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The demand for radiation protection personnel has increased during the past several years and can be expected to continue to increase for several years to come. This document gives the results of the latest survey of institutions offering degree programs in this field. Such a small segment of the total college enrollment is represented in health physics and related studies that other surveys cannot single them out. These students are vital, however, to the continued development and use of radioactive materials in industry, medicine, construction, research, power production, and even agriculture. This publication should be of value to those seeking graduates in various curriculums included, as well as to those who have an interest in pursuing careers in the field. The document covers: trends, placement, foreign nationals, women, and minorities. Appendices include statistical tables accompanying the text. (Author/PG)

This publication is one of a series of information booklets for the general public published by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. This booklet deals with the handling, processing and disposal of radioactive wastes. Among the topics discussed are: The Nature of Radioactive Wastes; Waste Management; and Research and Development. There are four appendices which list: Naturally Occurring Radioisotopes Encountered in Mining, Milling, and Fuel Preparation in the Uranium Fuel Cycle; Principle Fission-product Radioisotopes in Radioactive Wastes; Principle Activation-product Radioisotopes Produced by Neutron Irradiation of Nonfuel Materials; and a List of Firms Licensed to Receive and Dispose of Radioactive Wastes. A list of suggested references at the popular and technical level, including books, reports, articles, and motion pictures, is included. Schools and public libraries may obtain a complete set of the booklets without charge. (BT)

This publication is one of a series of information booklets for the general public published by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Direct energy conversion involves energy transformation without moving parts. The concepts of direct and dynamic energy conversion plus the laws governing energy conversion are investigated. Among the topics discussed are: Thermoelectricity; Thermionic Conversion; Magnetohydrodynamic Conversion; Chemical Batteries; The Fuel Cell; Solar Cells; Nuclear Batteries; Ferroelectric Conversion and Thermomagnetic Conversion. Five problems related to the reading material are included. A list of suggested references concludes this report. A complete set of these booklets may be obtained by school and public libraries without charge. (BT)

This publication is one of a series of information booklets for the general public published by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Among the topics discussed are: Why Use Nuclear Power?; From Atoms to Electricity; Reactor Types; Typical Plant Design Features; The Cost of Nuclear Power; Plants in the United States; Developments in Foreign Countries; and The Last Word. A list of suggested references, including books, reports, articles, and motion pictures, is included. School and public libraries may obtain a complete set of booklets without charge. (BT)

This publication is one of a series of information booklets for the general public published by The United States Atomic Energy Commission. Among the topics discussed are: Importance of Fusion Energy; Conditions for Nuclear Fusion; Thermonuclear Reactions in Plasmas; Plasma Confinement by Magnetic Fields; Experiments With Plasmas; High-Temperature Plasma Studies; Nuclear Fusion Reactors With Magnetic Confinement; Inertial Confinement; and Nuclear Fusion Research Programs. A reading list and free-loan film list are included. Schools and public libraries may obtain the booklets without charge. (BT)

This publication is one of a series of information booklets for the general public published by The United States Atomic Energy Commission. Among the topics discussed are: What is Atomic Power?; What Does Safety Depend On?; Control of Radioactive Material During Operation; Accident Prevention; Containment in the Event of an Accident; Licensing and Regulation of Atomic Power Plants; The Experience Record; Safety Research; and Additional Information on Atomic Power. Schools and public libraries may obtain a complete set of the booklets without charge. (BT)

This document presents statistical data concerning enrollments for fall 1973 and degrees granted 1965-June 1973 in nuclear engineering. Highlights of this survey of educational institutions indicated: (1) Ph.D.'s decreased to 126 from 149 in 1971-72 and from 181 in 1969-70. (2) MS's increased to 442 from 428 in 1971-72. (3) BS's increased to 551 from 464 in 1971-72. (4) Foreign nationals represented 3 percent of the BS, 13 percent of the MS, and 22 percent of the Ph.D. graduates, smaller percentages of MS and Ph.D. graduates than the prior year. (5) The percent of foreign nationals increased among doctoral candidates and undergraduate students; the percent among master's candidates decreased. (6) Private industry continued to recruit the largest portion of the graduates at all levels. (7) The percent of MBS and MS graduates remaining for further study declined. (8) Women and minority U. S. citizens (black, oriental, Spanish-speaking, or Native American Indians) represent no more than 3 percent of enrollees or graduates in any category or at any level. (MJM)

The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction represents a major challenge to our national security. Reducing the nuclear danger is one of the primary goals of the United States national security strategy and it is a cornerstone of the Department's vision of the future. To meet this challenge, our Nation draws upon the same foundation of scientific and technological skills that helped bring a successful end to the Gold War. The Department, drawing upon many of the Nation's best and most innovative scientists, provides essential support for the changing global political climate that has guided the Department's adaptation to the new era. Reducing the global nuclear danger, responding with programs that build upon and enhance the strengths of the Department's complex and the National Laboratories, and emphasizing commitments to environment, safety, and health, are the essence of the Department's national security strategy. The nuclear danger is now defined differently than it was just five years ago. Initiatives to prevent nuclear weapons proliferation, improve nuclear reactor safety, safeguard and dispose of nuclear materials and maintain confidence in our nuclear weapons deterrent without nuclear testing have surged to the forefront.

A first chapter, describing the relative importance of languages in the world in 1987, shows that the world population makes use of about ten languages, each of which covers an area of the globe. The trends are revealed by an analysis of population density and socio-economic balances. The use of languages is studied, in the second chapter, in the field of science and Technology, according to the type of communication (written or spoken) and the contents (from mathematics to technology) and the tendencies are shown. A third chapter is devoted to the attempts which have been made to overcome the linguistic barrier - such as the introduction of a single common language (esperanto, English) or the development of the study of foreign languages. The problems of translation, linguistic and the computer are not dealt with. The detailed analysis of the cultural barrier, in the fourth chapter, is carried out by several approaches (sociological, psychosociological, psychoanalytic and psycholinguistic) in order to reveal the genuine individual and collective stakes. Lastly, a last chapter concentrates on future trends, such as the working of the Commission of the European Communities with its nine official languages, and to put forward some predictions on the linguistic state of the world at the beginning of the 21st century., This article is from 'Barriers to Information Transfer and Approaches Toward Their Reduction, Conference Proceedings of the Technical Information Panel Specialists' Meeting Held in Washington, DC on 23-24 September 1987', AD-A194 653, p2-1 - 2-8 and 2A-1 - 2A-7. Text in English and French.

This forecast of the growth of nuclear power in the United States and the rest of the world represents a current evaluation of domestic and foreign trends in the growth of nuclear power, the future capability of foreign nations to supply uranium enrichment services to reactor operators, the timing and application of plutonium recycle technology, and the timing and rate of introduction of the fast-breeder reactor (FBR). A total of seven separate cases has been prepared, four for the United States and three for the rest of the world. These cases are not intended to specify precise future situations but rather to provide a reasonable range of estimates of the growth of nuclear power and the concomitant range of requirements for separative work, uranium and related materials and services.

In January 1949, a radiological safety organization of the Scientific Task Group (TG 3.1) was established for proposed atomic weapon tests at Eniwetok. The radiological safety policy and organization as planned for Operation Greenhouse were based to a large extent upon the experience gained at Alamogordo, Operation Crossroads, and Operation Sandstone. The radiological problem divided itself into four phases: a. Pretest -- evaluation of the radiation hazards remaining on Operation Sandstone shot islands; b. Planning -- organizational planning for Operation Greenhouse; c. Test -- evaluation of and protection from radiation, blast, and thermal hazards during the detonation; evaluation of and protection from radiation hazards after detonation; and d. Final or resume -- evaluation of radiological safety operations during Operation Greenhouse.

Report to the Scientific Director.

The Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Defense have been authorized by the President to make plans and preparations for a test series of nuclear weapons and devices during the Spring of 1962. This test series, as defined in Annex C, is titled Operation DOMINIC., This revised Operation Plan 2-1-62 (Operation DOMINIC) is issued in its entirety and supersedes Operation Plan 2-1-62, issued 11 February 1962.

Includes errata sheet dated 22 Oct 1954.

The objective of Part I of Project 39.3 was to measure transient air temperatures at selected locations in the blast-biology underground shelter in Area 1 for shot Galileo, Operation Plumbbob. The objective of Part II of Project 39.3 was to evaluate thermal burns from a nuclear explosion on biological receivers in a shelter. Eight Chester White pigs were used as test animals. One pig in the entrance and one about 3 ft inside the door received severe burns. These burns were carbonized on the surface and caused transepidermal damage with up to 0.3 mm penetration into the dermis. Animals away from the entrance and those in the slow fill side received no burns. The possible sources of this damaging thermal energy are discussed.

A gamma-radiation telemetering system was utilized by Civil Effects Test Group personnel to measure fallout levels at the Nevada Test Site from the vicinity of Ground Zero out to, and including, an area bounded by Reno, Nev.; Salt Lake City, Utah, Kingman, Ariz.; and Barstow, Calif. Two methods of signal transmission were used; direct-coupled field lines for on-site installations and commercial telephone lines for areas to 330 miles. Graphic and tabular data cover on-site and off-site residual gamma-radiation dose rate measurements taken as function of time after selected events. (Author), Report on Operation Plumbbob, Nevada Test Site, May-Oct 57, Project 39.9

The distribution of fall-out debris and radiation intensities over wide areas may be rapidly surveyed from the air. The development of instruments and techniques must be based on consideration of the beta and gamma characteristics of the radioisotopic constituents of the fall-out material. Radiation measurements in an aircraft may be related to surface conditions by an altitude correction factor, which has been determined by field measurements. Development and field testing, during the Teapot series, has resulted in a group of instruments useful for study of the radiation characteristics of fall-out debris. An aerial survey detector with automatic altitude compensator and a telemetering unit was also completed and tested.

A series of genetics test objects were exposed to fast-neutron irradiation at Operation Upshot-Knothole. The exposures were made by placing the specimens inside 7-in.-thick lead hemispheres that were first used at Operation Greenhouse. These objects were set at appropriate distances from ground zero to cover the dose ranges required. The genetics test materials were supplied by a number of active investigators at Oak Ridge or at university laboratories and were sent to Mercury in the proper stage for exposure shortly before the scheduled detonations. After exposure the material was returned for breeding and study. Plant materials used included spores of several fungi, Tradescantia pollen, and seeds of Datura and of corn. Drosophila flies, Mormoniella wasps, and several mouse strains constituted the animal specimens used. The data support the following conclusions: (1) The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for genetic effects from detonation neutrons compared with x or gamma irradiation is high, observed values ranging from about 2 to 15 or more; (2) The RBE for chromosome breakage from detonation neutrons is not significantly higher than that from cyclotron neutrons--this conclusion is subject to some uncertainties in dose determination; (3) It is indicated that the RBE for the production of simple mutations by fast neutrons compard with x-rays tends to be low. The values are higher for gross chromosome aberrations; (4) The genetic tests are of some value as 'biological dosimeters' supplementary to physical dosimetry; and (5) The studies clearly indicate that, for equal doses, Neutrons represent a greater potential genetic hazard than other forms of radiation from nuclear detonations.

Experiments were performed during Operation Teapot: (1) to investigate the beta-gamma exposure-rate ratio from fall-out to establish design criteria for high-range survey instruments, (2) to evaluate commercial radiological defense instruments, and (3) to investigate the feasibility of the use of commercial and amateur roll film and dental X-ray film as indicators of prompt gamma radiation. The results of the beta-gamma exposure-rate ratio measurements indicate that, for an instrument having a beta window of the order of 50 mg/sq cm thickness, the quantity of hazardous radiation not indicated by the instrument will not exceed a factor of 2. An analysis of the absorption data of fission-product radiation indicates the presence of high-energy beta radiation, low-energy gamma radiation, and secondary X-radiation in large quantities immediately postshot. The soft component tends to diminish rapidly, and the high-energy gamma radiation of the longer-lived fission products becomes predominant after approximately 2 days. The evaluation of commercial radiological defense instruments indicated that: (1) satisfactory calibration facilities must be developed, (2) ionization-chamber survey meters must have sealed chambers to avoid change in sensitivity with altitude, (3) an operational check rather than a simple battery check must be provided for all survey meters, and (4) dosimeters intended for monitoring applications must not demonstrate leakage resulting from high initial exposure and must be relatively insensitive to beta contamination.

An evaluation of the acute inhalation hazard from radioactive fall-out materials has been made by analysis of results from animal exposures during field operations and from controlled inhalation studies in the laboratory. The results from exposing several groups of rabbits to fall-out material (by inhalation only) at stations located along two arcs, 7 and 106 miles from a tower detonation, are almost entirely negative. Urine specimens obtained during the first day following detonation contained minute but measurable amounts of soluble radioactive material which had a relatively short half life (1 to 2 days). Lung specimens had no detectable radioactivity when measured 6 to 21 day later; however, samples of intestine from the same animals still had measurable levels of beta activity. From careful consideration of numerous pertinent physical and physiological factors and from analysis of field and laboratory investigations, it is evident that there is no apparent situation in nuclear warfare where, during the first few days after the detoantion, one could inhale sufficient radioactive material to induce a serious radiation injury to lungs or intestines without simultaneously being subjected to supralethal doses of external beta-gamma radiation.

The study was prepared cooperatively as part of the AEC's Plowshare Program by the San Francisco Operations Office of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the University of California's Lawrence Radiation Laboratory and the CER Geonuclear Corporation, the latter acting for approximately a score of oil companies. Part I of the study examines the feasibility of using deeply buried underground nuclear explosions to break oil shale deposits for in situ retorting, and recommends that a nuclear explosion experiment be designed to test the concept. Oil shale is a fine grained, calcareous rock containing kerogen, a solid hydrocarbon. When kerogen is heated to temperatures over 700 deg F, it rapidly decomposes to produce a liquid oil similar to petroleum. Oil shale is widely distributed throughout the world, and constitutes a major hydrocarbon resource. However, most of the world's known resources, over two trillion bbls, are located in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. In some places the thickness of oil shale yielding 25 gal/ton reaches 2,000 feet. It is this higher grade shale that is being considered for utilization. Associated with the oil shale in these deposits are the minerals nahcolite and dawsonite, which are potential sources of soda ash and aluminum. Efforts to develop a commercial oil shale industry date back to the mid-1800's. Conventional methods involved mining the oil shale and heating it in a retort to extract the oil. Recently interest has developed in methods to retort the oil shale underground. The nuclear concept involves firing a deeply buried, totally contained nuclear explosive to fracture the shale, which would then be retorted in place. A number of methods of retorting the broken oil shale, and associated fracture zones are described., Original contains color plates: All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

This report is a summary of unclassified theoretical work on propagation of one-dimensional shock waves and on the propagation of spherical shock waves in gases.

The subject of ionizing radiation and its effects is extremely confusing to the average layman. Much that appears in newspapers and magazines is written with an eye to the sensational and presents the hazard of radiation as if its unique aspects make it impossible to understand and so set it apart from all the of other hazards of normal, everyday, existence. The result is that the average individual feels that only a highly skilled technician can understand this extremely complex subject, and he either ignores the entire subject and the possibility of hazard to himself, or, on the other hand, has an unreasonable fear of radiation injury in situations where in fact no real hazard exists.

Trans. from a Japanese book "Collection of Investigation Reports on Atomic Bomb Disaster," v1 p467-477; 483-486; 487-491 1953.