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À partir des années cinquante, l'alpinisme connaît une évolution éthique et idéologique. Icône de cette période, Lionel Terray promeut un modèle performatif dont les soubassements se situent dans son parcours. Alors que les Premières constituaient un objectif majeur, désormais, le record devient légitime. Cette nouvelle conception va contribuer à ériger le style alpin en modèle de référence. Mobilisant des données issues des revues fédérales de l'univers montagnard, de la presse généraliste et des comptes-rendus d'expédition, cette étude saisit les fondements de l'évolution de l'alpinisme au regard du positionnement de Lionel Terray. Il amorce sa sportivisation par l'intermédiaire de la rationalisation de sa pratique comme de l'évolution des objectifs. L'émergence de cette conception sportive et performative repose sur des innovations matérielles et conceptuelles qui infléchissent les usages, et dont L. Terray a contribué à leur diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reforms made to France's education system structures during the 1960s resulted in a repositioning of academic subjects within study plans. This article looks at three relatively similar subjects (physical sciences, natural sciences and physical education) and throws light on the arguments put forward to defend the purpose of each of them in the educational process. The arguments provided intended not only to establish each subject's legitimacy from mainly economic, social and political points of view, where the aim was to form the future leaders of a modern society, but also from the academic perspective. Indeed, each subject had to position itself within a changed "hierarchy", giving rise to new interdisciplinary issues which contributed to the transformation of French schools. (Contains 1 table and 2 notes.)

This study aims to help establish a history of selecting and forgetting in the field of sport by examining the frameworks and representations which structure collective relationships with the past. Extending the field of memory to the sporting sphere directly implies highlighting a plurality of heritage notions and values together with as many issues of institutional legitimacy. In this respect, examining the memory-based strategy advocated by the French Tennis Federation at Roland-Garros shows the wish to build a common national heritage, in reaction to the many representations of sporting modernity. Through reappropriation of history, memory thus takes on the role of legitimising the various forms of modernity, by inscribing them into the continuity of sport through time. It also, however, raises the question of its own construction and instrumentalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]