Search

Introduction. The article focuses on the problems of the surreal images in the poetry of David Gascoigne – one of the leaders of surrealist movement in Great Britain.Surrealist image remains a complex phenomenon with weird, fantastic, dream-like qualities. To create surreality, it must conform to rigid criteria of juxtaposing distant realities.Purpose of this paper is to define the types of semantic connections between the elements in the adjective/participle-noun constructions in Gascoigne’s poetry and to analyze the linguistic mechanisms of creating a surreal image.Methods. The research was carried out by means of the methods of structural, semantic and contextual analysis.Results. Despite the fact that British surrealism was less automatic than the French original, the poems of David Gascoyne show the avant-garde tendency to the liberation of the language from the established norms and freeing the poems of narrative contexts. Reading surrealist poetry involves constant and systematic decoding of strange, sometimes absurd, often violent images.The paper looks at various types of adjective-noun constructions in Gascoigne’s poetic collection created both in accordance with the system of the language and by its violation, and analyses the ways of rendering the unconscious and creating the surreality.Conclusions. Analyses of adjective/participle-noun combinations shows the mechanisms of image creation the poet uses in his works – expressions with literal meaning in inappropriate, metaphorical, hallucinatory contexts where they acquire new semantic shades of meaning, and combinations of lexemes that belong to incompatible semantic groups. The most complicated surrealist images are born of the interlocking of several tropes or are the product of the poet’s appeal to dream-like states and his contacts with the artists. The links of meaning in these wordcombinations are hard to find, which doesn’t lead to the destruction of the image but inspires readers’ spontaneous associations.

It is noticed that Arabic speakers of English and English speaker of Arabic encounter some difficulty in the order of the adjectives especially when there are numerals. This study aims to compare and contrast the construction, behaviour and order of the different types of numeral adjectives among the other adjectives in the languages in question. In order to achieve the objectives of the study and find out answers to the questions under investigation, the study follows the prescriptive method. It examines analytically the similarities and differences in order to find out what is linguistic specific for Arabic and for English with regard to the order of numerals and other adjectives. It is hoped that the study will contribute in enriching the morpho-syntactic field and computational linguistics. Definitions, structures and current examples including numerals and other adjectives in English and in Arabic are presented and analysed structurally. The data are compared and contrasted in order to find out reasons behind the problems and difficulties that face Arabic and English speakers in the order of numeral and other adjectives. Results and recommendations will set the remedies needed for these major challenges towards the perfection of the linguistic knowledge., PSAU-2022/02/19983 Deanship of Scientific Research at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University

The article is studied for the first time status of terminological phrases with the basic sema "Erythema" in the structure of the Latin medical terminology.Verbal codification of the selected is traced terminological phrases in modern medical encyclopedic dictionaries. Carried out etymological, morphological, syntactic analysis of binary attributive components of functioning terminological phrases in medical oral and written discourse. Methods research. In the study, the method of continuous sampling, which allowed the selection of actual material; descriptive the method by which the inventory and internalinterpretation of selected terminological phrases; structural method for establishing connections and relationships between linguistic elements. Conclusions. According to the study found that the attributive component in the structure of binary terminological phrases with the basic sema "erythema"outlines the etiological sign, symptoms of the disease, form, consequence, clinical expressiveness, ie, attributive component in each case carries outclassification detail of the denoted phenomenon and thus contributes to the specification of clinical forms of erythema and allows avoid misunderstandings when making a diagnosis. Predominant most terminological phrases with sema "Erythema" consists of binary terminological phrases, formed according to the scheme Subst. nom. sing. + Adject. nom. sing .; model formation of terminological phrases according to the scheme Subst. nom. sing. + Subst. gen. sing./gen. plur. is unproductive; terminological phrases using prepositions refer to unproductive model of term formation.

The question of the method of describing of Author’s Image in Texts in modern linguistics is discussed in the article. It is argued that this technique requires the development of principles focused on systems engineering. The authors of the article note that one of the problems of modern genre studies is that a large amount of research in this area in aggregate reflects various approaches to the description of the “image of the author” in texts of the genre. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for an objective description of the author’s image, the hypothesis of “Functional modeling of the author of the genre” is put forward: the model of the genre system in the epistemological description has a complex level structure. The authors of the article put forward their own development of the technology for describing the image of the author of the genre, defining this technology as effective and consistent with the principles of a systematic approach to genre phenomena. In order to solve the problem of the attributive aspect of describing a genre, that is, to determine its units, it seems productive to analyze the genre according to the so-called communicative-semiotic model. The article proposes ways of solving emerging problems concerning the principles of objectivist description of the author’s model of the genre.

Social media networking sites such as Facebook or Twitter depend, for their success, on the willingness of users to share digital content with other users in their network. To this end, they often have sharing functionality built into each new post by default. With one or two clicks, a user can rebroadcast another user's post or content to their own followers or subscribers. In this article, I consider the pragmatics of online sharing of third-party content, and I analyse these acts of rebroadcasting using the relevance-theoretic pragmatic framework (Sperber and Wilson, 1986/95). I establish that rebroadcasting is an ostensive act of communication. Furthermore, I suggest that rebroadcasting is attributive in nature, and may, like other attributive uses, achieve relevance in a variety of ways. I consider the communicative intentions that lie behind acts of rebroadcasting on Twitter, aligning relevance-theoretic analyses of attributive use with self-reported motivations for retweeting as identified by boyd et al. (2010). I show that the categories of attributive use that we find in ostensive acts of communication more generally are also represented in acts of retweeting.

The article describes the formation of lexical-word-forming types of null suffix derivatives to denote the names of living nature in the Ukrainian language of the XI – early XXI centuries. Derivatives that described are the deverbatives and deadjectives of masculine, feminine, rarely neutral gender, which name the names of persons, animals, plants. Only those nouns that have preserved structural and semantic correspondence with the creative bases at the time of their fixation in the texts of written memoranda of the Ukrainian language are involved in the analysis of linguistic facts. In the group of deverbatives of the masculine gender in the most ancient monuments many names of persons-performers of action by permanent or temporary occupation or by profession are documented: пророкъ ‘preacher’, посълъ, тълкъ ‘translator, interpreter’, сторожъ, отрокъ, вож, наставъ ‘mentor, teacher’, приставъ, ‘bailiff, a person intended to protect or accompany someone’, etc. No innovations with this semantics have been found in the written monuments of these centuries, they are recorded later mostly in dialects: виж ‘witness’ ворож ‘fortune teller’, бай, ‘storyteller’. Feminine names are recorded infrequently, because such formations with -a have long acquired the meaning of the common gender.Among the names of persons with a general word-forming meaning ‘carrier of a procedural sign’, meaning external or internal signs of a person (behavior, views, social status, etc.), derivatives have long being documented: лъжь (ложь) (lies) ‘deceiver’, спасъ ‘savior’; заступъ ‘defender’; изворогъ ‘unfortunate’, etc. Feminine nouns are documented much later: дура, розпакла, кудра ‘kucheryva zhyna’ (curly hair woman), поволока ‘prostitute’, etc. This lexical-word-forming type of nouns is gradually increasing in number.In the surveyed written memos of the XIV-XV centuries, there are few innovations, they are recorded in the monuments of these centuries: повод ‘plaintiff in court’, найда, пeрeхрыст, шкандыба, розбій ‘robber’, розвідь ‘prostitute’ and many others. In the monuments of different times we find the names of the subjects of action as a collective concept: народъ, полонъ ‘prisoners; збридъ, сторожа, глота ‘crowd’ and some others. The researched monuments also record the attributive names of animals ((скокъ,’horse’, кокотъ ‘rooster’, подлиз ‘snake’, туркот ‘pigeon’, підпалок "quail", квак ‘waterfowl species’, окрута ‘larva’, дойда ‘hunting dog’, etc). From the XI century, the names of plants are documented: сад, плав ‘cork tree’, розрив ‘name of miraculous grass’, приворот, запах ‘white mushroom’, шелест, підвоя, ‘black nightshade’, остуда ‘tansy ordinary’, etc. The article also describes the history of adjective nouns of living nature and nouns of the common gender.Selected linguistic facts give grounds to assert that the zero-suffixal creation of names of living nature from ancient times to the present day is quite common, which has had a significant impact on the formation of the entire derivation system of the Ukrainian noun. The vast majority of names of persons belong to stylistically neutral vocabulary, although in the vernacular there are more and more structures with a negative evaluation value, as well as in the names of animals and plants.

This paper proposes a uniform analysis of canonical and noncanonical French and Dutch attributive adjectives. Canonically, French adjectives are postnominal and Dutch adjectives are inflected. The noncanonical counterparts are prenominal, for French, and lacking inflection, for Dutch. A review of the literature indicates several proposed locations in the noun phrase for adjectives, and this analysis utilizes three: Spec-Subj in the D-layer, Spec-Agr, and NP-internal. Adjectives in Spec-Agr produce a canonical reading, functioning like predicates of the noun phrase. The subjective nature of the D-layer and the proximity of NP-internal adjectives to N accounts for the noncanonical interpretations. The formal distinction in canonicity arises because Dutch adjective inflection is the exponent of the Agr-head, so that only Spec-Agr adjectives are inflected, and because French NP movement crosses the adjective in Spec-Agr, so that only Spec-Agr adjectives are postnominal.

While many studies have employed variationist methods to examine longitudinal changes in the English intensifier system, to date, no variationist studies have tackled the intensifier system of Old English. By providing a critical view of this system at an earlier stage in the history of the English language, the present study adds to the long tradition of scholarship on intensifiers while providing new insight into their diachronic development. Despite its antiquity, several parallels can be drawn with the intensifier system at later stages in the language. Both internal and external factors are found to constrain this system, with predicative adjectives favoring intensification over attributive adjectives, prose texts having higher intensification rates than verse texts, Latin-based texts having higher intensification rates than vernacular texts, and the rate of intensification increasing over time. The quantitative analysis of the Old English system also increases the time depth necessary for a more detailed reflection on the diachronic recycling, replacement, and renewal of intensifiers. Language contact and borrowing are also postulated as driving forces of innovation and replacement in earlier stages of the English language.

A formalized generalization of functional structures and attributive models of executive means of production logistics systems is considered, in particular, the transportation subsystem — one of the key components of the "Shop logistic system" entity. Keywords: production logistics, shop logistic system, transportation subsystem, attributive model, classification structure. a.g.lazarenko@yandex.ru

The article clarifies the structural and semantic features of the attributive in the form of the instrumental case in the dialects of the Transcarpathia region. In the article is highlighting the formal syntactic features and semantic manifestations of the peripheral zone of attributiveness, namely, adverbial attributives with the semantics of the mode of action in the form of the instrumental case. The aim of our work is to trace the semantic-syntactic function of attributive syntaxes in the form of the instrumental case. One of the dominant functions of the instrumental case within the field of attributivity is the function of relative attributiveness, in particular the attributive function of determinants. Attributiveness of syntaxes of the instrumental case in the determinant position is determined by the typicality or repetition of the described situations, such syntaxes together with the dependent components often acquire the features of phraseology. Within the attributive component in the form of the instrumental determinant we distinguish groups, among which: temporal and locative, target characteristics, characteristics of the cause. The instrumental attributive-temporal and attributive-locative are the result of syntactic transposition into the adverbial position of individual sentence structures of typical, repetitive locative or temporal semantics. A group of attributive-causal syntaxes of the instrumental case also has a wide range of semantic nuances in the studied dialects. Attributes in the form of the instrumental case in the studied dialects characterize a wide range of different actions, situations and retain semantic and morphological connections with the original word forms, phrases and sentences. They can be synonymous with nouns in other indirect cases or with verb constructions in the form of subordinate clauses. The prospect of the study is a complete description of the attributive functions of the instrumental case within the field of attribution on the material of different dialect systems of the Ukrainian language., У статті з’ясовано структурно-семантичні особливості атрибутивів у формі орудного відмінка у говірках Закарпаття. У дослідженні висвітлено формально-синтаксичні особливості та семантичні вияви периферійної зони атрибутивності, зокрема атрибутивів у детермінантній позиції. Атрибутивність синтаксем орудного відмінка у детермінантній позиції визначена типовістю або повторюваністю описаних ситуацій, такі синтаксеми разом із залежними компонентами часто набувають ознак фразеологізмів. У межах атрибутивного компонента у формі орудного детермінантного виділяємо групи, серед яких: темпоральні та локативні, цільові синтаксеми, синтаксеми з причиновим значенням.

The article analyzes the functional paradigm of travel-media texts, which are published at the pages of Englishlanguage travel journals. The definition of travel-media text is offered. The author highlights the attributive and modular features of travel-media texts. Informative, educational, communicative, entertaining and relaxating functions, specified for any travel-media text, were classified as attributive ones. Modular functions include utilitarian (or informative), nation-building and imahological, advertising, image-making functions.

This research investigated the types of linguistic forms of English register and the meaning of register used in The Jakarta Post Football news. The linguistic forms that are investigated are specifically in content words and noun phrases. To obtain the data, documentation was used as the instrument. The data were analyzed using the model proposed by Elo and Kyangas (2007), it was found that there are two kinds of data in the form of content words, eight data of nouns, two verbs. In the form of the noun phrase, the researcher found two data in the category of attributive adjective and seven data of nouns in noun phrases. All of English registers found in The Jakarta Post’s football news have different meanings when compared with their conceptual meaning in the dictionary. The most dominant type of change in meaning is social meaning.

The purpose of the research is to reveal the semantic and functional specificity of the core words thatrepresent the meteorological discourse (climatic, meteorological, prognostic, synoptic) and reflect a fragment of its verbalnetwork. The object of the research is a verbal-semantic level of the linguistic personality of weather forecaster NatalkaDidenko, and its subject is a verbal network of adjectives derivated from nouns. The source base of the research isthe texts of weather forecasts, presented on Facebook page of Natalka Didenko who is the main weather forecaster ofthe country. Component, contextual-interpretive and grammatical analyses are used in the work as the main methodsfor research of functional features of basic adjectives. The result of studying the problem is proving that the semanticstructure of adjectives derivated from nouns in meteorological discourse is expanding. It occurs due to the layering ofsemantic- stylistic shades on attributive semantics. Conclusions. The verbal network of meteorological discourse containsstandard adjectival-substantive phrases, which are the core of the weather forecast, and author’s formations, which organizeits periphery. The latter create a unique atmosphere of communication, reflect the creative nature of the linguisticpersonality of the weather forecaster in the meteorological discourse and serve as a marker that attracts the attention ofreaders. The highest frequency of use in weather forecasts has the adjective synoptic, which is active in the transformedphraseologisms. The adjective meteorological functions mainly as an element of complex nouns. Adjectives climatic andprognostic are not common in meteorological discourse due to their narrow compatibility and demand in the composition ofterminological compounds. Verbal network of the studied discourse of Natalka Didenko includes standard and occasionalphrases, where each type performs a corresponding function (nominative, emotional, pragmatic).

The article examines the nominations of meteorological phenomena dangerous to humans on the basis of Eastern-steppe dialects, in particular, the nominations of rain with snow, prolonged rainfall, thick fog with light rainfall, showers, blizzards, snowfall, ice, severe frost, whirlwind, cold wind and freezing temperatures, storms, heat, droughts, etc. The comments of local residents contributed greatly to revealing the dialect peculiarities of the meteorological nominations use. Among them there are synonymous names (dryiizhak, zaiimerzly, zaduiibily, zakiilakly, proiimerzlo do kisiitok; svysiityt, reyiive, huiide, iivyie (zavyiivaie) iviter; iisype, iivale, meyiite (zamyiita) and others, comparisons (taikyĭ iiviter / sho do kisiitok promeyriizaie, tuiiman taikyĭ / sho yak stiiina stoiiiit, doshch yak z vidiira etc.), and the phraseological units (ch'ort iizhenits':a, etc.) The comments of local residents testify to the nomination peculiarities of some meteorological phenomena and related concepts and processes. Fixed names are most often represented by one-word, less often – multi-word phrases (mostly attributive – lodaiinyĭ iiviter, iitykhyĭ snih, isylnyĭ moiiroz, laiipatyĭ snih, etc., less often – proiimerzlo do kisiitok, etc.). The analysis of the use frequency of the studied demonstrators proves that the vast majority of them are commonly-used words and some nouns have variants in other speech continua. Some nominations are known in the modern Ukrainian literary language, having the identical semantics (ivikhola, snihoipadt, ozheyiledytsa, iviter, ibura, ivykhor, sipeka, etc.). They are also used in other dialects where they have phonetic (metelytsa, zameta, vikhόr, etc.), word-forming (supaty(sy), holoshchak, kotutysy, etc.), and semantic (lapatyi, vukhor, zasukha, etc.) variants.

The article analyzes the attributive characteristics of celestial bodies: the sun, the moon and the stars in the Middle Polisian beliefs on the basis of dialect texts, which are valuable authentic material for the reconstruction of traditional spiritual culture. The research material was the texts of field research on inanimate objects collected in the territory of the Middle Polissia of Ukraine in 55 settlements of Zhytomyr and Rivne regions during 2010–2019 years. The purpose of our research is to describe tokens that are means of reflecting the attributive characteristics of the nomination of celestial bodies in the Middle Polisian dialects as one of the components of the linguistic picture of the world of a separate dialect space. The subject of analysis is the lexical and syntactic expression of the attributes of the sun, the moon and the stars in the beliefs of Polishchuks (local population of Polisian region. In the research the method of expeditionary collection of material, audio recordings with subsequent decoding and transcription of field material, the method of systematic description of the studied phenomenon for systematizing the collected material were used. The classification of attributes is given and the analysis of meteorological, color, sacred, temporal meanings, on external signs (on the size, on the form) is carried out. The results of the study indicate that the most filled and diverse groups of attributes that make up the Middle Polisian linguistic portrait of the characteristics of celestial bodies are meteorological and color definitions. Meteorological, temporal, external attributes enter into antonymous relations, as they contain in their semantic structure the corresponding positive / negative evaluative element (weather / bad weather). The color attributes, associated with the sun and the moon, are represented only by light and bright colors, there are no dark colors. While describing celestial bodies, we note a group of sacred meanings and adjectives with a gentle color, the suffix of diminution, which indicate a special perception of celestial bodies by Polishchuks. The collected material only partially reflects the characteristics of celestial bodies in the Middle Polisian dialects as one of the components of the linguistic picture of the world, so other means of reflecting the nomination of the sun, moon and stars require detailed study.

The objectives of the study are to describe (1) Attributive endocentric phrases, (2) Appositive endocentric phrases, (3) Coordinative endocentric phrases, and, (4) Exocentric phrases. The research methodology used in this research is qualitative descriptive method. Techniques for collecting data in this research are the observation and interviewing the informants. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the tagmemic methods. The informants of this research are the people of Maybrat region who lived in Jl. Tanjung Dofior Belakang Unamin. The informants have fulfilled the requirements given by the researcher. The approach used in this study was bilingual approach, instead of monolingual approach, that is, by asking the informants to translate the words (phrases) from Bahasa Indonesia to Maybrat language. The result of this research is the phrase of Maybrat language divided into two kinds as general, they are endocentric and exocentric phrase. It is also classified into noun phrase, pronoun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase and pre(post) position phrase. Each phrase has its own pattern. Some of them are similar into English and Indonesian, but some are really different.

This article discusses attributive adjectives in Zimbabwean isiNdebele. In traditional grammar, the attributive adjectives are treated as words whose function is to qualify a noun in a noun phrase. According to this analysis, an attributive adjective has the structure: adjective concord (a relative marker a- + a noun class prefix) and an adjective stem. However, there are instances where the attributive function is expressed by a construction that is larger than a word. In these constructions, the relative marker and the noun class prefix may be separated by a subject marker, negation marker, aspect markers, tense markers, inchoactive/auxiliary verbs, or a subject of the relative clause. I present an alternative analysis, according to which the attributive adjectival function is expressed by a relative clause rather than by an adjectival word category. I maintain that adjectival roots in isiNdebele are derived from class neutral roots by merging with an adjectiviser head (adj), and that the function of an adjective is to complement auxiliary verbs and inchoactive verbs in a predicate. I suggest that the relative operator is base generated as a complement of an adjective in an adjective phrase and then moves to spec C via spec in spec Pr and spec T respectively. The C-head a- then affixes to the subject of the relative clause in the formation of strategy 2 relatives and it affixes to T in the formation of strategy 1 relatives.

The article studies the motivational processes of the emergence of the old Ukrainian fishing professionalism са́ра, used to denote pike in the language of Zaporozhian Cossacks. The relevance of the research is determined by the importance of analysing names that reflect ethno-cultural stereotypes, the original semantics of which dates back to the Indo-European period.To identify the mechanisms of formation of the semantic model, according to which the word “са́ра” “pike” is formed, the diachronic method of research (according to the principle of relative chronology) was used together with the linguo-cultural analysis, which proved that: ichthyonymic metaphorization (creation of the figurative name of a fish) was most likely preceded by paronymic attraction (phonetic and semantic convergence of a name of a colour with a female name of ancient Jewish origin) with subsequent metaphorization of the stereotyped name of a Jew as an ichthyonym.Undoubtedly, the paronymic attraction was also facilitated by the mutilation of the noun component of the attributive phrase са́ра (шара) fish, since fishing nouns as derivatives of two-lexemic analytical nouns can be traced in temporal and spatial dimensions in various lexical-semantic groups of fishing names: варовый [tax], свôйска [marine], сьвітова́ [Tonya], ка́мбалові [fish], лососе́ві [fish], etc.Thus, the archaic fishing professionalism of са́ра “pike” is connected with the old Ukrainian names of achromatic grey colour сѣрый and шарый, fitting into the motivational model «the name of the animal by the colour of its fur, feathers, scales». The colour name itself as a basis for metaphorical transference reaches the common Indo-European lexical fund and in the historical dimension combines the meaning of «dark» and «light», realising in the ancient and old Ukrainian ideology the idea of darkness and light, where the «dark side» is the image of a person of a different religion with his or her social and ethno-confessional differences, in particular, the colour of clothing.The researched material encourages further study of the Old Ukrainian lexicon in the aspect of the formation of ethno-ideological bases., У статті досліджено мотиваційні процеси постання староукраїнського рибальського професіоналізму са́ра на позначення щуки в мовному просторі запорозьких козаків. Актуальність розвідки визначено важливістю аналізу назв, що відображають етнокультурні стереотипи, вихідна семантика яких сягає ще індоєвропейського періоду.Для виявлення механізмів формування семантичної моделі, за якою утворено слово са́ра ʻщукаʼ, застосовано діахронійний метод дослідження (за принципом відносної хронології) спільно з лінгвокультурологічним аналізом, що засвідчило: іхтіонімній метафоризації (утворенню образної назви риби), найімовірніше, передували інші формальні й семантичні перетворення: паронімійна атракція (фонетичне й семантичне зближення кольороназви з жіночим імʼям давньоєврейського походження) із подальшою метафоризацією стереотипізованого найменування єврейки як іхтіоніма.Поза сумнівом паронімійній атракції посприяло ще й утинання іменникового складника атрибутивної словосполуки сара (шара) риба, оскільки рибальські субстантивати як деривати дволексемних аналітичних номенів простежуємо в часовому і просторовому вимірах у різних лексико-семантичних групах рибальських найменувань: варовый [податок], свôйска [марена], сьвітова́ [тоня], ка́мбалові [риби], лососе́ві [риби] тощо.Отже, рибальський архаїчний професіоналізм са́ра ʻщукаʼ пов’язаний зі староукраїнськими назвами ахроматичного сірого кольору сѣрый і шарый, вписуючись у мотиваційну модель «назва тварини за кольором її шерсті, пір’я, луски». Сама ж кольороназва як основа для метафоричного перенесення сягає загальноіндоєвропейського лексичного фонду і в історичному вимірі сполучає значення ʻтемнийʼ і ʻсвітлийʼ, реалізуючи в давньо‑ і староукраїнському світогляді ідею темряви й світла, де «темною стороною» виступає образ людини іншого віросповідування з її соціальними та етноконфесійними маркерами, зокрема кольором одягу.Досліджений матеріал спонукає до подальшого вивчання староукраїнського лексикону в аспекті формування етносвітоглядних основ.

This paper discusses the syntactic function of the word jeongmal (정말) analyzed through part of speech (품사). In the Korean language, a word can be classified into more than one parts of speech, which is called pumsa tongyong (품사통용) or conversion. An example of pumsa tongyong is the word jeongmal, which can function as an adverb, noun, and interjection. This research shows that such classification makes the word jeongmal has different functions in a syntactic unit, which are main component (predicate), attributive component (adverb), and independent component. In addition, the limitations of the word jeongmal as a noun and POS-tagging error in classifying the word jeongmal as an interjection in the corpus were found. The syntactic function of the word jeongmal is important to be understood because jeongmal is a basic vocabulary with a high frequency of use, both spoken and written. This research is using a quantitative-qualitative method by analyzing a corpus (corpus-based analysis), 21st Century Sejong Corpora (21세기 세종 말뭉치). POS-tagged written and spoken corpus data is used as the data source of this research.

The article presents the development of method of integrated spatial information processing based on multidimensional data models. Joint description of spatial data of different levels of detail (LOD) using a multidimensional model and attribute data using a relational model is difficult and requires the development of modified structures of multidimensional data models. The description of spatial and attribute data based on multidimensional information objects (MIO) is determined. It is proposed to use a new type of MIO - modified multidimensional information objects (MMIO). MIO and MMIO schemes allow describing multidimensional information objects and relationships in the form of a single multidimensional structure. On the basis of the introduced method of joint description of spatial and attributive data using extended multidimensional information objects, a multidimensional data model is built. This approach allows integrating different types of databases and contains a unified description of spatial and attribute data in the form of a multidimensional information object. The developed method is supposed to be used in BIM (Building Information Modeling) technology of computer modeling to solve general planning tasks.

This paper examines inflectional markers (signalling number, case and gender) of selected types of NN complexes in Polish, which can be regarded as attributive-appositive (ATAP) lexical units in the cross-linguistic classification of compounds proposed by Scalise & Bisetto (2009) . Polish compounds proper show externalization of inflection and take inflectional markers on their right-hand constituents only. In contrast, Polish juxtapositions are expected to display double inflectional marking (on both their components). However, data from the National Corpus of Polish demonstrate that ATAP juxtapositions containing the lexeme widmo ‘ghost, phantom’ as their right-hand component exhibit variability in their inflectional paradigms. The right-hand (i.e. the modifier) constituent of such juxtapositions either shows number and case agreement with the head noun, or it appears in the default (nom.sg) form. Potential reasons for the instability of inflectional paradigms of such NN juxtapositions are considered.

This paper aims to give an account of the multiple determination (determiner spreading) phenomenon in Arabic. Determiner spreading is the syntactic representation and phonological realization of multiple determiners within the same determiner phrase. As a cross-linguistic phenomenon, determiner spreading has been investigated in other languages (e.g., Scandinavian and Greek); different accounts have been proposed. For Scandinavian languages, determiner spreading has been analyzed as a representation of different semantic interpretations. As far as Greek is concerned, some analyses have been proposed; however, two prominent ones have received considerable attention in the literature: (i) a residue of a reduced relative clause and (ii) an instantiation of close appositions. Contrary to those analyses, this paper claims that none of the two analyses is suitable for Arabic; thus, a language-specific analysis is required. To analyze determiner spreading in Arabic, the current paper posits the following research question: What is the linguistic purpose of the multiple determiners found in Arabic determiner phrases? Answering the research question, the paper claims that, in addition to its indispensable role in establishing agreement between nouns and adjectives within the Arabic determiner phrase, determiner spreading demarcates syntactic and semantic phrase boundaries. The paper takes Minimalist Program and Distributed Morphology as a theoretical framework to argue that attributive adjectives are projection of an agreement phrase headed by the definite article ʔal or by the indefinite phonological marker `nunation: -n’. This proposal requires no syntactic movements in the syntax proper. The ultimate linear order is achieved in the phonological components.

Introduction. The issue of gradual relations in differentiation of the meanings of substance and attributiveness in the English and Uzbek languages in a gradual way is studied in the article. Graduonymy, as a type of linguistic phenomenon, serves as the main demarcation method for the manifestation of substantive and attributive meanings in different aspects of the systems of English and Uzbek languages. Research methods. Logical analizing and synthesizing, linguistic analyzing, graduonymy, comparative method, constructive method, synchronic classification method and others are used to make a linguistic research on the given issue. Graduonymic approach is chosen as the main way of the linguistic analysis of the substance and attributive meanings in the lexical and grammatical aspects of the language system in general. Results and discussion. Demarcation of substance and attributive meanings in the English and Uzbek languages occurs in a gradual way as a form of language consciousness. However, substance and attributiveness, being sincrete (diffuisive) in reality, semi-discrete (as concepts of substance and attributiveness) in human consciousness, and discrete (analytical) in language system, are realised in both English and Uzbek languages in the forms of gradual lines (rows).

The article aims to research the idiom under the shadow of with the view to revealing the main peculiarities of its functioning in sentences and complex collocations in menacing discourse. The method of object-oriented sampling is employed to select materials from the British National Corpus (BNC), the Intelligent Web-based Corpus (IWeb), articles, their titles, books, whose choice is determined by their deteriorative evaluative relatedness. Based on the lexicographic method, we define the meaning of the analyzable idiom as «under the bad effect or influence that something has, which makes other things less enjoyable, attractive or impressive and be dominated by». The quantitative method of processing the corpus data enables the curtailment of selected research material from 500 to 121 units, due to the criterion of their compulsory attribution to deteriorative discourse. The distributive method is used to observe the components of the idiom in terms of syntactic and lexical co-occurrence and interaction within a sentence or phrase. The structural-grammatical analysis of the idiom reveals its role as a cohesive element, whereby other subordinate parts of a sentence or phrase are joined together to manifest adverbial and attributive relations therein. The idiom is regarded as a lexical support of the postpositional bundle of words and their semantical intensifier. The researched lexical unit accomplishes the pragmatic function, thereby conveying various negative connotations. The uppermost connotation of negative influence stems from the main deteriorative constituent shadow, which accounts for auctorial emotional expression towards indiscretions and terrible manifestations in the global world. From the obtained findings, it can be inferred that the phraseological unit under the shadow of comes across as an effective pragmatic device in sentences and headings of aggressive, threatening orientation, namely menace, reprimand, condemnation, allegation, and the like. The idiom exhibits a number of stylistic features of enhancing the emotional impact on readers by means of effective linguistic devices.

This paper investigates the expression of grammatical gender in Heritage Argentine Danish. We examine a subset of the Corpus of South American Danish of approximately 20,500 tokens of gender marking produced by 90 speakers. The results show that Argentine Danish gender marking in general complies with the Standard Denmark Danish rules. However, there is also systematic variation: While there is hardly any difference compared to Standard Denmark Danish with respect to the definite suffix, gender marking on prenominal determiners differs from that in Standard Danish. More specifically, the less frequent neuter gender is more vulnerable, and common gender tends to be overgeneralized. Further, complex NPs with attributive adjectives show more variation in gender marking on prenominal determiners than simple NPs. As to sociolinguistic variation, the analysis shows that tokens produced by older speakers and speakers from settlements with a higher degree of language maintenance are consistent to a higher degree with Standard Danish gender marking. The paper compares these results with the results of studies of gender marking variation in other Germanic heritage languages. We conclude that the overall stability of grammatical gender in the Germanic heritage languages is a general pattern that only partly relates to social or societal factors.*

The research featured the way legal terms express the genus – species relationship (hyperonyms vs. hyponyms) and whole – part relationship (holonyms vs. meronyms / partonyms). The article introduces the basic differences in the relations of these types, as well as terminological variants. The author specified the related research terminology, the specific use of hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms in the formation of a legislative definition, and the intra-text semantic correlation of concepts expressed by these relations. The author also defined the means and ways of expressing hyper-hyponymy and holonymy-meronymy: syntactic, grammatical, punctuation, numbering, graphic, speech markers, etc. The paper describes the main functions of legal hyponyms / hyperonyms and holonyms / meronyms: structuring the terminological system of law and the textual space of the law, official legal interpretation, the formation of an interpretation strategy, synonymous correlation, etc. It also mentions nominal (subject-conceptual, attributive) and verbal (procedural, effective) semantics. The research was based on the methods of conceptual, contextual, and comparative analysis of Russian legal texts, their classification and generalization. The research was based on Russian laws, as well as the Dictionary of Legislative Terms and Concepts, compiled by the author from federal laws.

The article reveals the features of the media language via analysis of the elements of English-language headlines that are used by the well-known information resources of the BBC and CNN channels. The method of random sampling and a comparative method were used in the research to demonstrate the lexical features of headlines of the English-language news. The mass media are the basis for the development of the linguistic situation, and the newspaper headlines can create new concepts within the journalistic and colloquial styles. The news covers political, military, economic, social, and cultural events. Stylistically colored vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation affect speech habits. The media language is not only a corpus of texts functioning in the field of mass communication, but also a stable intra-language system characterized by a certain set of linguistic properties. In this system, the main features are the ratio of audiovisual and verbal elements, which are unique for each type of mass media: television, print media, or online publications. The topicality of the study grounds on the issue of interpreting news texts and their impact on a viewer. The article studies the most common lexical units, their expressiveness, and the place they have in a sentence or phrase. The attributive function of nouns in news headlines is emphasized. Lexical features of headings include stable expressions, common words that are characterized by brevity and expressiveness, nominative attribute groups, numerals, and abbreviations.

he article deals with one of the important issues of the theory of religion – the issue of the language of religion and its relationship with the language of re­ligious studies. The language of religion is understood as a sign system that in­cludes linguistic units – words (names), compound naming conventions, phrase­ological units, sentences – which have religious meanings. Words (names) of the language of religion mean hypostatized beings, properties, connections, transfor­mations, as well as real objects, persons, actions, events with attributive proper­ties. The language of religion is a means of coding religious thinking, objec­tification and expression of religious consciousness, a means of religious communication. The language of religion is semantic and symbolic. The linguis­tic expression of religious consciousness is characterized by a certain syntag­matic, which is a set of syntactic intonation-semantic units. In these units, words, phrases, sentences and phonation, alliteration using techniques of sound expres­siveness are combined into semantic integrity. In the language of religion, satu­rated with analogies, words are often used allegorically; texts are replete with metaphor; allegories, archaisms, historicisms, antonyms are widely used. This language is characterized by emotional and evaluative tension, recitation, a pecu­liar intonational style, constant and multiple repetitions of the same linguistic units. Thanks to a language, religious consciousness turns out to be practical and effective, it becomes both social and individual reality. The language of religious studies is interpreted as a “language of the second order”, as a “metalanguage” of the language of religion. The article shows the need of correlating the mean­ings of the corresponding names in different national languages of religious stud­ies in the process of interlingual communication of scholars who represent dif­ferent national cultures

The article highlights the use of graphic stylistic means in the epistolary texts of Lesya Ukrainka, namely, the use of an underscore as paragraphemic stylistic device. The paragraphemic stylistic devices include syngraphemics (punctuation variation mechanism, when punctuation marks are put haphazardly in the sentence), supragraphemics (font variation mechanism), topographics (mechanism of varying the plane and space of the text). In the focus of the study are the most significant pragmatic functions of graphic stylistic means. They are: the function of attracting the attention of the addressee (these graphic stylistic means are used against the background of a graphically neutral text, and therefore the graphically unusually defined areas of the text attract attention; the function of emphasizing the elements which are communicatively most important (the information to be noticed by the addressee instantly); the function of clarification (logically-accentuating expression, when the new communicative information referred to in the sentence is emphasized); the function of compositional articulation of the text (graphic stylistic means facilitate the pragmatic orientation of the addressee in the process of perception of the literary text, separating the narrator’s plan and the character’s plan, real actions and fictional); the information compression function (graphic stylistic devices serve the purpose of language economy, when the punctuation marks, being so obvious in the text, are perceived as independent signals of evaluative content). Graphical stylistic means reveal the author’s attitude to what is written and are a means of expressing appreciation. The study has revealed that Lesya Ukrainka most often uses underlining in etiquette situations when she points to certain attributive features and quantitative characteristics, editorial corrections, names of cities, addresses, dates, or days of the week. In her letters, the most numerous group among the emphasized independent parts of speech are verbs.

The article presents a model of a virtual configuration of the concept of “happiness” (on the basis of multilevel verbalization/embedding), which combined conceptual, semantic, self-cognitive and figurative fragments. While forming the internal content of the concept “happiness”, each fragment revealed different facets of the Russian perception of happiness. In this context, the interpretation of happiness was determined by the nature of linguistic meanings. An elevated perception of happiness was observed in lexical nominations; the semantics of attributive syntagms presented a substantiation of happiness in terms of the temporal aspect, size, weight, taste, impression made, etc. Phraseological nomination foregrounded the categorical parameters of perceiving happiness, taking into account its varieties, and ways of achieving it. The paremiological level showed ethno-mental stereotypes of the perception of happiness. Pompous perception of happiness was observed in poetry. The philosophical attitude about happiness prevailed in the popular aphorisms of Russian writers.

This paper attempts at examining and determining, using the vast corpus of Serbian and German languages, whether the part of speech in question exists as such in each of these languages, as well as whether it (adverb) is a universal or specific language category. The research shows that most languages recognise the adverb as a distinctive part of speech, which implies that it is a universal category that can be defined according to the following criteria: a) morphological (adverbs have no flexions, but they undergo comparison with regard to the relative subclass) and syntactic (conditioned by verbs as nucleus, assuming in most cases the function of adverbials as verb complements; b) rare attributive function before nouns and adverbs themselves; c) differences between specific languages, German and Serbian included, are a result of their respective word formation systems. In this particular case, each of the two languages recognises relatively few simple words (simplizia); on the other hand, the explicit (suffixational) derivation is largely productive in Serbian, whereas there is a completely opposite situation in German concerning this issue (although the process is recorded in the latter as well); and, finally, adverb derivatives in Serbian correspond, as a rule, to adjectives and prepositional phrases functioning as adverbials in German.

Introduction. The article provides a comprehensive study of free and lexicalized phrases, idioms of phraseological type, paired-repeated and complex constructions formed using the indicator designating variegated color, the term-forming onomastic component of the word ola / ala — ‘variegated’; ‘spotted’, ‘pockmarked’; ‘piebald’ (about animal coat colors); ‘multicolor stripped’, ‘striped’; ‘multicolored’ — participating in the categorization of mixed segments of the linguo-color space. It identifies certain distinctive and integrating features thereof in terms of different language levels and lexicographic interpretation. Goals. The work seeks to examine combinations of the attributive component ola / ala with denotative nouns and non-semantic components in descriptive phrases, expressing (depending on respective contextual environments) both an adverbial feature and words referred to as ‘transitional’. Materials and Methods. The work analyzes materials of the Uzbek and Karachay-Balkar languages. To identify the differential and integrating features of the lexeme ola / ala, the paper analyzes the lexical-semantic, lexical-grammatical, word-formation properties of secondary nomination syntactic units formed as a result of selective combination with some inventory units of morphology, their functional and stylistic features in terms of stylistic structures of examined texts. The main research methods are descriptive and comparative ones, as well as that of contextual analysis. Results. The insight into issues related to the formation and development of the lexicalsemantic structure of paired-repeated constructions formed according to the full repetition model used in the common nominative sense reveals that the repeated component — which is a phonetically modified version of the reference word — only partially affects the formation of the semantic content of ‘doubled names’, strengthening their semantic structure to a certain extent.