neutral 2D layered structure. Some structural details have been elucidated for 2-DMF based on a comparison of PXRD data with 1-W and in view of the similar composition of both crystalline phases. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements confirm that 2-DMF presents slightly different spectra from those of 1-W. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations of 1-W reveal that electronic transitions arise from both first excited singlet and triplet states involving ligand-centred emissions. Moreover, both compounds exhibit blue fluorescence and green phosphorescence that involves less frequent long-lasting phosphorescence (LLP) at 10 K. Exhaustive characterization of long-lasting phosphorescence by means of time-resolved spectroscopy reveals remarkably long lifetimes (τ) of ca. 352 ms (λem ≈ 550 nm) for 1-W and 547 ms (λem ≈ 500 nm) for 2-DMF.

Pembuatan kompos dari sampah dapur dan taman dengan bantuan effective microorganism (EM4) dan microorganism local (MOL) telah dilakukan. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah memanfaatkan sampah yang ada di sekitar untuk dijadikan barang yang lebih berguna. EM4 merupakan kultur campuran dari mikroorganisme yang menguntungkan yang mengandung mikroorganisme fermentasi dan sintetik yang terdiri dari bakteri Asam Laktat (Lactobacillus Sp), bakteri Fotosentetik (Rhodopseudomonas Sp), Actinomycetes Sp, Streptomyces Sp dan Yeast (ragi) dan Jamur pengurai selulose. Bahan ini membantu fermentasi bahan organik tanah menjadi senyawa organik yang mudah diserap oleh akar tanaman. Proses pembuatan kompos dilakukan dengan mencampurkan sampah dapur dan taman dengan penambahan EM4. Proses fermentasi dilakukan variasi waktu 10, 14, 21, 26 dan 32 hari. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama fermentasi kompos yang dihasilkan semakin baik dimana daun telah hancur berubah bentuk seperti tanah.Kitchen and Garden Waste Composting using EM4 Activator. Composting of kitchen and garden waste with the help of effective microorganisms (EM4) and microorganism local (MOL) has been carried out. The purpose of this activity is to use the waste to become more useful items. EM4 is a mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms. This material contains microorganisms consisting of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus Sp), photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas Sp), Actinomycetes Sp, Streptomyces Sp, and yeast, and cellulose-decomposing fungi. This activator helps break down soil organic matter into organic compounds that are easily absorbed by plant roots. The composting was done by mixing kitchen and garden waste with the addition of EM4 and MOL. The fermentation process was carried out in variations of 10, 14, 21, 26, and 32 days. The results showed that the longer the fermentation time the better the compost was produced indicating by the leaves had crumbled into shape like the soil.

The effect of zeolite on alginate beads for fabrication of Controlled Release Fertilizer (CRF) and using freeze drying method during manufacturing have been studied. CRF fabrication was done by mixing of alginate, zeolite and liquid NPK fertilizer followed by dipping into CaCl2 solution. The effect of zeolite was determined by the release of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) from A/Z/NPK and A/NPK bead. The CRF preparation using freeze-drying methods for A/NPK beads was also compared with air-drying method. The CRF products were characterized by using FTIR and SEM. Analysis of N, P and K was done by Kjeldahl method, UV-Vis and AAS. Swelling test (SR) of the beads and chemical reaction kinetics were investigated. The result showed that A/Z/NPK composite beads could be used as Controlled Release of NPK fertilizer and showed better capability than beads of A/NPK. The freeze-drying during beads formation showed better performance than air-drying method. The addition of zeolite and freeze-drying method is effective to enhance the swelling ratio of A/NPK. The chemical reaction kinetics model representing of A/Z/NPK, A/NPK beads using air and freeze-drying is Korsmeyer-Peppas model.

Compound 5,15-diphenyl porphyrin (DPP) has been synthesized and inserted with different kind of metal (Fe, Cu and Zn). Synthesis of DPP has been carried out through three stages reaction using pyrrole and benzaldehyde as starting materials. Identification of synthesized compounds of 5-phenyl dipyrromethane (DPM) and 5, 15-diphenyl porphyrin (DPP) was confirmed with H-NMR. Three different metals were then inserted into the cavity of DPP. Optical spectra of Cu, Fe, Zn-DPP was then investigated and compared with free-base DPP using UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The result showed that the yield reaction of DPM reached about 41.77% and DPP reached about 21.80%. Based on the spectra investigation of metal-DPP, it showed that DPP had different Soret and Q band when each Cu (II), Fe (II), Zn (II) was inserted into DPP. Moreover, Zn-DPP has Q band at to the rightest shifting than Cu-DPP or Fe-DPP which means it has the least excitation energy among them. Therefore, Zn-DPP has the more potential to be utilized for application such as DSSC.

Autism is a neuropsychiatric disease; one of the causes of autism is damage to neurons. L-Theanine is a bioactive compound in Camellia sinensis L.which is analogous to L-Glutamate Acid structure and its neuroprotective effect. This study aimed to analyze the binding side of L-Theanine and L-Glutamate Acid to the kainate of glutamate receptor protein to determine and the effectiveness of its inhibitor function. Toxicity analysis is also used to determine the suitability of compounds as bioactive components to be consumed orally. The method used to analyze the interaction of compounds with target proteins is reverse docking. Toxicity analysis using the Toxtree 2.6.13 and collection of information from the Human Metabolome Database. The docking shows that L-Glutamate Acid and L-Theanine have the same site in the ionotropic Glutamate receptor protein, kainate1. The residual groups of the two compounds when binding to the similar glutamate receptor protein are THR (A: 91), GLU (A: 191), and ARG (A: 96). The binding affinity of the two compounds is almost the same, namely -5.0 kcal/mol for L-Glutamate Acid and -4.9 kcal/mol for L-Theanine. This allows L-Theanine to act as an inhibitor that blocks L-Glutamate Acid from binding to glutamate receptors on prostsynap membranes. The compound docking results show that L-Theanine has four bond side residues that are the same as the same L-Glutamate Acid and binding affinity of -5.0 kcal/mol. Analysis with the principle of RO5 Lipinski is known that L-Theanine compounds have the potential if taken orally. Therefore, the C. sinensis L. potential as an anti-autism substance.

The radical reaction of the unsaturated polyester from polycondensation of 1,3-Propanediol (PDO) and itaconic acid (IA) has been successfully performed to create a three-dimensional networking polyester with good thermal stability. Two different crosslinkers of divinyl benzene (DVB) and methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) have been radically reacted on the chain group of polypropylene itaconate (PPIA). The radical reaction of PPIA with DVB and MBA was achieved up to the addition of 30 and 15% (w/w) crosslinkers, respectively. PPIA reacted with aromatic-content of DVB showed higher thermal stability compared to acrylic derivate crosslinker of MBA. The increase in the crosslinking density on the propylene itaconate (PIA) slightly enhanced the thermal stability of the polyester. This study concludes that the limitation of the use of PDO as a raw material as a source for polyester could be avoided by a strategy of condensation with unsaturated diacids (as IAs) and radical reaction with crosslinking agents.

The introduction of CO 2 adsorbent of [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] into coating material of polypropylene itaconate (PPIA) eventually opens up further investigation of the functional coating related to the air or gas adjustment. This paper presents the fabrication of functional coating materials based on PPIA modified with [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ]. Thermal stability, surface morphology, and the CO 2 -absorption ability of the obtained materials are investigated. The color of the coating film turned from the yellowish viscous liquid into blue opaque surface after incorporation of [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ]. For the best application of the coating material of PPIA, incorporation of [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] into PPIA should not more than 20% (w/w), as the coating turned from a smooth surface to a coarser surface and a rigid form. The thermal stability of the PPIA coating decreased as the [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] content in the PPIA increased. The content of 1–5% [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] affected the significant CO 2 adsorption on the coating, in which no significant CO 2 response of the PPIA was seen with the absence of MOF on the coating materials. Above 10%, the CO 2 adsorption of the coating was more than 50% of the adsorption value of [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] MOF only. With the incorporation of 20%, the CO 2 absorption reached about 84% of the absorption value of [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] MOF. This study proved that the PPIA coating incorporating [Cu 3 (BTC) 2 ] MOF could afford a coating material with a function to adsorb CO 2 gas.

Bio-impedance based sensor using organic polymer-membrane was presented in this paper. The Ca-alginate with glycerol as plasticizer used in the experiments was fabricated by slip casting method on a glass substrates. After atmospheric heating treatment of edible films at 60°C for 24 hours, the films-membranes of 50 mm were obtained. Bio-impedance characterizations were carried out by LCR meter at room temperature. The experiment results showed that the sensor finely operated at low frequency i.e. less than 40 kHz. Response of the sensor increased with the increase of samples mass and became constant after a critical mass. Finally, bio-impedance responses of beef and pork were clearly indicated by a different magnitude that it is possible to apply the films-membranes as bio-sensor applications.

This study aims to explore the possibilities of hybrid cells to convert photon and mechanical energies in a semiconductor area. A device with a hybrid ability was successfully fabricated from AZO (Al doped ZnO) semiconductor nanofibre-based materials by an electrospinning method. The N-719 dye was used to synthesize the semiconductors. The hybrid cell of DSSC and piezoelectric use flowrates of precursor as a measurement parameter on the electrospinning machine which differences of nanofiber diameters were formed on the collector. Furthermore, aluminum as doping material was also applied to ZnO in order to reduce the size of the fibers. When the hybrid cell worked as solar cells based on AZO, an open circuit voltage was produced in the range of 0.421 to 0.507 V. In greater flow of precursors condition, Voc of DSSC will be slightly decreased. On the AZO-based DSSC, the highest Jsc was 1,147 mA/cm2. When the cell worked as a power nano generator, Voc and highest output power of AZO-based cells were 119 mV and 24,8 nW repectively on the flow rate of 2 mL/min.

Hydrogen-rich syngas either from nonrenewable or renewable sources plays a key role for fulfilling the future energy demand. The CO2 sorbent, activated carbon, synthesized from coal was studied and introduced into the process of co-gasification rice husk with coal. The research was conducted in the continuous gasification reactor with a capacity of 5 kg/h. The raw material used was rice husk and coal while the mass concentration of rice husk was varied at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The steam as a gasification agent was maintained at temperatures of 400°C and 500°C. The effect of coal, steam temperature, and activated carbon to enrich hydrogen in the syngas was disclosed. The synergistic effect of enhancing hydrogen content in the syngas from the co-gasification was found the mass concentration of coal around 50%. This paper found also the characteristic of activated carbon to increase the concentration of hydrogen in the syngas and the suggestions for improving them were proposed.

Preparation of Cu(II) template carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) cross-linked with Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE) (CMC-BADGE-t) have done. The synthesis has been done through four step i.e. synthesis carboxymethyl chitosan, adsorption Cu(II) on CMC, crosslinking with BADGE, and desorption Cu(II) from adsorbent. The adsorbent was insoluble in acetic acid solution. FTIR spectrum and SEM-EDX analysis showed that the synthesis has been successfully done. Application of the adsorbent for adsorption Cu(II) ions has optimum pH at 6 and contact time of 60 min. Adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second order equation, and adsorption isotherms followed Langmuir isotherm adsorption. Maximum adsorption capacity of Cu(II) ions on CMC-BADGE-t was 0.276 mmol/g. The relative selectivity factor (αT) value of Cu(II)/Zn(II), Cu(II)/Cd(II) and Cu(II)/Pb(II) were 50.55, 1.48, and 7.85 respectively that were greater than 1. This adsorbent could be used for several times without loss of adsorption capability.

In this study, photodetectors were assembled using natural porphyrin as a sensitizer, and their energy gap properties were investigated. The natural porphyrin thin film layered devices used in the experiments were deposited by spin coating on a patterned electrode of Cu printed circuit board substrates. The photo sensitive characteristics were measured both with and without illumination by white light. The photo sensitive effect increased with the number of layers. A maximum current of 2.6 nA was obtained when the films consisted of three layers and the current increased to 7.9 nA for seven layers. To clarify the results, the dependence of the number of layers on the energy gap was evaluated. The experiment results showed that the energy gap decreased linearly with increasing number of layers. The mutual combination of the photo sensitive effect and energy gap indicated that it is possible to apply natural porphyrin as a sensitizer for photodetector applications.

Telah dilakukan kajian tentang ikatan hidrogen inter dan intramolekuler kitosan yang dapat menyebabkan perubahan keteraturan dan tingkat kristalinitas polimer kitosan akibat masuknya ion logam Ag ke dalam polimer kitosan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masuknya ion logam Ag ke dalam polimer kitosan dapat mempengaruhi mempengaruhi ikatan hidrogen inter dan intramolekuler sehingga menyebabkan perubahan keteraturan dan tingkat kristalinitas polimer kitosan. Kristalinitas kitosan meningkat hingga perbandingan Ag/kitosan = 0.25/100 (b/b). Setelah perbandingan Ag/kitosan lebih besar dari 0.25/100 (b/b), kristalinitas kitosan menurun.

The study reports the synthesis and characterization of natural red dye. The dyes were extracted from woods of Caesalpiniasappanlinn at varied temperatures of 70, 80, 90, and 100°C for three hours. The dry wood chips and water at a ratio of 6:1 were immersed in the reactor of 150 liters. The absorbance spectra of the natural red dyes were measured by ultra-violet-visible spectroscopy. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate the functional groups of the natural red dyes. In addition, the basic production cost was calculated and the fastness property towards cotton fabrics was investigated according to the Indonesia national standard of 105-C06:2010, 105-B01:2010, and 0288-2008. The results showed that the functional groups found the extracted red dyes indicated the complex bond of brazilein with peak absorbance at a wavelength of 538-540 nm. The extraction temperature also changed the functional group of brazilein. From the color, the absorbance peak, the functional groups, and the main production cost, the best parameter to synthesize the natural red dyes from Caesalpiniasappanlinn was at a temperature of 80°C for two hours. Moreover, the natural red dyes has the fastness to wash resistance, light resistance, and scrub resistance by 4-5, 4, and 3-4, respectively. However, further studies for synthesis the natural red dyes by using a continuous reactor are required to identify the naturally complex compounds in brazilein for improving the fastness properties and for reducing the cost.

The production process of indigofera plants yields 10% of blue natural dyes and wastes are 90%. The biomass wastes from the extraction of indigofera plants are classified as difficult to process in an Anaerobic Digester (AD) because of the large content of hemicellulose in the Indigofera stems. Therefore, the study reports the anaerobic digestion of Indigofera plant wastes co-digested with cow dung for enhancing the biogas quality. The digestion process was conducted in a vessel of 160 L with various weight ratios between Indigofera biomass and cow dung by 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The results show that the AD reactor temperature kept above 29.5°C with a pH between 6-7 were the key factors for enhancing the biogas quality. The co-digestion between 50% indigofera wastes with 50% cow dung yielded biogas with a CH4 content of about 42% and H2S concentration below 40 ppm showing that the biogas has the potential to be further improved in quality and can be used to fuel the stove and power generation.

Polybutylene itaconate (PBI) for modification with divinyl benzene (DVB) and glycerol has been synthesized at 180 °C for 3 h via polycondensation of itaconic acid (IA) and butanediols using catalyst of Ti(OBu)4. Modification on PBI was done with addition of 15%, 20% and 25% DVB (w/w) using benzoyl peroxide. With glycerol, weight variations of glycerol:1,4-butanediol (BDO) in the synthesis were 10%, 30%, and 50% (mole/mole). PBI and PBI modified with DVB and glycerol were characterized with FTIR and TG-DTA. PBI showed a wavenumber shift from 1703 cm-1 to 1728 cm-1 of the C=O functional group from acid to esther. The DVB modification on PBI also showed that the intensity decrease of C=C stretching was due to the formation of crosslinking on the double bond. In the modification with glycerol, three dimensional networking on the polyester occurred through bonding between hydroxyl of glycerol and acid group of IA. Constant intensity of C=C stretching on polyester was seen. The thermal stability of PBI modified with DVB increased, accompanied by rigidity change of the structure. The thermal stability of PBI modified with glycerol decreased, caused by the decrease of regularity degree and the elasticity increase of the three dimensional structure of polyester.

The effect of adsorbate concentration, surface tension and temperature on glycerol adsorption over activated carbon have been conducted. Activity of adsorbent was increased by soaking activated carbon in H2SO4 10% solution for 12 hours followed heating at a temperature of 500oC under N2 gas flow for 3 hours. Furthermore, the identification and characterization of activated carbon were done by infrared spectroscopy (IR)   and gravimetric method acidity test. Conditions of adsorption of glycerol by activated carbon were carried out using batch method with ±12 hours of contact time on the variation of adsorbate concentration or the ratio glycerol : water (v/v) 1 : 2, 1 : 3, 1 : 4, and 1 : 5, as well as variations in 30, 40, 50, and 60 oC. The result showed that increased activity of activated carbon increased acidity from 0.5 mmol/gram to 2.7 mmol/gram. Increasing concentration of glycerol causes the surface tension decreases and (∂I³/∂C) becomes negative with means that glycerol was adsorbed over the surface. It has been confirmed by the increase of actvated carbon capacity is proportional to the increased concentration of glycerol. Temperature was also playing the role of glycerol adsorption where at 60 oC maximum adsorption was riched.   Keywords: Adsorption, Glycerol, Adsorbate concentration, Temperature, Surface tension, Activated Carbon

In order to identify and to quantify polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT) in environmental matrices, the chro- matographic behavior of coplanar and non-coplanar congeners was evaluated. A mixture of 16 single PCT congeners was used for method development. Four of these compounds were synthesized for the first time by SUZUKI-coupling reaction. These were p-PCT (2,200 ,6,600 -tetrachloro-, 20 ,3,300 ,4,400 ,50 ,-hexachloro-, 20 ,3,300 ,5,50 ,500 -hexachloro-) and m-PCT (2,200 ,3,300 ,5,500 -hexachloro-). They were characterized by NMR ( 1 H, 13 C) spectroscopy. By means of the new column chromatographic clean-up reported here, a good matrix removal and the separation of the coplanar PCT congeners from the non-coplanar ones was obtained. The recovery rates for all congeners were good for the PCT in different test matrices like fat, charcoal, and soil. The quality of the clean-up, the separation and the recovery rates were determined by GC/MS analysis. The method was applied for the first time to a real sample from a fire accident, where different PCT, obviously formed during the combustion process, were found. The conclusion is drawn that this method is suitable for the analysis of PCT in different environmental samples.

Varied plasticizers and palmitic acid additive have been added in the carrageenan film. The film was made by mixing of the carrageenan and plasticizers (glycerol, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol) with composition of 92:3, 90:6, 87:9, 84:12, 81:15(%w/w) and in the presence of palmitic acid as additive with 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% of total weight. Casting method was used for the film molding and drying at 60oC with the oven for 12 hours. To investigate the effects of plasticizers and additive, some mechanical tests on film were performed. The test result concludes that plasticizers in the film decreased the tensile strength and increased the elongation break of the carrageenan film. The additive of palmitic acid decreased the tensile strength of the carrageenan film and also decreased the-the water absorbance of the film. The highest tensile strength of films made was with the formulation of carrageenan: PEG with composition of 92:3 (% w/w). The highest elongation break of the film was for carrageenan:PVA with the composition of 81: 15 (%w/w) and carrageenan:palmitic acid:PEG with the composition of 92: 3: 1 (%w/w). The lowest water absorption of the film was achieved for carrageenan:PVA:palmitic acid with the composition of 87: 3: 5 (%w/w).